Tracking Euxinia in the Ancient Ocean: A Multiproxy Perspective and Proterozoic Case Study
Abstract
The evolution and extinction of life are tied intimately to the oxygen state of the ocean, and particularly to the presence of anoxic and H2S-containing (euxinic) water on a global scale. Anoxia and euxinia were more common in the past, relative to today's <0.5% euxinic seafloor. We are able to constrain the distributions of these conditions through a combination of indirect numerical modeling methods and more direct geochemical proxies, with particular emphasis on Fe-S-Mo analysis of fine-grained siliciclastic rocks for the latter. Establishing the spatiotemporal pattern of oceanic redox is more difficult with very old rocks because of the limited availability of well-dated, well-preserved materials that span shallow and deep environments across time lines. Despite these difficulties, the multiple approaches synthesized in our case study point to global oxygen-deficiency in the deep ocean and perhaps euxinia during most, if not all, of the Proterozoic and likely extending into the early Paleozoic.
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Enrichments in euxinic and anoxic sediments are primarily controlled by the marine metal reservoir.
“the marine metal reservoir exerts a first order control on enrichments in euxinic and anoxic sediments (Algeo and Lyons, 2006;Lyons et al., 2009;Scott et al., 2008;Reinhard et al., 2013b).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Lyons et al., 2009
When Fe speciation independently establishes a black shale's redox setting, its Mo, U, Re, V, and Cr enrichment can trace first-order changes in metal levels and global marine redox.
“If black shales can independently be determined to have been deposited under specific redox conditions (by Fe speciation), the degree of metal enrichment (Mo, U, Re, V, Cr) can then be used to track first order shifts in metal concentrations and the global marine redox state (Emerson and Huested, 1991;Lyons et al., 2009).”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Lyons et al., 2009
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- Authors
- Lyons, T. W., Anbar, A. D., Severmann, S., Scott, C., & Gill, B. C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Riverside (US)
- Arizona State University (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2009-05-01
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 507-534
- ISSN
- 0084-6597 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4495
- OpenAlex
- W2114106775
- Cited by
- 373
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 2.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Paleontology › Paleontology and Stratigraphy of Fossils
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geochemistry and Petrology › Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Geophysics › Geological and Geochemical Analysis
- Keywords
- euxinia, ocean anoxia, hydrogen sulfide, siliciclastic sedimentary rock, paleo-oxygenation, Lower Paleozoic, evolution of life
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