VOICE, CONTROL, AND BELONGING: The Double-Edged Sword of Procedural Fairness
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▪ Abstract The procedural justice literature has grown enormously since the early work of Thibaut and Walker in the 1970s. Since then, the finding that citizens care enormously about the process by which outcomes are reached—even unfavorable outcomes—has been replicated a wide range of methodologies (including panel surveys, psychometric work, and experimentation), cultures (throughout North America, Europe, and Asia), and settings (including tort litigation, policing, taxpayer compliance, support for public policies, and organizational citizenship). We have learned a great deal about the antecedents and consequences of these judgments. In particular, the work of Tom Tyler and Allan Lind and their colleagues suggests that people care about voice, dignity, and respect for relational and symbolic reasons rather than (or in addition to) instrumental reasons. This finding has benevolent implications for governance and social cooperation, but also some troubling implications, leaving people susceptible to manipulation and exploitation.
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Different cultural and ethnic groups have the same perceptions of both the antecedents and consequences of procedural justice.
“Many studies find that different cultural and ethnic groups have the same perceptions of both the antecedents and consequences of procedural justice (Bradford & Jackson, 2010;MacCoun, 2005;Murphy & Cherney, 2011;Tankebe, 2009;Tyler & Huo, 2002).”
From Legitimacy in Policing: A Systematic Review (2013) · cites this paper as MacCoun, 2005
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Procedural Justice, Outcome Favorability and Emotion
Krehbiel, P. J., & Cropanzano, R. (2000) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1007670909889 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Earley, P. C., & Lind, E. A. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1148 · Cited by 216 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Correlational analyses by Earley and Lind (1987) suggested that the voice effect is not mediated by perceptions of perceived control, contrary to Thibaut and Walker’s (1975) interpretation.”
ResultInternal Dispute Resolution: The Transformation of Civil Rights in the Workplace
Edelman, L. B., Erlanger, H. S., & Lande, J. (1993) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3054103 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Biased predecision processing.
Brownstein, A. L. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.545 · Cited by 209 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Psychological processes of distortion can occur both before and after a decision (Brownstein, 2003).”
BackgroundRelative deprivation and procedural justifications.
Folger, R. G., Rosenfield, D. D., & Robinson, T. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.45.2.268 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Skitka, L. J., Winquist, J. R., & Hutchinson, S. R. (2003) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026336131206 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Skitka, L. J., & Mullen, E. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702236873 · Cited by 198 · cited 1× · see citing works
“And Skitka (2002, 2003; Skitka & Houston, 2001; Skitka & Mullen, 2002) argues that people are less attentive to concerns about process when certain outcomes involve “moral mandates”; e.g., “the innocent should be acquitted.””
BackgroundOf Different Minds: An Accessible Identity Model of Justice Reasoning
Skitka, L. J. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_02 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Leung, K. Y., & Lind, E. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1134 · Cited by 185 · cited 2× · see citing works
“While cultures do appear to differ in their support for adversarialism (e.g., Leung & Lind, 1986), many studies have found that the underlying dynamics of fair process are similar.”
BackgroundAvery, D. R., & Quiñones, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.81 · Cited by 185 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Perhaps the most direct and powerful analysis of the issue is a remarkable experiment by Lind, Kanfer, and Earley (1990; also see Avery & Quiñones, 2002; McFarlin & Sweeney, 1996).”
BackgroundMorris, M. W., & Leung, K. Y. (2000) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00007 · Cited by 184 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Morris and Leung (2000) argued for that procedural justice researchers should directly assess important cultural differences at the individual level.”
BackgroundTyler, T. R., & Mitchell, G. (1994) · Duke Law Journal · doi:10.2307/1372774 · Cited by 178 · see citing works
The doctor-patient relationship and malpractice. Lessons from plaintiff depositions
Beckman, H. (1994) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.154.12.1365 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
van den Bos, K. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1393 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Fairness and Emotions: Reactions to the Process and Outcomes of Negotiations
Hegtvedt, K. A., & Killian, C. (1999) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/78.1.269 · Cited by 167 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, in a laboratory work simulation, Hegtvedt and Killian (1999) found that rising pay increased pay satisfaction but at the price of guilt over unfairness to the other worker.”
BackgroundHauenstein, N. M. A., McGonigle, T., & Flinder, S. W. (2001) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1023/a:1014482124497 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
STUDYING ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE CROSS‐CULTURALLY: FUNDAMENTAL CHALLENGES
Greenberg, J. (2001) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/eb022864 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
When Due Process Is of No Consequence: Moral Mandates and Presumed Defendant Guilt or Innocence
Skitka, L. J., & Houston, D. A. (2001) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1014372008257 · Cited by 161 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Thus, due process considerations affected people’s evaluations of a verdict in an ambiguous case, but when people received independent evidence that a defendant was innocent, a conviction was perceived to be unfair irrespective the fairness of the prosecution and trial (Skitka & Houston, 2001).”
BackgroundSmith, H. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199603)26:2 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Lind, E. A., MacCoun, R. J., Ebener, P. A., Felstiner, W. L. F., Hensler, D. R., Resnik, J., & Tyler, T. R. (1990) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053616 · Cited by 159 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…complex and too alienating, but in fact, disputants who actually participate in trials tend to view the trial process favorably, and again, to a surprising extent this is true of “losers” as well as those who win their case (Lind et al., 1990; MacCoun et al., 1988; MacCoun, Lind, & Tyler, 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationPillai, R., Williams, E. S., & Tan, J. (2001) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/eb022861 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Just laid off, but still a ?good citizen?? only if the process is fair
Bies, R. J., Martin, C. L., & Brockner, J. (1993) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01419446 · Cited by 148 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Bies, Martin, and Brockner (1993) found that this “good citizenship” effect even extended to laid-off employees during the period between notification and termination.”
BackgroundInternal Dispute Resolution: The Transformation of Civil Rights in the Workplace
Lauren, E., Howard, E., & John, L. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315236353-17 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Procedural justice and status: Status salience as antecedent of procedural fairness effects.
van Prooijen, J., van den Bos, K., & Wilke, H. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1353 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
van Prooijen, J., van den Bos, K., & Wilke, H. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.66 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
David De Cremer, A. (2003) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.162 · Cited by 131 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For example, those treated poorly by authorities experience some reduction in self esteem (De Cremer, 2003).”
BackgroundProcedural Justice and Participation
Cohen, R. L. (1985) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872678503800703 · Cited by 131 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Cohen (1985) first raised a concern with the manipulative use of procedural justice in the context of participation procedures for corporate employees.”
Background…And justice for all: Ethnicity, gender, and preferences for dispute resolution procedures.
Lind, E. A., Huo, Y. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1994) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01499588 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
The “Litigation Mentality” in Organizations: A Test of Alternative Psychological Explanations
Bies, R. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1993) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.4.3.352 · Cited by 126 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In a workplace survey, Bies and Tyler (1993) found that employee perceptions of the fairness of the organization’s procedures and rules were the most important correlate of self-reported willingness to consider suing the organization.”
BackgroundApparent impropriety and procedural fairness judgments
Lind, E. A., & Lissak, R. I. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(85)90003-4 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Becoming an undercover police officer: a note on fairness perceptions, behavior, and attitudes
Farmer, S. J., Beehr, T. A., & Love, K. G. (2003) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.196 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Törnblom, K., & Vermunt, R. C. (1999) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023226307252 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Huo, Y. J. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202250222 · Cited by 111 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Analyzing data from a survey of Californians’ encounters with legal authorities, Huo (2003) found that “American” and ethnic subgroup identities were positively rather negatively associated.”
MethodVerdict: assessing the civil jury system
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-2951 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
A Deservingness Approach to Respect as a Relationally Based Fairness Judgment
Heuer, L. B., Blumenthal, E., Douglas, A., & Weinblatt, T. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299258009 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Collie, T. (., Bradley, G. L., & Sparks, B. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00501-2 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
In defense of external invalidity.
Mook, D. G. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.379 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Ideology and the Interpretation of Personal Experience: Procedural Justice and Political Quiescence
Tyler, T. R., & McGraw, K. M. (1986) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00228.x · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Reducing Legal Risk by Practicing Patient-Centered Medicine
Forster, H. P., Schwartz, J., & DeRenzo, E. G. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.11.1217 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Institutional Legitimacy and Procedural Justice: Reexamining the Question of Causality
Mondak, J. J. (1993) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3054106 · Cited by 86 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Mondak (1993) claimed to support Gibson’s causal interpretation by finding no effect on legitimacy of an experimental manipulation of the Supreme Court’s procedural fairness.”
BackgroundMacCoun, R. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1988) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01044389 · Cited by 85 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Americans hold more favorable opinions of the jury system than of the courts more generally (Hans, 1993; MacCoun & Tyler, 1988).”
BackgroundSelf-citationIntrinsic Versus Community‐Based Justice Models: When Does Group Membership Matter?
Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1990) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00273.x · Cited by 84 · cited 1× · see citing works
“There are now many lines of evidence testing the Tyler-Lind model (see Tyler, 1994; Tyler & Lind, 1990, 1992; Tyler, Degoey, & Smith, 1996).”
BackgroundDavid De Cremer, A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2003) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00539-3 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Procedural justice and regulatory compliance.
Makkai, T., & Braithwaite, J. B. (1996) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01499133 · Cited by 82 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Makkai and Braithwaite (1996) found mixed support for a procedural fairness effect on regulatory compliance by business executives.”
BackgroundReferent Cognitions Theory: The role of closeness of reference points in the psychology of voice.
van den Bos, K., & van Prooijen, J. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.616 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Garonzik, R., Brockner, J., & Siegel, P. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.13 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Wong, K. F. E., & Leung, K. Y. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2966 · Cited by 69 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…rather than excluded from the relevant group (van Prooijen, van den Bos, & Wilke, 2004), when the relationships at stake are important to the person (Kwong & Leung, 2002), when group identification is strong (Huo et al., 1996; Wenzel, 2004), when the person scores high on a “need to belong” scale…”
BackgroundWenzel, M. (2004) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250406700107 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Robbins, T. L., Summers, T. P., Miller, J. L., & Hendrix, W. H. (2000) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317900167191 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D. (1996) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1803_3 · Cited by 65 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Perhaps the most direct and powerful analysis of the issue is a remarkable experiment by Lind, Kanfer, and Earley (1990; also see Avery & Quiñones, 2002; McFarlin & Sweeney, 1996).”
BackgroundConflict with Outsiders: Disputing within and Across Cultural Boundaries
Tyler, T. R., Lind, E. A., Ohbuchi, K., Sugawara, I., & Huo, Y. J. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298242003 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Rahim, M. A., Magner, N. R., Antonioni, D., & Rahman, S. (2001) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/eb022862 · Cited by 63 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Do justice relationships with organizationdirected reactions differ across US and Bangladesh employees?”
BackgroundJustice is no simple matter: Case for elaborating our model of procedural fairness.
Sheppard, B. H. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.953 · Cited by 60 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…procedures (with less process control than the adversarial model) are rated more favorably when they provide opportunities for voice (Sheppard, 1985; Folger, Cropanzano, Timmerman, Howes, et al., 1996), or when the conflict involves a highly volatile opponent (Morris, Leung, &…”
BackgroundRace, income, and perceptions of the U.S. court system
Brooks, R. R. W., & Jeon‐Slaughter, H. (2001) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.442 · Cited by 60 · cited 3× · see citing works
“For example, racial and ethnic groups report similar views of the courts, but African Americans consistently report more negative views of police conduct; they are about twice as likely to report low confidence in the police or the view that the police have low ethical standards (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003) Bu…”
BackgroundUnderstanding gender differences in distributive and procedural justice
Kulik, C. T., Lind, E. A., Ambrose, M. L., & MacCoun, R. J. (1996) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf02196990 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological jurisprudence and radical social change.
Fox, D. R. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.3.234 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Distributive and procedural justice in seven nations.
Cohn, E. S., White, S. O., & Sanders, J. (2000) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1005571012599 · Cited by 59 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Cohn, White, and Sanders (2000) found that voice and impartiality factors in two survey vignettes had similar effects across seven countries.”
BackgroundBeyond Deterrence: Behavioral Decision Theory and Tax Compliance
Casey, J. T., & Scholz, J. T. (1991) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053871 · Cited by 58 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Experimental simulations confirm the causal influence of procedure on compliance intentions in studies of taxpaying compliance (Casey & Scholz, 1991) and mental health professionals’ reactions to malpractice verdicts (Poythress, 1994).”
Alternative Adjudication: An Evaluation of the New Jersey Automobile Arbitration Program
MacCoun, R. J., Lind, E., Hensler, D. R., Bryant, D. L., & Ebener, P. A. (1988) · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationTyler, T. R., Huo, Y. J., & Lind, E. A. (1999) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430299022001 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
David De Cremer, A., & Alberts, H. J. E. M. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.201 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Procedural preference as a function of conflict intensity.
Heuer, L. B., & Penrod, S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.4.700 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Perceived injustice, referent cognitions, and the concept of comparison level.
Folger, R. G. (1984) · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Morris, M. W., Leung, K. Y., & Iyengar, S. S. (2004) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2004.00145.x · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Affirmative Action, Fairness, and the Scope of Justice
Opotow, S. V. (1996) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1996.tb01845.x · Cited by 41 · cited 1× · see citing works
“A growing literature on the “scope of justice” shows that people do not always extend their standards for distributive and procedural justice to relationships outside their own groups (Messé, Hymes, & MacCoun, 1986; Opotow, 1996).”
BackgroundThe Fourteenth Amendment and symbolic legality: Let them eat due process.
Haney, C. W. (1991) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01044617 · Cited by 40 · cited 2× · see citing works
“For many scholars, fair process effects are so robust that they raise the spectre of “false consciousness” – the Marxist notion that political and market institutions keep the proletariat ignorant of capitalism’s true nature (Cohen, 1985, 1989; Fox, 1993; Haney, 1991; Jost, 1995).”
BackgroundSheppard, B. H., & Vidmar, N. J. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.39.2.320 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Procedural Preferences in Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Closer, Modern Look at an Old Idea.
Shestowsky, D. (2004) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.10.3.211 · Cited by 38 · cited 1× · see citing works
“It is now clear that this favorable view of adversary procedures is by no means unconditional (Shestowsky, 2004; Tyler et al., 1997).”
BackgroundAlternative Dispute Resolution in Trial and Appellate Courts
MacCoun, R. J., Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4038-7_6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationRoberts, K. E., & Markel, K. S. (2001) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//1076-8998.6.4.332 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Nonlinear and Nonmonotonic Effects of Outcome on Procedural and Distributive Fairness Judgments1
Conlon, D. E., Lind, E. A., & Lissak, R. I. (1989) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01241.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Stalans, L. J., & Lind, E. A. (1997) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf02683306 · Cited by 31 · cited 1× · see citing works
“And Stalans and Lind (1997) that both taxpayers and their professional representatives were influenced by similar aspects (e.g., dignity) of the procedural fairness tax audit process, although the representatives were more sensitive to outcome characteristics.”
BackgroundKappen, D. M., & Branscombe, N. R. (2001) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466601164768 · Cited by 30 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…or misrecall evidence in a manner that legitimizes their situation, and they will accept readily “placebic explanations” that justifies their status (Kappen & Branscombe, 2001); and (d) when lower status groups perceive the system as legitimate, they show outgroup favoritism rather than the…”
BackgroundChildren's Perceptions of Procedural Justice
Gold, L. J., Darley, J. M., Hilton, J. L., & Zanna, M. P. (1984) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00417.x · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Cohen, R. (1989) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01050937 · Cited by 29 · cited 1× · see citing works
“For many scholars, fair process effects are so robust that they raise the spectre of “false consciousness” – the Marxist notion that political and market institutions keep the proletariat ignorant of capitalism’s true nature (Cohen, 1985, 1989; Fox, 1993; Haney, 1991; Jost, 1995).”
BackgroundCohen‐Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00040-7 · Cited by 28 · cited 3× · see citing works
“…distributive justice judgments are moderately correlated (rho = .64 in Hauenstein, McGonigle, & Flinder’s 2001 meta-analysis), and that each has independent effects on a variety of attitudinal and behavioral outcomes (Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001, 2002; Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, & Porter, 2001).”
BackgroundOn the psychology of procedural justice: reactions to procedures of ingroup vs. outgroup authorities
Ståhl, T., van Prooijen, J., & Vermunt, R. C. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.190 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Elaborating Procedural Fairness: Justice Becomes Both Simpler and more Complex
Folger, R. G., Cropanzano, R., Timmerman, T. A., Howes, J. C., & Mitchell, D. B. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167296225001 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wendorf, C. A., Alexander, S., & Firestone, I. J. (2002) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1016093614893 · Cited by 20 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Murphy (2004) and Wenzel (2002) each documented a link between procedural fairness judgments and taxpayer compliance.”
BackgroundConflicts of Interest in Public Policy Research
MacCoun, R. J. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610332.018 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationProcedural Fairness, Blame Attributions, and Presidential Leadership
Kershaw, T., & Alexander, S. (2003) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022978127931 · Cited by 17 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…in citizen contributions to public goods (De Cremer & van Knippenberg, 2003), views of the Kenneth Starr prosecution and the Congressional impeachment of President Clinton (Kershaw & Alexander, 2003), and reactions to corporate drug testing policies (Kulik & Clark, 1993; Wagner & Moriarty, 2002).”
BackgroundPERCEPTIONS OF FAIRNESS IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON
Anderson, R. A., & Otto, A. L. (2003) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.6.557 · Cited by 16 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Subsequent studies (see Lind & Tyler, 1986) have replicated this finding in European nations with inquistorial systems, suggesting that it is not an artifact of American socialization or mere familiarity (but see Anderson & Otto, 2003).”
BackgroundGroup Categorization and Distributive Justice Decisions
Messé, L. A., Hymes, R. W., & MacCoun, R. J. (1986) · Critical issues in social justice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5059-0_12 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPoythress, N. G. (1994) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01499045 · Cited by 12 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Experimental simulations confirm the causal influence of procedure on compliance intentions in studies of taxpaying compliance (Casey & Scholz, 1991) and mental health professionals’ reactions to malpractice verdicts (Poythress, 1994).”
Wagner, K. A., & Moriarty, L. J. (2002) · American Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1007/bf02887828 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Frustration effects in procedural justice research: The case of drug-testing legislation
Kulik, C. T., & Clark, S. C. (1993) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01054463 · Cited by 9 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…in citizen contributions to public goods (De Cremer & van Knippenberg, 2003), views of the Kenneth Starr prosecution and the Congressional impeachment of President Clinton (Kershaw & Alexander, 2003), and reactions to corporate drug testing policies (Kulik & Clark, 1993; Wagner & Moriarty, 2002).”
BackgroundFairness Evaluations of Encounters With Police Officers and Correctional Officers1
Vermunt, R. C., Blaauw, E., & Lind, E. A. (1998) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1998.tb01670.x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Long, J. J. (2003) · Conflict Resolution Quarterly · doi:10.1002/crq.55 · Cited by 7 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Long (2003) shows procedural effects on compliance with mediation outcomes.”
BackgroundHeue, L., & Penrod, S. (1994) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1994.tb00582.x · Cited by 4 · see citing works
MacCoun, R. J. (2001) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b0-08-043076-7/02914-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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The Economic Psychology of Tax Behaviour
Kirchler, E. M., & Braithwaite, V. A. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511628238 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Gross, C. (2007) · Energy Policy · doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2006.12.013 · Cited by 922 · see citing works
Assessing relationship quality in mandated community treatment: Blending care with control.
Skeem, J. L., Louden, J. E., Polaschek, D. L. L., & Camp, J. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.397 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
“First, probationers' willingness to comply with the conditions of probation likely is influenced by the perceived fairness of their enforcement (see MacCoun, 2005) and their rapport with the officer (Klockars, 1972).”
Procedural Justice and Legal Compliance
Nagin, D. S., & Telep, C. W. (2017) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113310 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Procedural justice, legitimacy, and prisoner misconduct
Reisig, M. D., & Meško, G. (2009) · Psychology Crime and Law · doi:10.1080/10683160802089768 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
“Although existing research generally supports Tyler’s process-based model (for reviews, see MacCoun, 2005; Tyler, 2003), three important caveats should be noted.”
BackgroundMethodProcedural Justice, Police Legitimacy, and Helping the Police Fight Crime
Reisig, M. D., & Lloyd, C. (2009) · Police Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1098611108327311 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Tyler, T. R., Goff, P. A., & MacCoun, R. J. (2015) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100615617791 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
“As MacCoun (2005) has noted, by now these findings “have been replicated [using] a wide variety of methodologies (including panel surveys, psychometric work, and experimentation)” (p. 171).6 What does the evidence say works?”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationMurphy, K., & Cherney, A. (2011) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/0004865811405260 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
“US-based research has revealed that the underlying dynamics of the fair process effect are similar across ethnic groups (for a review see MacCoun, 2005).”
BackgroundAccess to Civil Justice and Race, Class, and Gender Inequality
Sandefur, R. L. (2008) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134534 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“…their overall evaluation of outcomes: People care not only about whether or not they get what they want from a decision made by a judge or hearing officer, but also whether they are treated in ways that they understand to be fair and are allowed to tell their side of the story (MacCoun 2005).”
BackgroundProcedural Justice and Policing: A Rush to Judgment?
Tyler, T. R. (2017) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113318 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“Miller (2001) and MacCoun (2005) have reviewed the psychological literature on procedural justice.”
BackgroundLegitimacy in Policing: A Systematic Review
Mazerolle, L., Bennett, S., Davis, J., Sargeant, E., & Manning, M. (2013) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.4073/csr.2013.1 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Reconsidering the role of procedures for decision acceptance
Esaiasson, P., Persson, M., Gilljam, M., & Lindholm, T. (2019) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123416000508 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Restorative Justice: What Is It and Does It Work?
Menkel-Meadow, C. J. (2007) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.2.081805.110005 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Bradford, B., Quinton, P., Myhill, A., & Porter, G. (2013) · European Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1177/1477370813491898 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
“Procedural justice may indeed be somewhat ‘double-edged’ (MacCoun, 2005), for example because it encourages a level of blind loyalty within work teams.”
BackgroundEsaiasson, P., Gilljam, M., & Persson, M. (2012) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.02052.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Responsiveness Beyond Policy Satisfaction: Does It Matter to Citizens?
Esaiasson, P., Gilljam, M., & Persson, M. (2016) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/0010414015626445 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
“Further underlining the importance of responsiveness actions, procedural fairness research argues that people care deeply about how decisions are made (see MacCoun, 2005, and Tyler, 2006, for reviews).”
BackgroundHerian, M. N., Hamm, J. A., Tomkins, A. J., & Zillig, L. M. P. (2012) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/mur064 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the argument laid out by the author is similar to a critique of the procedural fairness literature that was outlined by MacCoun (2005).”
BackgroundElectoral losers revisited – How citizens react to defeat at the ballot box
Esaiasson, P. (2011) · Electoral Studies · doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2010.09.009 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Fortin, M. (2008) · International Journal of Management Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2370.2008.00231.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Economic Evaluations, Procedural Fairness, and Satisfaction with Democracy
Magalhães, P. C. (2016) · Political Research Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1065912916652238 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Mechanisms for Eliciting Cooperation in Counterterrorism Policing: Evidence from the United Kingdom
Huq, A. Z., Tyler, T. R., & Schulhofer, S. J. (2011) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2011.01239.x · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“The procedural justice model posits a two-stage explanation: People respond to their belief that police are a legitimate authority, which in turn is a function of the fairness and procedural justice of police procedures in formulating and implementing policies (MacCoun 2005; Tyler 2006b; Tyler and Huo 2002).”
Licht, J. D. F. (2011) · Scandinavian Political Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9477.2011.00268.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Even though focus on procedures entails risk of justifying outcomes that many people would think of as unfair (MacCoun 2005), procedural justice can thus give us a theoretical opportunity to achieve legitimacy for difficult decisions.”
BackgroundKaiser, K. A., & Reisig, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Quantitative Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10940-017-9375-4 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Baltussen, R. M. P. M., Jansen, M., Mikkelsen, E., Tromp, N. B., Hontelez, J. A. C., Bijlmakers, L. A., & van der Wilt, G. J. (2016) · International Journal of Health Policy and Management · doi:10.15171/ijhpm.2016.83 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Baltussen, R. M. P. M., Jansen, M., Bijlmakers, L. A., Grutters, J. P. C., Kluytmans, A., Reuzel, R. P. B., Tummers, M., & van der Wilt, G. J. (2017) · Value in Health · doi:10.1016/j.jval.2016.11.019 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“general policy and technology assessment [24], political sciences, and governance studies [62,63] can provide important”
BackgroundFirestone, J., Hirt, C., Bidwell, D., Gardner, M. P., & Dwyer, J. (2019) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2019.101393 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Public acceptance of offshore wind power: does perceived fairness of process matter?
Firestone, J., Kempton, W. M., Lilley, M. B., & Samoteskul, K. (2012) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2012.688658 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Procedures matter because the public believes that ‘‘fair procedures produce fair outcomes’’ (MacCoun 2005, p. 182).”
BackgroundPolicing at the margins: fostering trust and cooperation among ethnic minority groups
Murphy, K. (2013) · Journal of Policing Intelligence and Counter Terrorism · doi:10.1080/18335330.2013.821733 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“However, US-based research has revealed that the underlying dynamics of the procedural justice effect appear to be similar across different ethnic minority groups (MacCoun, 2005).”
BackgroundMandated Treatment and Its Impact on Therapeutic Process and Outcome Factors
Hachtel, H., Vogel, T., & Huber, C. G. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00219 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Elliott, I., Thomas, S. D. M., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2011) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/a0024212 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Since then an impressive body of research in social, legal, and organizational settings has demonstrated that people place a significant value on the fairness of the process by which outcomes are achieved (MacCoun, 2005).”
Legitimacy and Criminal Justice: An International Perspective
Tyler, T. R. (2007) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 90 · see citing works
People systematically update moral judgments of blame.
Monroe, A. E., & Malle, B. F. (2018) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspa0000137 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Fortin, M., & Fellenz, M. R. (2007) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-006-9330-z · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“MacCoun (2005) refers to the ‘fair process effect’ and states that knowledge about this effect may enable decision makers to improve fairness perceptions without any costly outcome concessions.”
BackgroundInfluentialWhitton, J., Brasier, K. J., Charnley-Parry, I., & Cotton, M. (2017) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2017.01.015 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
A review on political factors influencing public support for urban environmental policy
Wan, C., Shen, Q., & Choi, S. (2017) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.05.005 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Tax compliance depends on voice of taxpayers
Casal, S., Kogler, C., Mittone, L., & Kirchler, E. M. (2016) · Journal of Economic Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.joep.2016.06.005 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“If taxpayers are consulted, for example, in the distribution of collected resources, the general level of perceived fairness increases via a boost in procedural justice or, in other words, because of the higher weight of citizens’ opinions (MacCoun, 2005; Tyler, 2006).”
The Psychology of Judicial Decision Making
(2010) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.001.0001 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Algorithms in the court: does it matter which part of the judicial decision-making is automated?
Barysė, D., & Sarel, R. (2023) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/s10506-022-09343-6 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Procedural fairness has long been applauded as means to keep litigants satisfied, cooperative, and trusting in the courts (see, e.g., Burke 2020; Burke and Leben 2007; MacCoun 2005).”
BackgroundBerrey, E., Hoffman, S., & Nielsen, L. B. (2012) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5893.2012.00471.x · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Will citizens take no for an answer? What government officials can do to enhance decision acceptance
Esaiasson, P. (2010) · European Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s1755773910000238 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Following a thorough review of the literature, MacCoun (2006) concludes that procedural concerns are so powerful that citizens might be manipulated into accepting outcomes that are clearly unfair and biased.”
BackgroundProcedural justice in contacts with the police: the perspective of victims of crime
Elliott, I., Thomas, S. D. M., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2012) · Police Practice and Research · doi:10.1080/15614263.2011.607659 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Since then an impressive body of research in social, legal, and organisational settings has demonstrated that people place a significant value on the fairness of the process by which outcomes are achieved (MacCoun, 2005).”
BackgroundEsaiasson, P., Arnesen, S., & Werner, H. (2022) · Comparative Political Studies · doi:10.1177/00104140221109433 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“For instance, our findings add nuance to the claim in procedural fairness theory that people care about how decisions are made (e.g., MacCoun, 2005; Tyler, 2006).”
The Techno-Fix Versus The Fair Cop: Procedural (In)Justice and Automated Speed Limit Enforcement
Wells, H. (2008) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azn058 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Sharing the Pain: Perceptions of Fairness Affect Private and Public Response to Hazards
Adger, W. N., Quinn, T., Lorenzoni, I., & Murphy, C. (2016) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2016.1182005 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“Fairness judgments are not just relational measures of how well one is treated compared to another; they are also a reflection of what an individual believes should and could happen (MacCoun 2005).”
BackgroundMoule, R. K., Fox, B., & Parry, M. M. (2018) · Crime & Delinquency · doi:10.1177/0011128718770689 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Bailey, I., & Darkal, H. (2017) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2017.1418848 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Moule, R. K., Burruss, G. W., Parry, M. M., & Fox, B. (2018) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12379 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Sheffrin, S. M. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139026918 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Karstedt, S., & Lafree, G. D. (2006) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716206288230 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Public Attitudes toward Official Justice in Beijing and Rural China
Michelson, E., & Read, B. L. (2011) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977008.008 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
U. S. Health Researchers Review Their Ethics Review Boards: A Qualitative Study
Burris, S. C., & Moss, K. E. (2006) · Journal of Empirical Research on Human Research Ethics · doi:10.1525/jer.2006.1.2.39 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“A large body of empirical research on why people obey the law supports the concern that researchers who sense that the RERB process is not fair may become less compliant with the rules (Keith-Spiegel & Koocher, 2006; MacCoun, 2005; Martinson, Anderson, Crain, & De Vries, 2006).”
BackgroundGrootelaar, H. A. M., & van den Bos, K. (2018) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12315 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Searching for Truth in the Transitional Justice Movement
Rowen, J. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316258279 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Vertrauens- und Legitimitätsbrüche: Was bedeutet Rassismus durch die Polizei für die Gesellschaft?
Abdul-Rahman, L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-37133-3_22 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Ross, A., Alstine, J. V., Cotton, M., & Middlemiss, L. (2021) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2021.1990235 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…heard) and being treated with dignity and respect for reasons that are more than about the instrumental value of their involvement in addressing policy concerns (Thibaut and Walker 1975; Barrett-Howard and Tyler 1986; e.g. Tyler 1988; Lind and Tyler 1988; Tyler and Blader 2003; MacCoun 2005).”
BackgroundReassessing the relationship between procedural justice and police legitimacy.
Pina-Sánchez, J., & Brunton‐Smith, I. (2020) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1037/lhb0000424 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“It is also worth acknowledging the vast amount of experimental evidence documented in the broader psychological literature, where procedural justice is shown to foster compliance with a wide range of authorities (MacCoun, 2005).”
BackgroundUnfamiliarity and Procedural Justice: Litigants' Attitudes Toward Civil Justice in Southern China
He, X., & Feng, J. (2021) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12525 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“The importance of procedural justice has been demonstrated in various settings, throughout North America, Europe, and Asia, and by a wide range of methodologies (MacCoun 2005: 371).”
BackgroundRethinking police procedural justice
Schaap, D., & Saarikkomäki, E. (2022) · Theoretical Criminology · doi:10.1177/13624806211056680 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“All of this opens avenues for illegitimate police actions and decisions as much as legitimate ones, raising the important question to what extent compliance and trusting the police is, under all circumstances, desirable (MacCoun, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialLegal Attitudes of Immigrant Detainees
Ryo, E. (2017) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.1111/lasr.12252 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Evolved Functions of Procedural Fairness: An Adaptation for Politics
Bøggild, T., & Petersen, M. B. (2015) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19671-8_12 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Schroeder, S. A., Landon, A. C., Cornicelli, L. J., Fulton, D. C., & McInenly, L. E. (2020) · Human Dimensions of Wildlife · doi:10.1080/10871209.2020.1808915 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Findings suggest that trust dimensions may have interacting effects on perceptions of authorities (MacCoun, 2005; Schroeder & Fulton, 2017).”
BackgroundKarstedt, S., & Lafree, G. D. (2006) · The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science · doi:10.1177/0002716206288394 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Schroeder, S. A., & Fulton, D. C. (2016) · Society & Natural Resources · doi:10.1080/08941920.2016.1238987 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Procedural and distributive judgments have multiplicative, interactive effects on public perceptions of authorities (MacCoun 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialStover, E., Balthazard, M., & Koenig, K. A. (2011) · International Review of the Red Cross · doi:10.1017/s1816383111000439 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Just interests: Victims, citizens and the potential for justice
Holder, R. (2013) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · doi:10.25911/5d7396a4a9f5a · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Abdelzadeh, A., Zetterberg, P., & Ekman, J. (2014) · Acta Politica · doi:10.1057/ap.2014.22 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
From a Roar to a Murmur: Virginia's History & Social Science Standards, 1995–2009
van Hover, S. D., Hicks, D. L., Stoddard, J. D., & Lisanti, M. (2010) · Theory & Research in Social Education · doi:10.1080/00933104.2010.10473417 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“However, to all intents and purposes such claims appear to be little more than a clever tactic of exhorting and highlighting the ‘procedural involvement’ (MacCoun, 2005)—‘pseudo participation’ (see Anderson, 1998; Ball, 1987)—of teachers and the community.”
BackgroundProcedural Fairness, the Economy, and Support for Political Authorities
Magalhães, P. C., & Aguiar‐Conraria, L. (2018) · Political Psychology · doi:10.1111/pops.12500 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
van Dijk, L., & Lefevere, J. (2022) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12523 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“According to procedural fairness scholars, citizens base their fairness judgements to a large extent on how they feel treated by decision makers (Lind & Tyler, 1988; Tyler, 1990; see also MacCoun, 2005).”
5 Judges as Members of Small Groups
Martinek, W. L. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0005 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Weisburd, D. L., Majmundar, M. K., Aden, H., Braga, A. A., Bueermann, J., Cook, P. J., Goff, P. A., Harmon, R. A., Haviland, A. M., Lum, C. M., et al. (2019) · Asian Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11417-019-09284-1 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…(1993), Kitzmann and Emery (1994), Kochel (2012), LaTour (1978), Lind et al. (1973, 1978, 1993, 2000), Lowrey et al. (2016), Ma et al. (2014), MacCoun (2005), MacQueen and Bradford (2015), Mastrofski (2015), Mazerolle et al. (2013b), McGarrell et al. (1999), Miller (2001), Nagin and Telep…”
7 Is There a Psychology of Judging?
Schauer, F. F. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0007 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Gross, C. (2008) · ANU Open Research (Australian National University) · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Understanding the Contingency of Procedural Justice Outcomes
Cherney, A., & Murphy, K. (2011) · Policing A Journal of Policy and Practice · doi:10.1093/police/par030 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Juror Perceptions of the Legitimacy of Legal Authorities and Decision Making in Criminal Cases
Farrell, A. S., Pennington, L., & Cronin, S. W. (2012) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/j.1747-4469.2012.01323.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Mattering Mediates Between Fairness and Well-being
Scarpa, M. P., Martino, S. D., & Prilleltensky, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.744201 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Legitimacy-Based Policing and the Promotion of Community Vitality
Tyler, T. R., & Nobo, C. (2022) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009308014 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Honing the stone: refining restorative justice as a vehicle for emotional redress
Doak, J. (2011) · Contemporary Justice Review · doi:10.1080/10282580.2011.616374 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“In spite of some initial skepticism toward Tyler’s work, subsequent research has affirmed a strong correlation between perceptions of procedural fairness and the willingness of the citizenry to cooperate with state agencies and public policies (see generally MacCoun, 2005; Tyler et al., 2007).”
BackgroundCongressional Mobilization of Private Litigants: Evidence from the Civil Rights Act of 1991
Farhang, S. (2009) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2009.01136.x · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…choice, the model ignores potential litigants’ noneconomic motives, such as utility derived from telling one’s side of the story in a conflict (e.g., MacCoun 2005), or from litigation as a form of political participation and action (e.g., Giles & Lancaster 1989; McCann 1994), or dis-utility from…”
BackgroundCompliance with the law and policing by consent: notes on police and legal legitimacy
Nellis, M. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203113998-9 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
How to Measure the Price and Quality of Access to Justice?Preprint
Barendrecht, M., Mulder, J., & Giesen, I. (2006) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.949209 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Young People Who Use Drugs Views Toward the Power and Authority of Police Officers
Greer, A., Selfridge, M., Watson, T. M., Macdonald, S., & Pauly, B. (2021) · Contemporary Drug Problems · doi:10.1177/00914509211058989 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“However, some scholars suggest that focusing on procedural justice is a “double edge sword” (MacCoun, 2005)—focusing on procedural justice and bounded authority may only normalize the role of policing in society and detract from larger structural changes such as legal reform (Thacher, 2019).”
Background1 Motivation and Judicial Behavior: Expanding the Scope of Inquiry
Baum, L. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0001 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Going Outside the Law: The Role of the State in Shaping Attitudes to Private Acts of Violence
Tyler, T. R., Jackson, J., Huq, A. Z., & Bradford, B. (2012) · bepress Legal Repository · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“It’s Not Over When It’s Over”―Post-Decision Arrangements and Empirical Legitimacy
de Fine Licht, J., Agerberg, M., & Esaiasson, P. (2022) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muab023 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
In search of legitimacy: restorative youth conferencing in Northern Ireland
Doak, J., & O’Mahony, D. (2011) · Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1748-121x.2010.00190.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
How does voice matter? Evidence from the ultimatum game
Ong, Q., Riyanto, Y. E., & Sheffrin, S. M. (2012) · Experimental Economics · doi:10.1007/s10683-012-9316-x · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Unexpected events during survey design and trust in the police: a systematic review
Nägel, C., & Nivette, A. E. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-022-09508-y · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Increasingly, scholars have emphasized the need for caution in interpreting causal effects in policing research that relies on observational data (Cook 2015; Graziano 2019; MacCoun 2005).”
The “Dark Side” of Institutional Trust
Neal, T. M. S., Shockley, E., & Schilke, O. S. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-22261-5_10 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For example, MacCoun (2005) asserted that the body of work on procedural justice – ways in which public institutions such as police and the courts can behave to improve public cooperation and compliance – has troubling implications for leaving people susceptible to manipulation and exploitation.”
BackgroundBourgon, G., & Guiterrez, L. (2013) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137019523_15 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Velasco‐Herrejón, P., & Bauwens, T. (2024) · Global Environmental Change · doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2024.102883 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Hogan, B., Maroney, J. J., & Rupert, T. J. (2012) · Journal of the American Taxation Association · doi:10.2308/atax-50351 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“In summary, the positive effects found for voice on procedural fairness perceptions have been very robust and have been explored over a large number of decision contexts (MacCoun 2005), with the primary finding being that when individuals are allowed to provide voice (input) into a decision process, their evaluations…”
BackgroundRights consciousness in criminal procedure: A theoretical and empirical inquiry
Young, K. M. (2009) · Sociology of crime, law and deviance · doi:10.1108/s1521-6136(2009)0000012007 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Judging in lower courts: Conventional, procedural, therapeutic and feminist approaches
Hunter, R., Anleu, S. R., & Mack, K. (2016) · International Journal of Law in Context · doi:10.1017/s1744552316000240 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“The procedural justice literature tends not to question substantive decisions, or assumes that they are themselves ‘correct’ and ‘legitimate’ (MacCoun, 2005).”
BackgroundBurdziej, S., Guzik, K., & Pilitowski, B. (2018) · Law & Social Inquiry · doi:10.1111/lsi.12358 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“This de-emphasis of social inequality reflects what has been described as “the dark side of procedural justice” (MacCoun 2005, 193).”
BackgroundSatisfied? Exploring Victims’ Justice Judgments
Holder, R. (2015) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/9781137383938_9 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Richards, K. (2010) · Critical Criminology · doi:10.1007/s10612-010-9106-8 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“It should be noted first that while (Tyler et al. 2007) has amassed an extensive body of research evidence that demonstrates that procedural fairness is important to participants in criminal justice procedures (see MacCoun 2005 for a review), and that participants who perceive such procedures as fair are more likely t…”
BackgroundInfluentialA pilot study exploring mental health consumers’ experiences with the police
Jones, L. B., & Thomas, S. D. M. (2018) · Psychiatry Psychology and Law · doi:10.1080/13218719.2018.1504240 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“These pilot findings therefore provide initial evidence in support of procedural justice theory that emphasises that procedural elements of police encounters are more important than the outcome of the encounters (MacCoun, 2005).”
ResultStrategies for engaging foster care youth in permanency planning family team conferences
Augsberger, A. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.04.015 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
3 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Models of Judicial Reasoning
Bartels, B. L. (2010) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195367584.003.0003 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
- Authors
- MacCoun, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacCoun, Robert J.
- ORCID
- MacCoun, Robert J.
- Venue
- Annual Review of Law and Social Science
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2005-12-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 171-201
- ISSN
- 1550-3585 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-3631
- OpenAlex
- W2124877571
- Cited by
- 343
- References
- 190
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 14.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-sa
- Locations
- Annual Review of Law and Social Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Law › Legal processes and jurisprudence
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Keywords
- procedural justice, voice, control, sense of belonging, public trust in government, social cooperation, public policy support, organizational citizenship behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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