Cited by 343Legal processes and jurisprudencePolicing Practices and PerceptionsSocial Power and Status Dynamics

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VOICE, CONTROL, AND BELONGING: The Double-Edged Sword of Procedural Fairness

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MacCoun, Robert J.·2005·Annual Review of Law and Social Science

DOI 10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.1.041604.115958

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Abstract

▪ Abstract The procedural justice literature has grown enormously since the early work of Thibaut and Walker in the 1970s. Since then, the finding that citizens care enormously about the process by which outcomes are reached—even unfavorable outcomes—has been replicated a wide range of methodologies (including panel surveys, psychometric work, and experimentation), cultures (throughout North America, Europe, and Asia), and settings (including tort litigation, policing, taxpayer compliance, support for public policies, and organizational citizenship). We have learned a great deal about the antecedents and consequences of these judgments. In particular, the work of Tom Tyler and Allan Lind and their colleagues suggests that people care about voice, dignity, and respect for relational and symbolic reasons rather than (or in addition to) instrumental reasons. This finding has benevolent implications for governance and social cooperation, but also some troubling implications, leaving people susceptible to manipulation and exploitation.

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“In another study (Skitka, 2002), deeply held moral beliefs were more influential than procedural fairness judgments in predicting acceptance of Supreme Court or legislative decisions that threatened those views.”
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Distributional and Procedural Aspects of Satisfaction With Citizen-Police Encounters
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Cultural values and authority relations: The psychology of conflict resolution across cultures.
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Lind, E. A., Greenberg, J., Scott, K. S., & Welchans, T. D. (2000) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2667109 · Cited by 255
Negative Illusions: Conceptual Clarification and Psychological Evidence concerning False Consciousness
Jost, J. T. (1995) · Political Psychology · doi:10.2307/3791837 · Cited by 250 · cited 1×
“For many scholars, fair process effects are so robust that they raise the spectre of “false consciousness” – the Marxist notion that political and market institutions keep the proletariat ignorant of capitalism’s true nature (Cohen, 1985, 1989; Fox, 1993; Haney, 1991; Jost, 1995).”
Background
Procedural Justice, Outcome Favorability and Emotion
Krehbiel, P. J., & Cropanzano, R. (2000) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1007670909889 · Cited by 235
Psychological Perspectives on Justice
(1993) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511552069 · Cited by 232
Drugs and the law: A psychological analysis of drug prohibition.
MacCoun, R. J. (1993) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.3.497 · Cited by 230 · cited 1×
“Empirical research on deterrence theory shows that the correlation between legal sanctioning and legal compliance is surprisingly weak, and partially spurious (see MacCoun, 1993).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Culture and Procedural Fairness: When the Effects of What You Do Depend on How You Do it
Brockner, J., Chen, Y.-R., Mannix, E. A., Leung, K. Y., & Skarlicki, D. P. (2000) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2666982 · Cited by 221
Procedural Justice, Institutional Legitimacy, and the Acceptance of Unpopular U.S. Supreme Court Decisions: A Reply to Gibson
Tyler, T. R., & Rasinski, K. A. (1991) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053729 · Cited by 220
Procedural justice and participation in task selection: The role of control in mediating justice judgments.
Earley, P. C., & Lind, E. A. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.52.6.1148 · Cited by 216 · cited 1×
“Correlational analyses by Earley and Lind (1987) suggested that the voice effect is not mediated by perceptions of perceived control, contrary to Thibaut and Walker’s (1975) interpretation.”
Result
Biased predecision processing.
Brownstein, A. L. (2003) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.4.545 · Cited by 215 · cited 1×
“Psychological processes of distortion can occur both before and after a decision (Brownstein, 2003).”
Background
Internal Dispute Resolution: The Transformation of Civil Rights in the Workplace
Edelman, L. B., Erlanger, H. S., & Lande, J. (1993) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3054103 · Cited by 210
Are Outcome Fairness and Outcome Favorability Distinguishable Psychological Constructs? A Meta-Analytic Review
Skitka, L. J., Winquist, J. R., & Hutchinson, S. R. (2003) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1026336131206 · Cited by 208
Relative deprivation and procedural justifications.
Folger, R. G., Rosenfield, D. D., & Robinson, T. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.45.2.268 · Cited by 207
Understanding Judgments of Fairness in a Real-World Political Context: A Test of the Value Protection Model of Justice Reasoning
Skitka, L. J., & Mullen, E. (2002) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/014616702236873 · Cited by 204 · cited 1×
“And Skitka (2002, 2003; Skitka & Houston, 2001; Skitka & Mullen, 2002) argues that people are less attentive to concerns about process when certain outcomes involve “moral mandates”; e.g., “the innocent should be acquitted.””
Background
Of Different Minds: An Accessible Identity Model of Justice Reasoning
Skitka, L. J. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0704_02 · Cited by 204
Procedural justice and culture: Effects of culture, gender, and investigator status on procedural preferences.
Leung, K. Y., & Lind, E. A. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.50.6.1134 · Cited by 185 · cited 2×
“While cultures do appear to differ in their support for adversarialism (e.g., Leung & Lind, 1986), many studies have found that the underlying dynamics of fair process are similar.”
Background
Disentangling the effects of voice: The incremental roles of opportunity, behavior, and instrumentality in predicting procedural fairness.
Avery, D. R., & Quiñones, M. A. (2002) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.1.81 · Cited by 185 · cited 1×
“Perhaps the most direct and powerful analysis of the issue is a remarkable experiment by Lind, Kanfer, and Earley (1990; also see Avery & Quiñones, 2002; McFarlin & Sweeney, 1996).”
Background
Justice for all? Progress in Research on Cultural Variation in the Psychology of Distributive and Procedural Justice
Morris, M. W., & Leung, K. Y. (2000) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00007 · Cited by 184 · cited 1×
“Morris and Leung (2000) argued for that procedural justice researchers should directly assess important cultural differences at the individual level.”
Background
Legitimacy and the Empowerment of Discretionary Legal Authority: The United States Supreme Court and Abortion Rights
Tyler, T. R., & Mitchell, G. (1994) · Duke Law Journal · doi:10.2307/1372774 · Cited by 178
A Meta-Analysis of the Relationship Between Procedural Justice and Distributive Justice: Implications for Justice Research
Hauenstein, N. M. A., McGonigle, T., & Flinder, S. W. (2001) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1023/a:1014482124497 · Cited by 175
The doctor-patient relationship and malpractice. Lessons from plaintiff depositions
Beckman, H. (1994) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.154.12.1365 · Cited by 175
What Are We Talking about When We Talk about No-Voice Procedures? On the Psychology of the Fair Outcome Effect
van den Bos, K. (1999) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1999.1393 · Cited by 173
Fairness and Emotions: Reactions to the Process and Outcomes of Negotiations
Hegtvedt, K. A., & Killian, C. (1999) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/78.1.269 · Cited by 167 · cited 1×
“For example, in a laboratory work simulation, Hegtvedt and Killian (1999) found that rising pay increased pay satisfaction but at the price of guilt over unfairness to the other worker.”
Background
STUDYING ORGANIZATIONAL JUSTICE CROSS‐CULTURALLY: FUNDAMENTAL CHALLENGES
Greenberg, J. (2001) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/eb022864 · Cited by 162
In the Eye of the Beholder: Tort Litigants' Evaluations of their Experiences in the Civil Justice System
Lind, E. A., MacCoun, R. J., Ebener, P. A., Felstiner, W. L. F., Hensler, D. R., Resnik, J., & Tyler, T. R. (1990) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053616 · Cited by 159 · cited 4×
“…complex and too alienating, but in fact, disputants who actually participate in trials tend to view the trial process favorably, and again, to a surprising extent this is true of “losers” as well as those who win their case (Lind et al., 1990; MacCoun et al., 1988; MacCoun, Lind, & Tyler, 1992).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
When Due Process Is of No Consequence: Moral Mandates and Presumed Defendant Guilt or Innocence
Skitka, L. J., & Houston, D. A. (2001) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1014372008257 · Cited by 158 · cited 2×
“Thus, due process considerations affected people’s evaluations of a verdict in an ambiguous case, but when people received independent evidence that a defendant was innocent, a conviction was perceived to be unfair irrespective the fairness of the prosecution and trial (Skitka & Houston, 2001).”
Background
ARE THE SCALES TIPPED IN FAVOR OF PROCEDURAL OR DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE? AN INVESTIGATION OF THE U.S., INDIA, GERMANY, AND HONG KONG (CHINA)
Pillai, R., Williams, E. S., & Tan, J. (2001) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/eb022861 · Cited by 154
Just laid off, but still a ?good citizen?? only if the process is fair
Bies, R. J., Martin, C. L., & Brockner, J. (1993) · Employee Responsibilities and Rights Journal · doi:10.1007/bf01419446 · Cited by 148 · cited 1×
“Bies, Martin, and Brockner (1993) found that this “good citizenship” effect even extended to laid-off employees during the period between notification and termination.”
Background
Group Belongingness and Procedural Justice: Social Inclusion and Exclusion by Peers Affects the Psychology of Voice.
van Prooijen, J., van den Bos, K., & Wilke, H. (2004) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.87.1.66 · Cited by 140
Internal Dispute Resolution: The Transformation of Civil Rights in the Workplace
Lauren, E., Howard, E., & John, L. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315236353-17 · Cited by 139
Procedural justice and status: Status salience as antecedent of procedural fairness effects.
van Prooijen, J., van den Bos, K., & Wilke, H. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1353 · Cited by 136
Procedural Justice and Participation
Cohen, R. L. (1985) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872678503800703 · Cited by 135 · cited 2×
“Cohen (1985) first raised a concern with the manipulative use of procedural justice in the context of participation procedures for corporate employees.”
Background
Why inconsistent leadership is regarded as procedurally unfair: the importance of social self‐esteem concerns
David De Cremer, A. (2003) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.162 · Cited by 131 · cited 1×
“For example, those treated poorly by authorities experience some reduction in self esteem (De Cremer, 2003).”
Background
…And justice for all: Ethnicity, gender, and preferences for dispute resolution procedures.
Lind, E. A., Huo, Y. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1994) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01499588 · Cited by 126
The “Litigation Mentality” in Organizations: A Test of Alternative Psychological Explanations
Bies, R. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1993) · Organization Science · doi:10.1287/orsc.4.3.352 · Cited by 126 · cited 2×
“In a workplace survey, Bies and Tyler (1993) found that employee perceptions of the fairness of the organization’s procedures and rules were the most important correlate of self-reported willingness to consider suing the organization.”
Background
Becoming an undercover police officer: a note on fairness perceptions, behavior, and attitudes
Farmer, S. J., Beehr, T. A., & Love, K. G. (2003) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.196 · Cited by 121
Apparent impropriety and procedural fairness judgments
Lind, E. A., & Lissak, R. I. (1985) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-1031(85)90003-4 · Cited by 120
An Integrative Perspective on Social Justice: Distributive and Procedural Fairness Evaluations of Positive and Negative Outcome Allocations
Törnblom, K., & Vermunt, R. C. (1999) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023226307252 · Cited by 120
A Deservingness Approach to Respect as a Relationally Based Fairness Judgment
Heuer, L. B., Blumenthal, E., Douglas, A., & Weinblatt, T. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167299258009 · Cited by 112
Procedural Justice and Social Regulation Across Group Boundaries: Does Subgroup Identity Undermine Relationship-Based Governance?
Huo, Y. J. (2003) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167202250222 · Cited by 111 · cited 1×
“Analyzing data from a survey of Californians’ encounters with legal authorities, Huo (2003) found that “American” and ethnic subgroup identities were positively rather negatively associated.”
Method
Verdict: assessing the civil jury system
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.31-2951 · Cited by 109
Fair process revisited: Differential effects of interactional and procedural justice in the presence of social comparison information
Collie, T. (., Bradley, G. L., & Sparks, B. (2002) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(02)00501-2 · Cited by 107
In defense of external invalidity.
Mook, D. G. (1983) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037//0003-066x.38.4.379 · Cited by 98
Ideology and the Interpretation of Personal Experience: Procedural Justice and Political Quiescence
Tyler, T. R., & McGraw, K. M. (1986) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1986.tb00228.x · Cited by 97
Reducing Legal Risk by Practicing Patient-Centered Medicine
Forster, H. P., Schwartz, J., & DeRenzo, E. G. (2002) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.162.11.1217 · Cited by 96
Institutional Legitimacy and Procedural Justice: Reexamining the Question of Causality
Mondak, J. J. (1993) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3054106 · Cited by 86 · cited 1×
“Mondak (1993) claimed to support Gibson’s causal interpretation by finding no effect on legitimacy of an experimental manipulation of the Supreme Court’s procedural fairness.”
Background
The basis of citizens' perceptions of the criminal jury: Procedural fairness, accuracy, and efficiency.
MacCoun, R. J., & Tyler, T. R. (1988) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01044389 · Cited by 85 · cited 2×
“Americans hold more favorable opinions of the jury system than of the courts more generally (Hans, 1993; MacCoun & Tyler, 1988).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Intrinsic Versus Community‐Based Justice Models: When Does Group Membership Matter?
Tyler, T. R., & Lind, E. A. (1990) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00273.x · Cited by 84 · cited 1×
“There are now many lines of evidence testing the Tyler-Lind model (see Tyler, 1994; Tyler & Lind, 1990, 1992; Tyler, Degoey, & Smith, 1996).”
Background
Cooperation with leaders in social dilemmas: On the effects of procedural fairness and outcome favorability in structural cooperation
David De Cremer, A., & van Knippenberg, D. (2003) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00539-3 · Cited by 82
Procedural justice and regulatory compliance.
Makkai, T., & Braithwaite, J. B. (1996) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01499133 · Cited by 82 · cited 1×
“Makkai and Braithwaite (1996) found mixed support for a procedural fairness effect on regulatory compliance by business executives.”
Background
Referent Cognitions Theory: The role of closeness of reference points in the psychology of voice.
van den Bos, K., & van Prooijen, J. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.81.4.616 · Cited by 81
Identifying international assignees at risk for premature departure: The interactive effect of outcome favorability and procedural fairness.
Garonzik, R., Brockner, J., & Siegel, P. A. (2000) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-9010.85.1.13 · Cited by 76
A Moderator of the Interaction Effect of Procedural Justice and Outcome Favorability: Importance of the Relationship
Wong, K. F. E., & Leung, K. Y. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1006/obhd.2001.2966 · Cited by 69 · cited 1×
“…rather than excluded from the relevant group (van Prooijen, van den Bos, & Wilke, 2004), when the relationships at stake are important to the person (Kwong & Leung, 2002), when group identification is strong (Huo et al., 1996; Wenzel, 2004), when the person scores high on a “need to belong” scale…”
Background
Social Identification As a Determinant of Concerns About Individual-, Group-, and Inclusive-Level Justice
Wenzel, M. (2004) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/019027250406700107 · Cited by 69
Short Research Note: Using the group‐value model to explain the role of noninstrumental justice in distinguishing the effects of distributive and procedural justice
Robbins, T. L., Summers, T. P., Miller, J. L., & Hendrix, W. H. (2000) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1348/096317900167191 · Cited by 67
Does Having a Say Matter Only if You Get Your Way? INstrumental and Value-Expressive Effects of Employee Voice
McFarlin, D. B., & Sweeney, P. D. (1996) · Basic and Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15324834basp1803_3 · Cited by 65 · cited 1×
“Perhaps the most direct and powerful analysis of the issue is a remarkable experiment by Lind, Kanfer, and Earley (1990; also see Avery & Quiñones, 2002; McFarlin & Sweeney, 1996).”
Background
Conflict with Outsiders: Disputing within and Across Cultural Boundaries
Tyler, T. R., Lind, E. A., Ohbuchi, K., Sugawara, I., & Huo, Y. J. (1998) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167298242003 · Cited by 65
DO JUSTICE RELATIONSHIPS WITH ORGANIZATION‐DIRECTED REACTIONS DIFFER ACROSS U.S. AND BANGLADESH EMPLOYEES?
Rahim, M. A., Magner, N. R., Antonioni, D., & Rahman, S. (2001) · International Journal of Conflict Management · doi:10.1108/eb022862 · Cited by 63 · cited 2×
“Do justice relationships with organizationdirected reactions differ across US and Bangladesh employees?”
Background
Distributive and procedural justice in seven nations.
Cohn, E. S., White, S. O., & Sanders, J. (2000) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1023/a:1005571012599 · Cited by 62 · cited 1×
“Cohn, White, and Sanders (2000) found that voice and impartiality factors in two survey vignettes had similar effects across seven countries.”
Background
Beyond Deterrence: Behavioral Decision Theory and Tax Compliance
Casey, J. T., & Scholz, J. T. (1991) · Law & Society Review · doi:10.2307/3053871 · Cited by 62 · cited 1×
“Experimental simulations confirm the causal influence of procedure on compliance intentions in studies of taxpaying compliance (Casey & Scholz, 1991) and mental health professionals’ reactions to malpractice verdicts (Poythress, 1994).”
Justice is no simple matter: Case for elaborating our model of procedural fairness.
Sheppard, B. H. (1985) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.49.4.953 · Cited by 60 · cited 1×
“…procedures (with less process control than the adversarial model) are rated more favorably when they provide opportunities for voice (Sheppard, 1985; Folger, Cropanzano, Timmerman, Howes, et al., 1996), or when the conflict involves a highly volatile opponent (Morris, Leung, &…”
Background
Race, income, and perceptions of the U.S. court system
Brooks, R. R. W., & Jeon‐Slaughter, H. (2001) · Behavioral Sciences & the Law · doi:10.1002/bsl.442 · Cited by 60 · cited 3×
“For example, racial and ethnic groups report similar views of the courts, but African Americans consistently report more negative views of police conduct; they are about twice as likely to report low confidence in the police or the view that the police have low ethical standards (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2003) Bu…”
Background
Understanding gender differences in distributive and procedural justice
Kulik, C. T., Lind, E. A., Ambrose, M. L., & MacCoun, R. J. (1996) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf02196990 · Cited by 60
Self-citation
Psychological jurisprudence and radical social change.
Fox, D. R. (1993) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.48.3.234 · Cited by 59
Alternative Adjudication: An Evaluation of the New Jersey Automobile Arbitration Program
MacCoun, R. J., Lind, E., Hensler, D. R., Bryant, D. L., & Ebener, P. A. (1988) · Cited by 55
Self-citation
The Two Psychologies of Conflict Resolution: Differing Antecedents of Pre-Experience Choices and Post-Experience Evaluations
Tyler, T. R., Huo, Y. J., & Lind, E. A. (1999) · Group Processes & Intergroup Relations · doi:10.1177/1368430299022001 · Cited by 51
When procedural fairness does not influence how positive I feel: the effects of voice and leader selection as a function of belongingness need
David De Cremer, A., & Alberts, H. J. E. M. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.201 · Cited by 48
Procedural preference as a function of conflict intensity.
Heuer, L. B., & Penrod, S. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.51.4.700 · Cited by 48
Perceived injustice, referent cognitions, and the concept of comparison level.
Folger, R. G. (1984) · Cited by 48
Procedural Preferences in Alternative Dispute Resolution: A Closer, Modern Look at an Old Idea.
Shestowsky, D. (2004) · Psychology Public Policy and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.10.3.211 · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“It is now clear that this favorable view of adversary procedures is by no means unconditional (Shestowsky, 2004; Tyler et al., 1997).”
Background
Person perception in the heat of conflict: Negative trait attributions affect procedural preferences and account for situational and cultural differences
Morris, M. W., Leung, K. Y., & Iyengar, S. S. (2004) · Asian Journal Of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1467-839x.2004.00145.x · Cited by 41
Affirmative Action, Fairness, and the Scope of Justice
Opotow, S. V. (1996) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1996.tb01845.x · Cited by 41 · cited 1×
“A growing literature on the “scope of justice” shows that people do not always extend their standards for distributive and procedural justice to relationships outside their own groups (Messé, Hymes, & MacCoun, 1986; Opotow, 1996).”
Background
The Fourteenth Amendment and symbolic legality: Let them eat due process.
Haney, C. W. (1991) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01044617 · Cited by 40 · cited 2×
“For many scholars, fair process effects are so robust that they raise the spectre of “false consciousness” – the Marxist notion that political and market institutions keep the proletariat ignorant of capitalism’s true nature (Cohen, 1985, 1989; Fox, 1993; Haney, 1991; Jost, 1995).”
Background
Adversary pretrial procedures and testimonial evidence: Effects of lawyer's role and Machiavellianism.
Sheppard, B. H., & Vidmar, N. J. (1980) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.39.2.320 · Cited by 39
Alternative Dispute Resolution in Trial and Appellate Courts
MacCoun, R. J., Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1992) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4038-7_6 · Cited by 36
Self-citation
Claiming in the name of fairness: Organizational justice and the decision to file for workplace injury compensation.
Roberts, K. E., & Markel, K. S. (2001) · Journal of Occupational Health Psychology · doi:10.1037//1076-8998.6.4.332 · Cited by 35
Nonlinear and Nonmonotonic Effects of Outcome on Procedural and Distributive Fairness Judgments1
Conlon, D. E., Lind, E. A., & Lissak, R. I. (1989) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1989.tb01241.x · Cited by 34
Gain–loss-frame in outcome-interdependence: does it influence equality or equity considerations?
Dreu, C. K. W. D. (1996) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-0992(199603)26:2 · Cited by 32
The meaning of procedural fairness: A comparison of taxpayers’ and representatives’ views of their tax audits
Stalans, L. J., & Lind, E. A. (1997) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf02683306 · Cited by 31 · cited 1×
“And Stalans and Lind (1997) that both taxpayers and their professional representatives were influenced by similar aspects (e.g., dignity) of the procedural fairness tax audit process, although the representatives were more sensitive to outcome characteristics.”
Background
Erratum to “The role of justice in organizations: A meta-analysis” [Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 86 (2001) 278–321]
Cohen‐Charash, Y., & Spector, P. E. (2002) · Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes · doi:10.1016/s0749-5978(02)00040-7 · Cited by 31 · cited 3×
“…distributive justice judgments are moderately correlated (rho = .64 in Hauenstein, McGonigle, & Flinder’s 2001 meta-analysis), and that each has independent effects on a variety of attitudinal and behavioral outcomes (Cohen-Charash & Spector, 2001, 2002; Colquitt, Conlon, Wesson, & Porter, 2001).”
Background
The effects of reasons given for ineligibility on perceived gender discrimination and feelings of injustice
Kappen, D. M., & Branscombe, N. R. (2001) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1348/014466601164768 · Cited by 30 · cited 1×
“…or misrecall evidence in a manner that legitimizes their situation, and they will accept readily “placebic explanations” that justifies their status (Kappen & Branscombe, 2001); and (d) when lower status groups perceive the system as legitimate, they show outgroup favoritism rather than the…”
Background
Children's Perceptions of Procedural Justice
Gold, L. J., Darley, J. M., Hilton, J. L., & Zanna, M. P. (1984) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1984.tb00417.x · Cited by 30
On the psychology of procedural justice: reactions to procedures of ingroup vs. outgroup authorities
Ståhl, T., van Prooijen, J., & Vermunt, R. C. (2004) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.190 · Cited by 30
Fabrications of justice
Cohen, R. (1989) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1007/bf01050937 · Cited by 29 · cited 1×
“For many scholars, fair process effects are so robust that they raise the spectre of “false consciousness” – the Marxist notion that political and market institutions keep the proletariat ignorant of capitalism’s true nature (Cohen, 1985, 1989; Fox, 1993; Haney, 1991; Jost, 1995).”
Background
Elaborating Procedural Fairness: Justice Becomes Both Simpler and more Complex
Folger, R. G., Cropanzano, R., Timmerman, T. A., Howes, J. C., & Mitchell, D. B. (1996) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167296225001 · Cited by 26
Social Justice and Moral Reasoning: An Empirical Integration of Two Paradigms in Psychological Research
Wendorf, C. A., Alexander, S., & Firestone, I. J. (2002) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1016093614893 · Cited by 20 · cited 1×
“Murphy (2004) and Wenzel (2002) each documented a link between procedural fairness judgments and taxpayer compliance.”
Background
Conflicts of Interest in Public Policy Research
MacCoun, R. J. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511610332.018 · Cited by 18
Self-citation
Procedural Fairness, Blame Attributions, and Presidential Leadership
Kershaw, T., & Alexander, S. (2003) · Social Justice Research · doi:10.1023/a:1022978127931 · Cited by 16 · cited 2×
“…in citizen contributions to public goods (De Cremer & van Knippenberg, 2003), views of the Kenneth Starr prosecution and the Congressional impeachment of President Clinton (Kershaw & Alexander, 2003), and reactions to corporate drug testing policies (Kulik & Clark, 1993; Wagner & Moriarty, 2002).”
Background
PERCEPTIONS OF FAIRNESS IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM: A CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON
Anderson, R. A., & Otto, A. L. (2003) · Social Behavior and Personality An International Journal · doi:10.2224/sbp.2003.31.6.557 · Cited by 16 · cited 1×
“Subsequent studies (see Lind & Tyler, 1986) have replicated this finding in European nations with inquistorial systems, suggesting that it is not an artifact of American socialization or mere familiarity (but see Anderson & Otto, 2003).”
Background
Group Categorization and Distributive Justice Decisions
Messé, L. A., Hymes, R. W., & MacCoun, R. J. (1986) · Critical issues in social justice · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-5059-0_12 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Procedural preferences, perceptions of fairness, and compliance with outcomes: A study of alternatives to the standard adversary trial procedure.
Poythress, N. G. (1994) · Law and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/bf01499045 · Cited by 12 · cited 1×
“Experimental simulations confirm the causal influence of procedure on compliance intentions in studies of taxpaying compliance (Casey & Scholz, 1991) and mental health professionals’ reactions to malpractice verdicts (Poythress, 1994).”
Perceived fairness of drug-testing policies: An application of Leventhal’s principles of procedural justice
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Background
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Skeem, J. L., Louden, J. E., Polaschek, D. L. L., & Camp, J. (2007) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/1040-3590.19.4.397 · Cited by 451
“First, probationers' willingness to comply with the conditions of probation likely is influenced by the perceived fairness of their enforcement (see MacCoun, 2005) and their rapport with the officer (Klockars, 1972).”
Procedural Justice and Legal Compliance
Nagin, D. S., & Telep, C. W. (2017) · Annual Review of Law and Social Science · doi:10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110316-113310 · Cited by 409
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“Although existing research generally supports Tyler’s process-based model (for reviews, see MacCoun, 2005; Tyler, 2003), three important caveats should be noted.”
BackgroundMethod

See all 343

Authors: MacCoun, R. J.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: MacCoun, Robert J.
ORCID: MacCoun, Robert J.
Venue: Annual Review of Law and Social Science
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2005-12-01
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 171-201
ISSN: 1550-3585 (ISSN-L)
1550-3631
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.lawsocsci.1.041604.115958
OpenAlex: W2124877571
Cited by: 343
References: 190
Citations by year: 2026: 14 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 19
FWCI: 14.39
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-sa
Locations: Annual Review of Law and Social Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Law › Legal processes and jurisprudence
Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Policing Practices and Perceptions
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
Keywords: procedural justice, voice, control, sense of belonging, public trust in government, social cooperation, public policy support, organizational citizenship behavior

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VOICE, CONTROL, AND BELONGING: The Double-Edged Sword of Procedural Fairness

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