The DOI matches its Crossref record; 186 of the 186 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A Bridge Over Troubled Water: Reconsolidation as a Link Between Cognitive and Neuroscientific Memory Research Traditions
Abstract
There are two research traditions on dynamic memory processes. In cognitive psychology, the malleable nature of long-term memory has been extensively documented. Distortions, such as the misinformation effect or hindsight bias, illustrate that memories can be easily changed, often without their owner taking notice. On the other hand, effects like hypermnesia demonstrate that memory might be more reliable than these distortions suggest. In the neuroscience field, similar observations were obtained mostly from animal studies. Research on memory consolidation suggested that memories become progressively resistant to amnesic treatments over time, but the reconsolidation phenomenon showed that this stability can be transiently lifted when these memories are reactivated, i.e., retrieved. Surprisingly, both research traditions have not taken much notice of each others' advances in understanding memory dynamics. We apply concepts developed in neuroscience to phenomena revealed in cognitive psychology to illustrate how these twins separated at birth may be reunited again.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Research in psychology and neuroscience supports the idea that memory is not an exact reproduction of past experiences, but is instead a constructive process subject to a variety of errors and distortions (1–8).”
From Neural mechanisms of reactivation-induced updating that enhance and distort memory (2013) · cites this paper as [3]
Citations
Cites
Hebb, D. O. (2005) · doi:10.4324/9781410612403 · Cited by 9,825
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566
A spreading-activation theory of semantic processing.
Collins, A. M., & Loftus, E. F. (1975) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.82.6.407 · Cited by 8,141
REMEMBERING: A STUDY IN EXPERIMENTAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY
Bartlett, F. C., & Burt, C. (1933) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8279.1933.tb02913.x · Cited by 7,475
LOSS OF RECENT MEMORY AFTER BILATERAL HIPPOCAMPAL LESIONS
Scoville, W. B., & Milner, B. (1957) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.20.1.11 · Cited by 7,322
indicated, N. A. (1950) · Journal of Consulting Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0049612 · Cited by 6,984
McClelland, J. L., McNaughton, B. L., & O'Reilly, R. C. (1995) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.102.3.419 · Cited by 5,256
Creating false memories: Remembering words not presented in lists.
Roediger, H. L., & McDermott, K. B. (1995) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.21.4.803 · Cited by 3,792
Simple memory: a theory for archicortex
Marr, D. (1971) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1971.0078 · Cited by 2,771
Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval
Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., & Le Doux, J. E. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35021052 · Cited by 2,706
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Ballard PB, 1913, Br. J. Psychol. Monogr. Suppl., 1, 1
- Christensen-Szalanski JJJ, 1991, J. Personal., 51, 606
- 10.1037//0096-1523.1.3.288 · DOI
- Jost A, 1897, Zeitschrift für Psychologie und Physiologie der Sinnesorgane, 14, 436
- 10.1037//0033-2909.86.5.1054 · DOI
- Loftus EF, 1979, Eyewitness Testimony
- Müller GE, 1900, Z. Psychol. Ergänzungsband, 1
- Neisser U, 1967, Cognitive Psychology
- Semon R, 1904, The Mneme
- Semon R, 1909, Mnemic Psychology
- Shiffrin RM, 1992, From Learning Processes to Cognitive Processes: Essays in Honor of William K. Estes, 69
- Squire LR, 1984, Memory Consolidation: Psychobiology of Cognition, 185
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783
“Indeed, the destabilization of long-term memories after reactivation might be highly adaptive because it presents the opportunity to update memories with respect to new experiences (330, 513, 718, 957).”
BackgroundThe future of memory: remembering, imagining, and the brain
Schacter, D. L., Addis, D. R., Hassabis, D., Martin, V. C., Spreng, R. N., & Szpunar, K. K. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.11.001 · Cited by 1,398
“A longstanding question concerns whether the constructive nature of memory serves any adaptive function (Bartlett, 1932; Hardt et al., 2010; Howe, 2011; Newman & Lindsay, 2009; Schacter, 2001; Schacter et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L., & Greenberg, L. S. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14000041 · Cited by 611
“Instead of remaining faithful records of past events, memories are updated and re-encoded through a process referred to as “memory reconsolidation” (see Hardt et al. 2010 for a recent review).”
BackgroundMethodMemory distortion: an adaptive perspective
Schacter, D. L., Guerin, S. A., & St. Jacques, P. L. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.08.004 · Cited by 507
“Most critical to the present purposes, such susceptibility can potentially facilitate both adaptive updating [70] and memory distortion [18].”
BackgroundAdaptive constructive processes and the future of memory
Schacter, D. L. (2012) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/a0029869 · Cited by 417
Decay happens: the role of active forgetting in memory
Hardt, O., Nader, K., & Nadel, L. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.01.001 · Cited by 416
Self-citationMemory reconsolidation: an update
Nader, K., & Einarsson, E. Ö. (2010) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05443.x · Cited by 374
Self-citationThe role of familiarity in correcting inaccurate information.
Swire‐Thompson, B., Ecker, U. K. H., & Lewandowsky, S. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000422 · Cited by 315
Retrieval induces adaptive forgetting of competing memories via cortical pattern suppression
Wimber, M., Alink, A., Charest, I., Kriegeskorte, N., & Anderson, M. C. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3973 · Cited by 282
Biological underpinnings for lifelong learning machines
Kudithipudi, D., Aguilar-Simon, M., Babb, J., Bazhenov, M., Blackiston, D., Bongard, J., Brna, A. P., Chakravarthi Raja, S., Cheney, N., Clune, J., et al. (2022) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-022-00452-0 · Cited by 236
“Advancements in our understanding of other key biological mechanisms, including dynamic memory updating mechanisms like active forgetting 218 , extinction 219 and memory reconsolidation 220 will continue to inspire novel algorithms beyond those described in this perspective.”
BackgroundAcute stress and episodic memory retrieval: neurobiological mechanisms and behavioral consequences
Gagnon, S. A., & Wagner, A. D. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.12996 · Cited by 255
Update on Memory Systems and Processes
Nadel, L., & Hardt, O. M. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.169 · Cited by 247
Self-citationHuman memory reconsolidation: A guiding framework and critical review of the evidence.
Elsey, J. W. B., Van Ast, V. A., & Kindt, M. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000152 · Cited by 199
The role of metaplasticity mechanisms in regulating memory destabilization and reconsolidation
Finnie, P. S. B., & Nader, K. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.03.008 · Cited by 189
Self-citationMemory and law: what can cognitive neuroscience contribute?
Schacter, D. L., & Loftus, E. F. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3294 · Cited by 188
Principles of Representation: Why You Can't Represent the Same Concept Twice
Connell, L., & Lynott, D. (2014) · Topics in Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/tops.12097 · Cited by 200
The fate of memory: Reconsolidation and the case of Prediction Error
Fernández, R. S., Boccia, M. M., & Pedreira, M. E. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.004 · Cited by 189
The role of memory in creative ideation
Benedek, M., Beaty, R. E., Schacter, D. L., & Kenett, Y. N. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00158-z · Cited by 202
Reconsolidation of memory: A decade of debate
Besnard, A., Caboche, J., & Laroche, S. (2012) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.07.002 · Cited by 187
“…mediate the reorganisation of the existing mnemonic schema, thus leading to the proposal that reconsolidation might correspond to a never-ending consolidation process (for reviews Dudai and Eisenberg, 2004; Eichenbaum, 2006; Hardt et al., 2010; McKenzie and Eichenbaum, 2011; Myers and Davis, 2002).”
BackgroundThe neuroscience of memory: implications for the courtroom
Lacy, J. W., & Stark, C. E. L. (2013) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3563 · Cited by 155
Einarsson, E. Ö., & Nader, K. (2012) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.027227.112 · Cited by 158
“Such a putative process would fit well with cognitive-oriented studies of human memory that model memory to be a constructive rather than a reproductive process (Bartlett 1932; Schacter and Addis 2007; Hardt et al. 2010).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAuditory feedback blocks memory benefits of cueing during sleep
Schreiner, T., Lehmann, M., & Rasch, B. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms9729 · Cited by 139
Does Reconsolidation Occur in Humans?
Schiller, D., & Phelps, E. A. (2011) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2011.00024 · Cited by 211
“…underpinnings, may provide an alternative framework for interpreting this literature and provide novel insights into this old debate (see Hardt et al., 2009 for an interesting review bridging animal reconsolidation with cognitive psychology). the current stAte of humAn reconsolidAtion…”
Why Forget? On the Adaptive Value of Memory Loss
Nørby, S. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691615596787 · Cited by 156
“In accordance with this view, reconsolidation has been proposed to be a fundamentally adaptive process (Hardt et al., 2010; Lee, 2009; Schacter, Guerin, & St. Jacques, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodImpairing existing declarative memory in humans by disrupting reconsolidation
Chan, J. C. K., & LaPaglia, J. A. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1218472110 · Cited by 140
“Recently, the instability of memory following reactivation has been suggested to play a key role in the production and implantation of erroneous memories (46).”
BackgroundMcKenzie, S., Robinson, N. T. M., Herrera, L., Churchill, J. C., & Eichenbaum, H. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0879-13.2013 · Cited by 139
“Furthermore, the phenomenon of reconsolidation may reflect the updating of a preexisting schema (Hardt et al., 2010; McKenzie and Eichenbaum, 2011; Dudai, 2012).”
BackgroundHuman memory reconsolidation can be explained using the temporal context model
Sederberg, P. B., Gershman, S. J., Polyn, S. M., & Norman, K. A. (2011) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0086-9 · Cited by 125
“questions serve as a reminder, causing the original event to be retrieved and become labile; the relabialized memory is then modified on the basis of the misleading information in the questions (Hardt et al., 2010).”
InfluentialDevelopment of a cognition-priming model describing learning in a STEM classroom
Lamb, R. L., Akmal, T. T., & Petrie, K. (2015) · Journal of Research in Science Teaching · doi:10.1002/tea.21200 · Cited by 136
St. Jacques, P. L., & Schacter, D. L. (2013) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797612457377 · Cited by 119
Artificial Association of Pre-stored Information to Generate a Qualitatively New Memory
Ohkawa, N., Saitoh, Y., Suzuki, A. Z., Tsujimura, S., Murayama, E., Kosugi, S., Nishizono, H., Matsuo, M., Takahashi, Y., Nagase, M., et al. (2015) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.03.017 · Cited by 129
“Memory reconsolidation is assumed to underlie memory updating that, by destabilizing the original memory, integrates new and existing information (Hardt et al., 2010; Lee, 2009; Nader and Hardt, 2009; Tronson and Taylor, 2007).”
The effect of distributed practice: Neuroscience, cognition, and education
Gerbier, É., & Toppino, T. C. (2015) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2015.01.001 · Cited by 122
Gisquet-Verrier, P., Lynch, J. F., Cutolo, P., Tolédano, D., Ulmen, A. R., Jasnow, A. M., & Riccio, D. C. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1386-15.2015 · Cited by 114
“The current results return to an old and long debated question about whether amnesia results from a disruption of storage (McGaugh, 1966; Hardt et al., 2010) or retrieval processes (Miller and Springer, 1973; Spear, 1978; Judge and Quartermain, 1982; Miller and Matzel, 2006).”
ResultFlexible retrieval: When true inferences produce false memories.
Carpenter, A. C., & Schacter, D. L. (2017) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0000340 · Cited by 108
“We have emphasized throughout that the current results fit well with an emerging theoretical picture in which various kinds of memory distortions are viewed as products of adaptive constructive processes (Schacter, 2012) that serve a range of cognitive functions, including simulating future experiences (Dudai & Carrut…”
ResultQuaedflieg, C. W. E. M., & Schwabe, L. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1338299 · Cited by 110
“Memory reconso-lidation refers to a process of re-stabilisation after memory reactivation during which seemingly stable memories can be weakened, strengthened or updated based on prior experience and anticipated outcomes, respectively (Hardt et al., 2010; Nader & Hardt, 2009; Sara, 2000).”
BackgroundAlvares, L. D. O., Crestani, A. P., Cassini, L. F., Haubrich, J., Santana, F., & Quillfeldt, J. A. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.04.005 · Cited by 108
“However, it also presents a drawback, since it may allow the eruption of false memories, a phenomenon already suggested to be mediated by reconsolidation (Hardt et al., 2010).”
Coccoz, V., Maldonado, H., & Delorenzi, A. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.04.023 · Cited by 108
Neural mechanisms of reactivation-induced updating that enhance and distort memory
St. Jacques, P. L., Olm, C., & Schacter, D. L. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1319630110 · Cited by 99
“mode network? Neuroimage 57(3):1221–1233.”
BackgroundInfluentialChanging Our Implicit Minds: How, When, and Why Implicit Evaluations Can Be Rapidly Revised
Cone, J., Mann, T. C., & Ferguson, M. J. (2017) · Advances in experimental social psychology · doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2017.03.001 · Cited by 107
“On the other hand, recent work on memory reconsolidation has found that successful retrieval can allow even consolidated memories to be updated with new information (Hardt, Einarsson, & Nader, 2010; Lane, Ryan, & Nadel, 2015; Schiller et al., 2010, 2013; see also Mann, Cone & Ferguson, 2015).”
BackgroundSaladin, M. E., Gray, K. M., McRae‐Clark, A. L., LaRowe, S. D., Yeatts, S. D., Baker, N. L., Hartwell, K. J., & Brady, K. T. (2013) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3039-3 · Cited by 101
“Reconsolidation denotes a process (or processes) during which retrieved memories can either be strengthened or otherwise altered by updating or integrating new information into long-term storage (Hardt et al. 2010; Nadel and Hardt 2011; Sara 2000).”
BackgroundTiming matters: Temporal dynamics of stress effects on memory retrieval
Schwabe, L., & Wolf, O. T. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0256-0 · Cited by 106
Peri-encoding predictors of memory encoding and consolidation
Cohen, N., Pell, L., Edelson, M. G., Ben-Yakov, A., Pine, A., & Dudai, Y. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.002 · Cited by 98
Repeated Labilization-Reconsolidation Processes Strengthen Declarative Memory in Humans
Forcato, C., Rodríguez, M. L. C., & Pedreira, M. E. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023305 · Cited by 96
“Both types of modifications, which summarize the two putative functions for the reconsolidation process, can be explained by a postreactivation plasticity and the subsequent stabilization process [65].”
BackgroundEinarsson, E. Ö., Pors, J., & Nader, K. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.197 · Cited by 96
Self-citationPostretrieval new learning does not reliably induce human memory updating via reconsolidation
Hardwicke, T. E., Taqi, M., & Shanks, D. R. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1601440113 · Cited by 90
A predictive account of how novelty influences declarative memory
Quent, J. A., Henson, R. N., & Greve, A. (2021) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2021.107382 · Cited by 84
“Finally, the interplay between PE, protein synthesis and consolidation is also captured in the phenomenon of reconsolidation, by which reactivated memory traces are destabilized and altered (Hardt et al., 2010).”
Brigard, F. D. (2014) · Philosophy Compass · doi:10.1111/phc3.12133 · Cited by 78
Memory reactivation effects independent of reconsolidationPreprint
Gisquet-Verrier, P., & Riccio, D. C. (2012) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.026054.112 · Cited by 85
“…that “destabilizes” the memory and returns it to a fragile, labile state requiring another period of protein-synthesis-dependent stabilization, called reconsolidation, to maintain the memory (Tronson and Taylor 2007; Hardt et al. 2010) and allow its updating (Morris et al. 2006; Lee 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialStrengthening a consolidated memory: The key role of the reconsolidation process
Forcato, C., Fernández, R. S., & Pedreira, M. E. (2014) · Journal of Physiology-Paris · doi:10.1016/j.jphysparis.2014.09.001 · Cited by 79
“More recently, some researchers have defined some of the constraints present in the process: the strength of the original memory, the age of the memory, the duration of the reminder presentation, the cues included in the reminder structure, and the prediction error during reactivation (Hardt et al., 2010; Dudai, 2012).”
BackgroundA neural network model of when to retrieve and encode episodic memories
Lu, Q., Hasson, U., & Norman, K. A. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.74445 · Cited by 91
“…a growing literature on memory reconsolidation suggests that memory reminders can result in participants accessing an existing memory and then updating that memory, rather than forming a new memory outright ( Dudai and Eisenberg, 2004 ; Dudai, 2009 ; Hardt et al., 2010 ; Wang and Morris, 2010 ).”
BackgroundForgetting and emotion regulation in mental health, anxiety and depression
Nørby, S. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1346130 · Cited by 72
Sharon, T., Gilboa, A., Hazan, H., Koilis, E., & Manevitz, L. M. (2015) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2015/804385 · Cited by 71
Remembering and imagining alternative versions of the personal past
Jacques, P. L. S., Carpenter, A. C., Szpunar, K. K., & Schacter, D. L. (2017) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.06.015 · Cited by 66
Stress enhances reconsolidation of declarative memory
Bos, M. G. N., Schuijer, J. W., Lodestijn, F., Beckers, T., & Kindt, M. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.04.011 · Cited by 71
“The possibility to boost memories by enhancing reconsolidation may serve the function to specifically maintain those memories that are relevant (Lee, 2009; Hardt et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe Formation and Stability of Recognition Memory: What Happens Upon Recall?
Davis, S., Renaudineau, S., Poirier, R., Poucet, B., Save, É., & Laroche, S. (2010) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2010.00177 · Cited by 75
Shifting visual perspective during memory retrieval reduces the accuracy of subsequent memories
Marcotti, P., & Jacques, P. L. S. (2017) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2017.1329441 · Cited by 71
Boccia, M. M., Blake, M. G., Krawczyk, M. C., & Baratti, C. M. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.027 · Cited by 63
Modulating reconsolidation: a link to causal systems-level dynamics of human memories
Sandrini, M., Cohen, L. G., & Censor, N. (2015) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.06.002 · Cited by 67
Winters, B. D., Tucci, M. C., Jacklin, D. L., Reid, J. M., & Newsome, J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2968-11.2011 · Cited by 68
“The process of postreactivation memory destabilization and reconsolidation has been demonstrated in numerous species and for myriad memory types (Misanin et al., 1968; Sara, 2000; Nader, 2003; Hardt et al., 2010; Alberini, 2011), including object recognition memory (Bozon et al.”
BackgroundThe MAP(K) of fear: From memory consolidation to memory extinction
Cestari, V., Rossi‐Arnaud, C., Saraulli, D., & Costanzi, M. (2013) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.09.007 · Cited by 62
A four-drawing art therapy trauma and resiliency protocol study
Hass‐Cohen, N., Bokoch, R. N., Findlay, J. C., & Witting, A. B. (2018) · The Arts in Psychotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.aip.2018.02.003 · Cited by 61
Chan, J. C. K., & Langley, M. M. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0021204 · Cited by 64
Memory integration: An alternative to the consolidation/reconsolidation hypothesis
Gisquet-Verrier, P., & Riccio, D. C. (2018) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.10.002 · Cited by 71
Treanor, M., Brown, L. A., Rissman, J., & Craske, M. G. (2017) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616664725 · Cited by 58
Episodic memory updating: The role of context familiarity
Hupbach, A., Gómez, R. L., & Nadel, L. (2011) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-011-0117-6 · Cited by 64
Retrieval enhances eyewitness suggestibility to misinformation in free and cued recall.
Wilford, M. M., Chan, J. C. K., & Tuhn, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Applied · doi:10.1037/xap0000001 · Cited by 61
Pharmacologically induced amnesia for learned fear is time and sleep dependent
Kindt, M., & Soeter, M. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-03659-1 · Cited by 61
Eichenbaum, H., Amaral, D. G., Buffalo, E. A., Buzsáki, G., Cohen, N. J., Davachi, L., Frank, L. M., Heckers, S., Morris, R., Moser, E. I., et al. (2016) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22616 · Cited by 55
“…his work (Nadel and Moscovitch, 1997), and the findings on the phenomenon of reconsolidation are now widely interpreted as a result of successful or failed integration of new memories within an existing network (Morris et al., 2006; Hardt et al., 2010; Mckenzie and Eichenbaum, 2011; Dudai, 2012).”
BackgroundCan testing immunize memories against interference?
Potts, R. B., & Shanks, D. R. (2012) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0028218 · Cited by 55
The misinformation effect is unrelated to the DRM effect with and without a DRM warning
Calvillo, D. P., & Parong, J. A. (2015) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2015.1005633 · Cited by 52
Infants’ Visual Recognition Memory for a Series of Categorically Related Items
Oakes, L. M., & Kovack‐Lesh, K. A. (2013) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1080/15248372.2011.645971 · Cited by 51
“Memories also can become stronger over time as consolidation and storage processes that occur after encoding that render memories more stable (Alvarez & Cavanagh, 2004 ; Dudai, 2004 ), perhaps due to neural organization and reorganization (Dudai, 2004 ; Hardt, Einarsson, & Nader, 2009 ).”
Hardt, O. M., & Nadel, L. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.11.062 · Cited by 53
Self-citationJacques, P. L. S., Montgomery, D. P., & Schacter, D. L. (2014) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658211.2014.933241 · Cited by 54
Updating of episodic memories depends on the strength of new learning after memory reactivation.
Wichert, S., Wolf, O. T., & Schwabe, L. (2013) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0032028 · Cited by 53
Memory development: implications for adults recalling childhood experiences in the courtroom
Howe, M. L. (2013) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3627 · Cited by 43
Göldi, M., & Rasch, B. (2019) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-019-0044-2 · Cited by 41
The dynamic nature of fear engrams in the basolateral amygdala
Davis, P. W., & Reijmers, L. G. J. E. (2017) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.12.004 · Cited by 43
“It has been proposed that reconsolidation provides engrams with the ability to update a stored memory when new information becomes available (Besnard et al., 2012; Hardt et al., 2010).”
BackgroundIndividual Differences in Susceptibility to Misinformation Effects and Hindsight Bias
Calvillo, D. (2014) · The Journal of general psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2014.954917 · Cited by 29
Declarative and Non-declarative Memory Consolidation in Children with Sleep Disorder
Csábi, E., Benedek, P. E., Janacsek, K., Zavecz, Z., Katona, G., & Németh, D. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00709 · Cited by 41
“This is a story recall test, which is widely used to measure declarative memory for episodes (Bartlett, 1932; Bergman and Roediger, 1999; Andreano and Cahill, 2006, 2008; Schwabe and Wolf, 2009; Hardt et al., 2010).”
Chan, J. C. K., Wilford, M. M., & Hughes, K. (2012) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2012.02.006 · Cited by 39
Appetitive Pavlovian goal-tracking memories reconsolidate only under specific conditionsPreprint
Reichelt, A. C., & Lee, J. L. C. (2012) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.027482.112 · Cited by 42
“sive evidence for a lack of memory reconsolidation, especially given the numerous “boundary conditions” on the reconsolidation process (for review, see Nader and Hardt 2009; Hardt et al. 2010; Finnie and Nader 2012).”
BackgroundFernández, R. S., Bavassi, L., Forcato, C., & Pedreira, M. E. (2016) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2016.03.001 · Cited by 39
Brigard, F. D. (2023) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108955447 · Cited by 33
Memory before and after H.M.: an impressionistic historical perspective
Moscovitch, M. (2012) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199580286.003.0002 · Cited by 35
Interfering effects of retrieval in learning new information.
Finn, B., & Roediger, H. L., III (2013) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/a0032377 · Cited by 36
“Research on the phenomenon of reconsolidation can also provide insights into the functional role of memory malleability, and Hardt, Einarsson, and Nader (2010) have provided an extensive discussion of reconsolidation as a link between memory research traditions in cognitive psychology and…”
BackgroundGiachero, M., Bustos, S. G., Calfa, G. D., & Molina, V. A. (2013) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.029306.112 · Cited by 35
“As previously noted (Dudai 2002; Hardt et al. 2010), retrieval is not a passive readout of prior experiences, rather retrieval can”
BackgroundSerino, S., & Riva, G. (2014) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2014.00033 · Cited by 34
“The “mental frame syncing” hypothesis”
BackgroundRepeatedly reactivated memories become more resistant to hippocampal damagePreprint
Lehmann, H., & McNamara, K. C. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.2000811 · Cited by 30
“ticity is unclear, but it has been proposed that it leads to memory updating and transformation (Sara 2000a; Dudai and Eisenberg 2004; Lee 2009; Hardt et al. 2010) including the strengthening”
BackgroundConsciousness in SLA: A modular perspective
Truscott, J. (2015) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/0267658315571195 · Cited by 28
“Their initial establishment in these locations is followed by consolidation through repeated reactivation, a notion that is standard in cognitive neuroscience (e.g. Hardt et al., 2010; Hupbach et al., 2007; Walker and Stickgold, 2006).”
BackgroundStorm, B. C. (2019) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.12.003 · Cited by 31
Changing memories after reactivation: A one-time opportunity?
Wichert, S., Wolf, O. T., & Schwabe, L. (2012) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2012.11.001 · Cited by 30
Reconstructing a new hippocampal engram for systems reconsolidation and remote memory updating
Lei, B., Kang, B., Hao, Y., Yang, H., Zhong, Z., Zhai, Z., & Zhong, Y. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.11.010 · Cited by 31
Embodied memory: unconscious smiling modulates emotional evaluation of episodic memories
Arminjon, M., Preissmann, D., Chmetz, F., Duraku, A., Ansermet, F., & Magistretti, P. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00650 · Cited by 32
Bello-Medina, P. C., Carrasco, L., González-Ornelas, N. R., Jeffery, K. J., & Ramı́rez-Amaya, V. (2013) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2013.04.047 · Cited by 29
Imitation and Processes of Institutionalization — Insights from Bourdieu’s Theory of Practice
Sieweke, J. (2014) · Schmalenbach Business Review · doi:10.1007/bf03396868 · Cited by 27
Maladaptive Properties of Context-Impoverished Memories
Zinn, R., Leake, J., Krasne, F. B., Corbit, L. H., Fanselow, M. S., & Vissel, B. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.040 · Cited by 27
Stress reduces the incorporation of misinformation into an established memoryPreprint
Schmidt, P.-I., Rosga, K., Schatto, C., Breidenstein, A., & Schwabe, L. (2013) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.033043.113 · Cited by 25
“…of misinformation into existing long-term memories and our findings demonstrate that misleading information can also be planted into consolidated memories, in line with the idea that seemingly stable memories may be susceptible to modifications again when they are reactivated (Hardt et al. 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialOptimal forgetting: Semantic compression of episodic memories
Nagy, D., Török, B., & Orbán, G. (2020) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008367 · Cited by 25
“Dynamics of the environment has been linked to adaptive forgetting rates [82, 83] and destabilisation of earlier memories after their reactivation has been linked to model update [84].”
BackgroundFlint, R. W., Noble, L. J., & Ulmen, A. R. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.01.009 · Cited by 25
Intrusions in episodic memory: reconsolidation or interference?Preprint
Klingmüller, A., Caplan, J. B., & Sommer, T. (2017) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.045047.117 · Cited by 28
Küçüktaş, S., & Jacques, P. L. S. (2022) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2022.928583 · Cited by 24
“These mnemonic changes that occur due to shifting visual perspective are consistent with theory indicating that retrieval is an active process that can reshape and update memories (Hardt et al., 2010; Schacter et al., 2011; McDermott et al., 2016; St Jacques, 2019), which might have beneficial longterm impacts for wel…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Hardt, O., Einarsson, E. Ö., & Nader, K.
- Affiliations
- McGill University (CA)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Psychology
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2010-01-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 141-167
- ISSN
- 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-2085
- OpenAlex
- W2130108344
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 183
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 21
- FWCI
- 0.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- memory reconsolidation, memory consolidation, misinformation effect, hindsight bias, hypermnesia, memory retrieval, memory stability, cognitive neuroscience of memory
- MeSH terms
- Amnesia, Animals, Brain, Humans, Memory, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
