Indicator amino acid oxidation protein requirement estimate in endurance-trained men 24 h postexercise exceeds both the EAR and current athlete guidelines
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Despite studies indicating increased protein requirements in strength-trained or endurance-trained (ET) individuals, the Institute of Medicine has concluded that “no additional dietary protein is suggested for healthy adults undertaking resistance or endurance exercise,” and the controversy regarding exercise effects on protein requirements continues. The objective of this study was to determine the dietary protein requirement of healthy young ET men (≥1 yr training experience) 24 h post exercise (to minimize any acute effects of the previous training session) by measuring the oxidation of ingested l-[1-13 C]phenylalanine to 13 CO 2 in response to graded intakes of protein (indicator amino acid oxidation technique). Eight men [maximal oxygen consumption 64.1 ml·kg−1·min−1 (SD 3.7)] were each studied 24 h postexercise repeatedly with protein intakes ranging from 0.3 to 3.5 g·kg−1·day−1. Protein was fed as an amino acid mixture based on the protein pattern in egg, except for phenylalanine and tyrosine, which were maintained at constant amounts across all protein intakes. For 2 days before the study day, all participants consumed 1.6 g protein·kg−1·day−1. The estimated average requirement (EAR) for protein was determined by applying a nonlinear mixed-effects change-point regression analysis to F 13 CO 2 (label tracer oxidation in 13 CO 2 breath), which identified a breakpoint in the F 13 CO 2 in response to the graded amounts of protein. The EAR for protein and the upper 95% confidence interval were 2.1 and 2.6 g·kg−1·day−1, respectively. These data suggest that the protein EAR for ET men 24 h postexercise exceeds the Institute of Medicine EAR and established athlete guidelines by ~3.5- and 1.3-fold, respectively.
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Endurance athletes are recommended to consume ~1.2-1.8 g·kg-1 of high-quality protein.
“Endurance athletes are recommended to consume ~ 1.2–1.8 g·kg–1 of high-quality protein [69–72]”
From Nutritional Strategies to Improve Post-exercise Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [71]
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports recommendations of 1.2–1.6 g·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ for endurance-trained individuals. The Discussion (page unavailable) describes 1.8 g·kg⁻¹·day⁻¹ as typical intake, not a recommendation; the cited passages also do not specify high-quality protein. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDepending on training volume, dietary recommendations for endurance athletes range from approximately 1.2 to 1.6 g/kg body mass per day to support recovery, promote training adaptations, and account for the contribution of elevated amino acid oxidation rates during exercise.
“Depending on training volume, dietary recommendations for endurance athletes range from ∼1.2 to 1.6 g/kg BM/d to support recovery, promote training adaptations, and account for the contribution of elevated amino acid oxidation rates during exercise [55,[57], [58], [59]].”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [58]
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Jordan, S. L., Naclerio, F., & Morales, J. B. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-15485-0_23 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lee, C. (2021) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Tagawa, R., Watanabe, D., Inoue, Y., Takaragawa, M., Jin, Q., Ito, K., Yamazaki, K., Sanbongi, C., Hatamoto, Y., & Miyachi, M. (2025) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.08.036 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Ahmed, T., Seleem, H. A. I., Elsayed, G. M. Y., Kholif, M., Abduljawad, R. M., Housen, N. T. E., Sofy, N. M. R., & Hady, H. A. (2025) · Journal of Education and Health Promotion · doi:10.4103/jehp.jehp_538_24 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Protein Requirements in Inherited Metabolic Diseases
Yannicelli, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94510-7_6
- Authors
- Bandegan, A., Courtney-Martin, G., Rafii, M., Pencharz, P. B., & Lemon, P. W. R.
- Affiliations
- Western University (CA)
- Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Hospital for Sick Children (CA)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Lemon, Peter W. R.
- ORCID
- Lemon, Peter W. R.
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2019-05-01
- Volume
- 316
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- E741-E748
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2916916398
- Cited by
- 26
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 1.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Mead Johnson Nutrition (Mead Johnson)
- Abbott Nutrition
- Nestle Health Science
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- protein requirements, endurance-trained men, indicator amino acid oxidation, phenylalanine oxidation, estimated average requirement, Institute of Medicine recommendations
- MeSH terms
- Endurance Training, Adult, Breath Tests, Calorimetry, Indirect, Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Isotopes, Dietary Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Male, Nutritional Requirements, Oxidation-Reduction, Oxygen Consumption, Phenylalanine, Plethysmography, Regression Analysis, Exercise, Nonlinear Dynamics, Nutrition Policy, Young Adult, Athletes
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