Effects of experimental weight perturbation on skeletal muscle work efficiency in human subjects
Abstract
Maintenance of reduced or elevated body weight results in respective decreases or increases in energy expended in physical activity, defined as 24-h energy expenditure excluding resting energy expenditure and the thermic effect of feeding, beyond those attributable to weight change. We examined skeletal muscle work efficiency by graded cycle ergometry and, in some subjects, rates of gastrocnemius muscle ATP flux during exercise by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), in 30 subjects (15 males, 15 females) at initial weight and 10% below initial weight and in 8 subjects (7 males, 1 female) at initial weight and 10% above initial weight to determine whether changes in skeletal muscle work efficiency at altered body weight were correlated with changes in the energy expended in physical activity. At reduced weight, muscle work efficiency was increased in both cycle ergometry [mean (SD) change = +26.5 (26.7)%, P < 0.001] and MRS [ATP flux change = -15.2 (23.2)%, P = 0.044] studies. Weight gain resulted in decreased muscle work efficiency by ergometry [mean (SD) change = -17.8 (20.5)%, P = 0.043]. Changes in muscle efficiency at altered body weight accounted for 35% of the change in daily energy expended in physical activity.
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Reductions in skeletal muscle mass and increased work efficiency are reported to contribute directly to weight regain.
“reductions in skeletal muscle mass and increased work efficiency are reported to contribute directly to this phenomenon [12].”
From Antibody blockade of activin type II receptors preserves skeletal muscle mass and enhances fat loss during GLP-1 receptor agonism (2024) · cites this paper as [12]
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Leptin reverses declines in satiation in weight-reduced obese humans
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Self-citationUsing the Energy Gap to Address Obesity: A Commentary
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“Instead, muscle work efficiency during lowintensity cycle ergometry was found to be decreased by 18% or increased by 26% during such forced weight maintenance at 10% above or below the usual body weight, respectively (44); such changes in muscle efficiency at altered body weight could account for about a-third of the…”
BackgroundKnuth, N. D., Johannsen, D. L., Tamboli, R. A., Marks–Shulman, P. A., Huizenga, R., Chen, K. Y., Abumrad, N. N., Ravussin, É., & Hall, K. D. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21634 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Describing the Weight‐Reduced State: Physiology, Behavior, and Interventions
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“chemo- mechanical contraction efficiency of skeletal muscle (15,16).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Missing Link in Body Weight Homeostasis: The Catabolic Signal of the Overfed State
Ravussin, Y., Leibel, R. L., & Ferrante, A. W. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.09.002 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Self-citationCompensatory mechanisms activated with intermittent energy restriction: A randomized control trial
Coutinho, S. R., Halset, E. H., Gåsbakk, S., Rehfeld, J. F., Kulseng, B. E., Truby, H., & Martins, C. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.002 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Timeline of changes in appetite during weight loss with a ketogenic diet
Nymo, S., Coutinho, S. R., Jørgensen, J. O. L., Rehfeld, J. F., Truby, H., Kulseng, B. E., & Martins, C. (2017) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2017.96 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Novak, C. M., Escande, C., Burghardt, P. R., Zhang, M., Barbosa, M. T., Chini, E. N., Britton, S. L., Koch, L. G., Akil, H., & Levine, J. A. (2010) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2010.03.013 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Alterations in diet also affect NEAT (Bjursell et al., 2008; Levine et al., 1999; Rosenbaum et al., 2003).”
Danielsen, K. K., Svendsen, M., Mæhlum, S., & Sundgot‐Borgen, J. (2013) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2013/325464 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Dulloo, A. G., Seydoux, J., & Jacquet, J. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.07.028 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“efficiency could account for a third of the change in daily energy expended in physical activity [13], findings which are consistent with previous reports of an increase in skeletal muscle work efficiency (i.”
ResultIRF3 reduces adipose thermogenesis via ISG15-mediated reprogramming of glycolysis
Yan, S., Kumari, M., Xiao, H., Jacobs, C. L., Kochumon, S., Jedrychowski, M. P., Chouchani, E. T., Ahmad, R., & Rosen, E. D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci144888 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“Thus, short-term weight loss induced by food restriction is countered by reductions in energy expenditure (2, 3), and conversely, short-term “experimental obesity” induces reduced appetite and increased energy expenditure (4, 5).”
BackgroundModels of energy homeostasis in response to maintenance of reduced body weight
Rosenbaum, M., & Leibel, R. L. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21559 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Leptin repletion during reduced weight maintenance reverses approximately 2/3 of the decline in TEE and NREE and increase in skeletal muscle work efficiency, and also partially reverses the increased expression of the more efficient myosin heavy chain 1 isoform but not the sarcoplasmic endoplasmic reticulum Ca(11)-dep…”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationThe biology of human overfeeding: A systematic review
Bray, G. A., & Bouchard, C. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13040 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Contribution of Different Mechanisms to Compensation for Energy Restriction in the Mouse
Hambly, C., & Speakman, J. R. (2005) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2005.190 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Reduced Neuromuscular Performance in Amenorrheic Elite Endurance Athletes
Tornberg, Å. B., Melin, A., Koivula, F. N. M., JOHANSSON, A., Skouby, S. O., Faber, J., & Sjödin, A. M. (2017) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001383 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
A Weight Reduction Program Preserves Fat‐Free Mass but Not Metabolic Rate in Obese Adolescents
Lazzer, S., Boirie, Y., Montaurier, C., Vernet, J., Meyer, M., & Vermorel, M. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.30 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Feasibility of a walking workstation to increase daily walking
Thompson, W. G., Foster, R. C., Eide, D., & Levine, J. A. (2007) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.2007.039479 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“We have shown that people who are sitting expend 75 to 100 calories an hour; however, if people walk at just 1 MPH, they use an additional 100 - 150 calories an hour.(9) 10 11 12 Walking while working has the potential to significantly increase calorie expenditure and facilitate weight loss.”
BackgroundAmati, F., Dubé, J. J., Shay, C., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90384.2008 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“(34) found that the increases in efficiency were paralleled by increases in the capacity for oxidative phosphorylation determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.”
BackgroundResultAdipose tissue lipolysis and energy metabolism in early cancer cachexia in mice
Kliewer, K., Ke, J., Tian, M., Cole, R. M., Andridge, R., & Belury, M. A. (2014) · Cancer Biology & Therapy · doi:10.4161/15384047.2014.987075 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Sainsbury, A., & Zhang, L. (2011) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2011.00948.x · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Recent Advances in Preventive Cardiology and Lifestyle Medicine
Franklin, B. A., & Cushman, M. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.981613 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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Self-citationOstendorf, D. M., Caldwell, A. E., Creasy, S. A., Pan, Z., Lyden, K. A., Bergouignan, A., MacLean, P. S., Wyatt, H. R., Hill, J. O., Melanson, E. L., et al. (2019) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.22373 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Some evidence suggests that substantial weight loss may also generate additional decreases in REE and TDEE beyond that expected based on changes in body weight and/ or composition alone (1-6).”
BackgroundKeesey, R. E., & Powley, T. L. (2008) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2008.06.009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Contributing further to our understanding of these expenditure adjustments are the results of a recent investigation in which the primary source of these energy savings in dieters has been identified as an enhanced efficiency of skeletal work efficiency (Rosenbaum et al., 2003).”
ResultPrevention of Overweight/Obesity as a Strategy to Optimize Cardiovascular Health
Cornier, M., Marshall, J. A., Hill, J. O., Maahs, D. M., & Eckel, R. H. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.110.968461 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Martin, C. K., Das, S. K., Lindblad, L., Racette, S. B., McCrory, M. A., Weiss, E. P., DeLany, J. P., Kraus, W. E., & for the CALERIE Study Team (2011) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00846.2009 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Casanova, N., Beaulieu, K., Finlayson, G., & Hopkins, M. (2019) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665118002811 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“For instance, a 26·5 % increase in muscular efficiency during a graded cycle ergometer protocol was observed after 10 % weight loss((37)).”
BackgroundCharacterization of weight loss and weight regain mechanisms after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass in rats
Guijarro, A. I., Suzuki, S., Chen, C., Kirchner, H., Middleton, F. A., Nadtochiy, S. M., Brookes, P. S., Niijima, A., Inui, A., & Meguid, M. M. (2007) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00171.2007 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“This response is aimed at conserving energy through an increase in food efficiency (68).”
BackgroundNovak, C. M., & Levine, J. A. (2007) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2826.2007.01606.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Queiroz, A. L., Dantas, E., Ramsamooj, S., Murthy, A., Ahmed, M., Zunica, E. R. M., Liang, R. J., Murphy, J., Holman, C. D., Bare, C. J., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-32135-0 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Non‐shivering thermogenesis as a mechanism to facilitate sustainable weight loss
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“concept of ‘increased skeletal muscle efficiency’ (4).”
BackgroundObesity does not increase external mechanical work per kilogram body mass during walking
Browning, R. C., McGowan, C. P., & Kram, R. (2009) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2009.06.046 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Recently, it has been suggested that the efficiency of muscle mechanical work during low intensity cycle ergometry (10–25W) increases in obese individuals who have undergone 10% weight loss (Rosenbaum et al., 2003).”
BackgroundCoutinho, S. R., With, E., Rehfeld, J. F., Kulseng, B. E., Truby, H., & Martins, C. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2017.04.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Energetic adaptations persist after bariatric surgery in severely obese adolescents
Butte, N. F., Brandt, M. L., Wong, W. W., Liu, Y., Mehta, N. R., Wilson, T. A., Adolph, A. L., Puyau, M. R., Vohra, F. A., Shypailo, R. J., et al. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20994 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“A series of studies explored whether energetic adaptations were a result of caloric restriction during active weight loss or maintenance of a reduced weight after conventional weight loss (6,23,30,36,37).”
BackgroundSo, M., Gaidhu, M. P., Maghdoori, B., & Ceddia, R. B. (2011) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-10-99 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with sensing energy availability and triggering alterations in peripheral metabolism that regulate energy expenditure accordingly [14,23,24].”
BackgroundEffects of chronic weight perturbation on energy homeostasis and brain structure in mice
Ravussin, Y., Gutman, R., Diano, S., Shanabrough, M., Borók, E., Sármán, B., Lehmann, A., LeDuc, C. A., ROSENBAUM, M. S., Horváth, T. L., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00429.2010 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationHigh Protein Diet and Metabolic Plasticity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Myths and Truths
Chiara, F. D., Checcllo, C. U., & Ramón‐Azcón, J. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11122985 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“In addition, weight gain results in decreased muscle work efficiency associated with a faster poor outcome [69].”
BackgroundEfficiency of Walking and Stepping: Relationship to Body Fatness
Chen, K. Y., Acra, S. A., Donahue, C. L., Sun, M., & Buchowski, M. S. (2004) · Obesity Research · doi:10.1038/oby.2004.120 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Phenotypic and genetic variation in leptin as determinants of weight regain
Erez, G., Tirosh, A., Rudich, A., Meiner, V., Schwarzfuchs, D., Sharon, N., Shpitzen, S., Blüher, M., Stümvoll, M., Thiery, J., et al. (2010) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.217 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Physical activity: An effective way to control weight in children?
Maffeis, C., & Castellani, M. (2007) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2006.08.006 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Gavini, C. K., Jones, W. C., & Novak, C. M. (2016) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp272352 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
The 24-hour respiratory quotient predicts energy intake and changes in body mass
Longo, K. A., Charoenthongtrakul, S., Giuliana, D. J., Govek, E. K., McDonagh, T., DiStefano, P. S., & Geddes, B. J. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00476.2009 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
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“[62] demonstrated the effect of weight gain or loss on energy needs.”
BackgroundLeibel, R. L., Seeley, R. J., Darsow, T., Berg, E. G., Smith, S. R., & Ratner, R. (2015) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db15-0004 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“Figure 3—Relationship between changes in nonresting energy expenditure (NREE) and changes in muscle gross mechanical efficiency (GME) after weight change (51).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEvans, S. A., Messina, M. M., Knight, W. D., Parsons, A. D., & Overton, J. M. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00602.2004 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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“Investigation of adaptive thermogenesis relied on RMR: we did not investigate non-resting energy expenditure, which is also affected by body weight [62].”
BackgroundEffects of weight loss and leptin on skeletal muscle in human subjects
Baldwin, K. M., Joanisse, D. R., Haddad, F., Goldsmith, R. L., Gallagher, D., Pavlovich, K. H., Shamoon, E. L., Leibel, R. L., & Rosenbaum, M. (2011) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00397.2011 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationThe challenges of implementing behaviour changes that lead to sustained weight management
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“It was also observed that low-carb diets contribute to increased TEE [375], adiponectin levels [374], fat oxidation [373], HDL-C levels [13, 376–380], to lower triglyceride levels [13, 371, 372, 381, 382] and to a greater reduction of abdominal circumference [379, 383].”
BackgroundInfluentialMechanical Work and Metabolic Cost of Walking after Weight Loss in Obese Adolescents
Peyrot, N., Morin, J.-B., Thivel, D., Isacco, L., Taillardat, M., Belli, A., & Duché, P. (2010) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181da8d1e · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Recently, it has also been suggested that an increase in efficiency of muscle mechanical work with weight loss could explain part of the decrease in energy expended in physical activity (35).”
BackgroundDulloo, A. G., & Schütz, Y. (2015) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-015-0156-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Matarese, L. E., & Pories, W. J. (2014) · Nutrition in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1177/0884533614550251 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
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“For example, a 10% loss of body mass led to a 20% increase in skeletal muscle work efficiency during a bicycle ergometer test with light workloads (10, 25, and 50 W), accounting for ~ 75% of the decline in EEE [126].”
BackgroundWeight loss–induced reduction in physical activity recovers during weight maintenance
Camps, S. G., Verhoef, S. P. M., & Westerterp, K. R. (2013) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.113.062935 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Rosenbaum, M. S., Goldsmith, R. L., Haddad, F., Baldwin, K. M., Smiley, R. M., Gallagher, D., & Leibel, R. L. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00116.2018 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Rosenbaum, M., Vandenborne, K., Goldsmith, R., Simoneau, J.-A., Heymsfield, S., Joanisse, D. R., Hirsch, J., Murphy, E., Matthews, D., Segal, K. R., & Leibel, R. L.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2003-07
- Volume
- 285
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- R183-R192
- ISSN
- 0363-6119 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1490
- OpenAlex
- W2169216660
- Cited by
- 255
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 19.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2m01rr000102-41, 5r01dk030583-18)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK37948, DK-30583, R01DK037948, DK 26687, P30DK026687)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR00102, RR 00645, M01RR000645)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- weight change, weight loss, weight gain, energy expenditure, physical activity energy expenditure, gastrocnemius, physical activity, cycle ergometry, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Energy Metabolism, Exercise Test, Female, Humans, Male, Muscle Contraction, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Obesity, Reproducibility of Results, Weight Gain, Weight Loss, Exercise, Muscle, Skeletal
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