Chronic activation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase increases GLUT-4, hexokinase, and glycogen in muscle
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This study was designed to determine whether chronic chemical activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) would increase glucose transporter GLUT-4 and hexokinase in muscles similarly to periodic elevation of AMPK that accompanies endurance exercise training. The adenosine analog, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleoside (AICAR), has previously been shown to be taken up by cells and phosphorylated to form a compound (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide) that mimics the effect of AMP on AMPK. A single injection of AICAR resulted in a marked increase in AMPK in epitrochlearis and gastrocnemius/plantaris muscles 60 min later. When rats were injected with AICAR (1 mg/g body wt) for 5 days in succession and were killed 1 day after the last injection, GLUT-4 was increased by 100% in epitrochlearis muscle and by 60% in gastrocnemius muscle in response to AICAR. Hexokinase was also increased ∼2.5-fold in the gastrocnemius/plantaris. Gastrocnemius glycogen content was twofold higher in AICAR-treated rats than in controls. Chronic chemical activation of AMPK, therefore, results in increases in GLUT-4 protein, hexokinase activity, and glycogen, similarly to those induced by endurance training.
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Long-term suppression of AMPK could reduce the increase in CS activity and reduce muscle glycogen accumulation.
“Glucose ingestion can attenuate the rise in AMPK [42], and long-term suppression of AMPK in turn could reduce the increase in CS activity [43] and reduce muscle glycogen accumulation [44], two common markers of training adaptation.”
From Periodized Nutrition for Athletes (2017) · cites this paper as [44]
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Gray, S. G., McGuire, T. M., Cohen, N., & Little, P. J. (2017) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12893 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Increases in glycogenin and glycogenin mRNA accompany glycogen resynthesis in human skeletal muscle
Shearer, J., Wilson, R. J., Battram, D. S., Richter, E. A., Robinson, D. L., Bakovic, M., & Graham, T. E. (2005) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00100.2005 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Biological mechanisms of stroke prevention by physical activity in type 2 diabetes
Agosti, V., Graziano, S., Artiaco, L., & Sorrentino, G. (2009) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2008.01080.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Brown, A. E., Elstner, M., Yeaman, S. J., Turnbull, D. M., & Walker, M. (2008) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00267.2007 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Holmes, B. F., Kurth-Kraczek, E. J., & Winder, W. W.
- Affiliations
- Brigham Young University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Physiology
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 1999-11-01
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1990-1995
- ISSN
- 0161-7567 (ISSN-L)
- 8750-7587
- 1522-1601
- OpenAlex
- W2172189555
- Cited by
- 489
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 7.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Physiology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR041438, AR-41438)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- AMPK, AICAR, GLUT4, hexokinase, muscle glycogen, skeletal muscle, endurance training, glucose transport, AMPK activation, epitrochlearis muscle, gastrocnemius
- MeSH terms
- Aminoimidazole Carboxamide, Animals, Blood Glucose, Enzyme Activation, Glycogen, Hexokinase, Hypoglycemic Agents, Male, Monosaccharide Transport Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Ribonucleotides, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases, Muscle, Skeletal, Enzyme Activators, Glucose Transporter Type 4, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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