AMP-activated protein kinase: an energy sensor that regulates all aspects of cell function

Hardie, D. Grahame

doi:10.1101/gad.17420111

Cited by 1,638Metabolism, Diabetes, and CancerPI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancerBiochemical and Molecular Research

AMP-activated protein kinase: an energy sensor that regulates all aspects of cell function

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Hardie, D. Grahame·2011·Genes & Development

DOI 10.1101/gad.17420111PMC PMC3185962

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Abstract

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of energy status that maintains cellular energy homeostasis. It arose very early during eukaryotic evolution, and its ancestral role may have been in the response to starvation. Recent work shows that the kinase is activated by increases not only in AMP, but also in ADP. Although best known for its effects on metabolism, AMPK has many other functions, including regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and disposal, autophagy, cell polarity, and cell growth and proliferation. Both tumor cells and viruses establish mechanisms to down-regulate AMPK, allowing them to escape its restraining influences on growth.

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To increase ATP availability, the cells increase the catabolism of energy stores, such as fatty acids, and the biosynthesis of costly fatty acids and ergosterol is decreased.
“To increase ATP availability, the cells increase the catabolism of energy stores, such as fatty acids, and the biosynthesis of”
From Mitochondrial Activity and Cyr1 Are Key Regulators of Ras1 Activation of C. albicans Virulence Pathways (2015) · cites this paper as [54]
The Regulation of metabolism section (page unavailable) says AMPK promotes ATP-generating catabolic pathways, including fatty acid oxidation, while inhibiting fatty acid synthesis. It also reports inhibition of isoprenoid synthesis, but does not specifically establish decreased ergosterol biosynthesis, particularly in yeast cells. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
AMPK is considered a bioenergetic sensor that responds to increased AMP and decreased ATP levels by increasing phosphorylation at threonine 172 of its α1 subunit.
“AMP kinase (AMPK) is considered a bioenergetic sensor that responds to increased AMP and decreased ATP levels by increasing phosphorylation at threonine 172 of its α1 subunit.”
From 2-Deoxyglucose drives plasticity via an adaptive ER stress-ATF4 pathway and elicits stroke recovery and Alzheimer’s resilience (2023) · cites this paper as [45]
AMPK inactivates energy-consuming growth-promoting pathways like protein and lipid synthesis and activates catabolism of fatty acids and other fuels, rebalancing energy supply with demand.
“By phosphorylating a number of key targets, AMPK inactivates energy-consuming, growth-promoting pathways like protein and lipid synthesis, and activates catabolism of fatty acids and other fuels. This enables the cell to re-balance energy supply with demand.”
From Cellular Metabolism and Disease: What Do Metabolic Outliers Teach Us? (2012) · cites this paper as Hardie, 2011
AMPK is a fuel sensor activated during compromised bioenergetic states such as acute nutrient deprivation and hypoxia.
“This serine-threonine kinase is a “fuel sensor” activated during compromised bioenergetic states such as acute nutrient deprivation and hypoxia (Hardie, 2011).”
From Cellular Metabolism and Disease: What Do Metabolic Outliers Teach Us? (2012) · cites this paper as Hardie, 2011

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“…mechanisms: (1) promotion of Thr 172 phosphorylation (Hawley et al. 1995; Oakhill et al. 2010), (2) inhibition of Thr 172 dephosphorylation (Davies et al. 1995; Suter et al. 2006; Oakhill et al. 2010), and (3) allosteric activation of AMPK already phosphorylated on Thr 172 (Corton et al.…”
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Complete Polarization of Single Intestinal Epithelial Cells upon Activation of LKB1 by STRAD
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MUTANTS OF YEAST DEFECTIVE IN SUCROSE UTILIZATION
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Dissecting the Role of 5′-AMP for Allosteric Stimulation, Activation, and Deactivation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase
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AMP-activated protein kinase regulates GLUT4 transcription by phosphorylating histone deacetylase 5
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5′-AMP Activates the AMP-activated Protein Kinase Cascade, and Ca2+/Calmodulin Activates the Calmodulin-dependent Protein Kinase I Cascade, via Three Independent Mechanisms
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Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase leads to the phosphorylation of elongation factor 2 and an inhibition of protein synthesis.
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AMPK β Subunit Targets Metabolic Stress Sensing to Glycogen
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Energy-dependent regulation of cell structure by AMP-activated protein kinase
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TAK1 activates AMPK‐dependent cytoprotective autophagy in TRAIL‐treated epithelial cells
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Important role of the LKB1-AMPK pathway in suppressing tumorigenesis in PTEN-deficient mice
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SNF1/AMPK/SnRK1 kinases, global regulators at the heart of energy control?
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The Stimulation of Glycolysis by Hypoxia in Activated Monocytes Is Mediated by AMP-activated Protein Kinase and Inducible 6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase
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Mechanism of inhibition of bovine F 1 -ATPase by resveratrol and related polyphenols
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Stimulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase leads to activation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase and to its phosphorylation at a novel site, serine 398
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Glucose depletion causes haploid invasive growth in yeast
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Cell Cycle Regulation via p53 Phosphorylation by a 5′-AMP Activated Protein Kinase Activator, 5-Aminoimidazole- 4-Carboxamide-1-β- -Ribofuranoside, in a Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line
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Insulin Antagonizes Ischemia-induced Thr172 Phosphorylation of AMP-activated Protein Kinase α-Subunits in Heart via Hierarchical Phosphorylation of Ser485/491
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A novel domain in AMP-activated protein kinase causes glycogen storage bodies similar to those seen in hereditary cardiac arrhythmias
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Regulation of the energy sensor AMP-activated protein kinase by antigen receptor and Ca2+ in T lymphocytes
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Similar substrate recognition motifs for mammalian AMP‐activated protein kinase, higher plant HMG‐CoA reductase kinase‐A, yeast SNF1, and mammalian calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase I
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β-Subunit myristoylation is the gatekeeper for initiating metabolic stress sensing by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
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Antagonistic Controls of Autophagy and Glycogen Accumulation by Snf1p, the Yeast Homolog of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase, and the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Pho85p
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Activity of LKB1 and AMPK-related kinases in skeletal muscle: effects of contraction, phenformin, and AICAR
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The substrate and sequence specificity of the AMP-activated protein kinase. Phosphorylation of glycogen synthase and phosphorylase kinase
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A role for Drosophila LKB1 in anterior–posterior axis formation and epithelial polarity
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Activation of GLUT1 by metabolic and osmotic stress: potential involvement of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)
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Apoptotic effect of EGCG in HT-29 colon cancer cells via AMPK signal pathway
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Evaluation of 13C isotopic tracers for metabolic flux analysis in mammalian cells
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Regulation of epithelial tight junction assembly and disassembly by AMP-activated protein kinase
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Somatic LKB1 Mutations Promote Cervical Cancer Progression
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AMP-activated protein kinase regulates the assembly of epithelial tight junctions
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AMP-activated Protein Kinase Inhibits the Glucose-activated Expression of Fatty Acid Synthase Gene in Rat Hepatocytes
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Method for the Quantitative Extraction of Resveratrol and Piceid Isomers in Grape Berry Skins. Effect of Powdery Mildew on the Stilbene Content
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The α2–5′AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Is a Site 2 Glycogen Synthase Kinase in Skeletal Muscle and Is Responsive to Glucose Loading
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3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase
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AMP-activated protein kinase adapts rRNA synthesis to cellular energy supply
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The Hepatitis C Virus NS5A Protein Activates a Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase-dependent Survival Signaling Cascade
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Thrombin Activates AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Endothelial Cells via a Pathway Involving Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase Kinase β
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Complementary regulation of TBC1D1 and AS160 by growth factors, insulin and AMPK activators
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Snf1 Protein Kinase and the Repressors Nrg1 and Nrg2 Regulate FLO11 , Haploid Invasive Growth, and Diploid Pseudohyphal Differentiation
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Expanding role of AMPK in endocrinology
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Regulation of spinach SNF1‐related (SnRK1) kinases by protein kinases and phosphatases is associated with phosphorylation of the T loop and is regulated by 5′‐AMP
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Structural Basis for Glycogen Recognition by AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
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AMP-activated protein kinase: Also regulated by ADP?
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Crystal Structures of the Adenylate Sensor from Fission Yeast AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
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Diurnal rhythm of phosphorylation of rat liver acetyl – CoA carboxylase by the AMP‐activated protein kinase, demonstrated using freeze‐clamping
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Protein kinase substrate recognition studied using the recombinant catalytic domain of AMP-activated protein kinase and a model substrate
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Inhibition of germline proliferation during C. elegans dauer development requires PTEN, LKB1 and AMPK signalling
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Genetic disruption of AMPK signaling abolishes both contraction- and insulin-stimulated TBC1D1 phosphorylation and 14-3-3 binding in mouse skeletal muscle
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Autophagy in cellular growth control
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Crystal structure of the heterotrimer core of Saccharomyces cerevisiae AMPK homologue SNF1
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β‐subunits of Snf1 kinase are required for kinase function and substrate definition
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Snf1‐related protein kinase 1 is needed for growth in a normal day–night light cycle
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Enhanced hepatitis C virus genome replication and lipid accumulation mediated by inhibition of AMP-activated protein kinase
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AICA riboside both activates AMP‐activated protein kinase and competes with adenosine for the nucleoside transporter in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus
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The 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase inhibits the transcriptional stimulation by glucose in liver cells, acting through the glucose response complex
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A null mutation in skeletal muscle FAT/CD36 reveals its essential role in insulin- and AICAR-stimulated fatty acid metabolism
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N-terminal mutations modulate yeast SNF1 protein kinase function.
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Evidence for a protein kinase cascade in higher plants
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A homologue of AMP-activated protein kinase in Drosophila melanogaster is sensitive to AMP and is activated by ATP depletion
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Specificity determinants for the AMP‐activated protein kinase and its plant homologue analysed using synthetic peptides
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Hispidulin Potently Inhibits Human Glioblastoma Multiforme Cells through Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK)
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Snf1 Kinase Connects Nutritional Pathways Controlling Meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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CBS domains form energy-sensing modules whose binding of adenosine ligands is disrupted by disease mutations
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AMP-Activated Protein Kinase
Hardie, D. G. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374145-5.00073-5 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Gadalla AE, Pearson T, Currie AJ, Dale N, Hawley SA, Randall AD, Hardie DG, Frenguelli BG. 2004. Distinct mechanisms underlie the activation of rat brain AMP-activated protein kinase and the inhibition of excitatory synaptic transmission by AICA riboside (Acadesine) in area CA1 of rat hippocam- pus. J Neurochem 88: 1272-1282.

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Authors: Hardie, D. G.
Affiliations: University of Dundee (GB)
Corresponding author: Hardie, D. Grahame
ORCID: Hardie, D. Grahame
Venue: Genes & Development
Publisher: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
Published: 2011-09-15
Volume: 25
Issue: 18
Pages: 1895-1908
ISSN: 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
1549-5477
DOI: 10.1101/gad.17420111
PMC: PMC3185962
OpenAlex: W2160615487
Cited by: 1,638
References: 152
Citations by year: 2026: 87 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 108 · 2023: 81 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 123 · 2020: 105 · 2019: 114 · 2018: 116 · 2017: 117 · 2016: 130 · 2015: 114 · 2014: 112 · 2013: 118 · 2012: 122
Type: posted content
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
AstraZeneca
GlaxoSmithKline
Merck KGaA
Wellcome Trust
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Metabolism, Diabetes, and Cancer
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling in cancer
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
Keywords: AMPK, energy homeostasis, energy sensing, ADP stimulation, mitochondrial biogenesis, autophagy, cell polarity, cell growth and proliferation, cancer cells, eukaryotic evolution, starvation response
MeSH terms: Animals, Cells, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Mitochondria, Neoplasms, Virus Diseases, Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic, Cell Polarity, Cell Proliferation, AMP-Activated Protein Kinases

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AMP-activated protein kinase: an energy sensor that regulates all aspects of cell function

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