Reactive oxygen species in health and disease
Open accessAbstract
During the past decades, it became obvious that reactive oxygen species (ROS) exert a multitude of biological effects covering a wide spectrum that ranges from physiological regulatory functions to damaging alterations participating in the pathogenesis of increasing number of diseases. This review summarizes the key roles played by the ROS in both health and disease. ROS are metabolic products arising from various cells; two cellular organelles are intimately involved in their production and metabolism, namely, the endoplasmic reticulum and the mitochondria. Updates on research that tremendously aided in confirming the fundamental roles of both organelles in redox regulation will be discussed as well. Although not comprehensive, this review will provide brief perspective on some of the current research conducted in this area for better understanding of the ROS actions in various conditions of health and disease.
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Chronic oxidative stress and resultant oxidative damage have been implicated in many human diseases including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cancer, and aging.
“Chronic oxidative stress and the resultant oxidative damage have been implicated in many human diseases including cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, cancer, and the aging process [18,19,20,21,22].”
From Nrf2 and Oxidative Stress: A General Overview of Mechanisms and Implications in Human Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
ROS are free radicals and chemically reactive molecules derived from oxygen.
“ROS are plenty of free radicals and chemically reactive molecules derived from oxygen molecule [41].”
From AMPK, Mitochondrial Function, and Cardiovascular Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
Excessive production of ROS, usually termed oxidative stress, is caused by increased production and/or insufficient presence of endogenous antioxidants.
“Excessive production of ROS, usually termed oxidative stress, are caused by increased production and/or insufficient presence of endogenous antioxidants [41].”
From AMPK, Mitochondrial Function, and Cardiovascular Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
Most ROS are generated as byproducts of mitochondrial electron transportation from the reduction of molecular oxygen to produce superoxide.
“Most ROS are generated as byproducts of mitochondrial electron transportation from the reduction of molecular oxygen to produce superoxide [41].”
From AMPK, Mitochondrial Function, and Cardiovascular Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
Oxidative stress damages fats, DNA, and proteins in a cell, which can lead to diseases such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and cardiovascular disease.
“Oxidative stress is considered detrimental because of its damage to fats, deoxyribonucleic acid, and proteins in a cell, which can lead to numerous diseases such as diabetes, cancer, neurodegenerative disease, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) [41].”
From AMPK, Mitochondrial Function, and Cardiovascular Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Alfadda, A. A., & Sallam, R. M.
- Affiliations
- King Saud University (SA)
- Corresponding author
- Alfadda, Assim A.
- Venue
- Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 2012
- Pages
- 1-14
- ISSN
- 1110-7243 (ISSN-L)
- 1110-7251
- PMC
- PMC3424049
- OpenAlex
- W2108409617
- Cited by
- 824
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 60 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 65 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 56 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 4.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- BioMed Research International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Plan for Sciences and Technology and Innovation, KSA (08-MED513-02)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Keywords
- reactive oxygen species, redox regulation, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, oxidative stress, pathogenesis, physiological regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Antioxidants, Disease, Health, Humans, Oxidation-Reduction, Reactive Oxygen Species, Oxidative Stress
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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