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Extracellular Membrane Vesicles as Vehicles for Brain Cell-to-Cell Interactions in Physiological as well as Pathological Conditions
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are involved in a great variety of physiological events occurring in the nervous system, such as cross talk among neurons and glial cells in synapse development and function, integrated neuronal plasticity, neuronal-glial metabolic exchanges, and synthesis and dynamic renewal of myelin. Many of these EV-mediated processes depend on the exchange of proteins, mRNAs, and noncoding RNAs, including miRNAs, which occurs among glial and neuronal cells. In addition, production and exchange of EVs can be modified under pathological conditions, such as brain cancer and neurodegeneration. Like other cancer cells, brain tumours can use EVs to secrete factors, which allow escaping from immune surveillance, and to transfer molecules into the surrounding cells, thus transforming their phenotype. Moreover, EVs can function as a way to discard material dangerous to cancer cells, such as differentiation-inducing proteins, and even drugs. Intriguingly, EVs seem to be also involved in spreading through the brain of aggregated proteins, such as prions and aggregated tau protein. Finally, EVs can carry useful biomarkers for the early diagnosis of diseases. Herein we summarize possible roles of EVs in brain physiological functions and discuss their involvement in the horizontal spreading, from cell to cell, of both cancer and neurodegenerative pathologies.
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sEVs can cross the blood-brain barrier and deliver cargo with crucial roles in many neurological disorders.
“sEVs can cross the blood–brain barrier and deliver cargo with crucial roles in many neurological disorders [17–23].”
From Differential RNA packaging into small extracellular vesicles by neurons and astrocytes (2021) · cites this paper as [17]
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Oligodendroglia metabolically support axons and contribute to neurodegeneration
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Exosomes are released by cultured cortical neurones
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“Similar to Tau protein, in synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson’s disease, SNCA/α-synuclein can be released by neural cells into the extracellular space by EV shedding [125, 126].”
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Chen, C. C., Liu, L., Ma, F., Wong, C. W., Guo, X. E., Chacko, J. V., Farhoodi, H. P., Zhang, S. X., Zimak, J., Ségaliny, A., et al. (2016) · Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering · doi:10.1007/s12195-016-0458-3 · Cited by 537
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schiera, G., Di Liegro, C. M., & Di Liegro, I.
- Affiliations
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Sperimentale e Neuroscienze Cliniche (BIONEC), Università degli Studi di Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
- Venue
- BioMed Research International
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015
- Volume
- 2015
- Pages
- 1-12
- ISSN
- 2314-6133
- 2314-6141
- PMC
- PMC4637152
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 10
- Language
- en
- Funders
- University of Palermo
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