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Cited by 219GDF15 and Related BiomarkersFibroblast Growth Factor ResearchMitochondrial Function and Pathology

Human Aging and Longevity Are Characterized by High Levels of Mitokines

Open access
Conte, Maria, Ostan, Rita, Fabbri, Cristina, Santoro, Aurelia, Guidarelli, Giulia, Vitale, Giovanni, Mari, Daniela, Sevini, Federica +5 more·2019·The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
DOI 10.1093/gerona/gly153
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Abstract

Mitochondrial stress elicits the production of stress response molecules indicated as mitokines, including fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), and humanin (HN). Many diseases are characterized by progressive mitochondrial dysfunction with alterations of mitokine secretion. It is still controversial whether healthy aging and extreme longevity are accompanied by an altered production of mitokines. We analyzed FGF21, HN, and GDF15 plasma levels in 693 subjects aged from 21 to 113 years, and the association of these mitokines with parameters of health status. FGF21, HN, and GDF15 resulted increased in old age, with the highest levels found in centenarians. These molecules are associated with worsened parameters (such as handgrip strength, insulin sensitivity, triglycerides), particularly in 70-year-old persons, and their levels are inversely correlated with survival in the oldest subjects. Considering the positive biological effect of these molecules, our results can be interpreted in the framework of the hormetic paradigm as an attempt of the cells/tissues to cope with a stress that can have beneficial or detrimental effects depending on its intensity. Finally, persons with Down Syndrome (characterized by accelerated aging) have higher levels of GDF15 and HN with respect to their siblings, suggesting that these molecules, especially GDF15, could be considered markers of biological age.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.1093/gerona/gly153

Cites

50 of 50 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 41 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    No significant association was found between cognitive status measured by MMSE and mitokines.

    “The association between cognitive status (assessed by Mini-Mental State Evaluation) and mitokines was also evaluated, and no significant association was found (data not shown).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Plasma FGF21, HN, and GDF15 levels are positively correlated with one another.

    “Moreover, these are correlated with each other (Figure 1E-H).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    GDF15 and uric acid are positively associated in young/adult subjects.

    “GDF15 and uric acid were positively associated in YA”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    HN plasma level is positively associated with creatinine in oldest old subjects.

    “and positively with creatinine in OO”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    GDF15 plasma level is positively associated with creatinine in oldest old and centenarians.

    “and with creatinine in both OO and CENT”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 18
  • May combine two claims. 21

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    No gender difference was observed for HN plasma levels.

    “No gender differences were observed for HN (Supplementary Figure 1C).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Plasma levels of FGF21, HN, and GDF15 rise with age and reach their highest values in centenarians.

    “FGF21, HN, and GDF15 resulted increased in old age, with the highest levels found in centenarians.”
    • Also stated in: § Plasma Levels of Mitokines Increase With Age and Are Correlated With Each Other · plain
      “The plasmatic levels of FGF21, HN, and GDF15 are positively and significantly correlated with age (Figure 1A-D).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    FGF21 plasma levels are higher in young/adult men and in oldest old women.

    “FGF21 is higher in YA men (p = .016) and in OO women (p = .016; Supplementary Figure 1A)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Circulating levels of FGF21, HN, and GDF15 increase with age in humans.

    “Here, we report that the circulating levels of these mitokines increase with age.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions · boosted
      “our results show for the first time that plasma levels of three representative mitokines, FGF21, GDF15, and HN, are positively correlated with age in humans”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “The fact that the circulating levels of the three mitokines considered in this study increase with age”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In centenarians, the low-mitokine cluster had lower creatinine and higher insulin and HOMA-IR than the high-mitokine cluster.

    “the LL group shows lower level of creatinine (p = .002)and higher insulin (p = .007)and HOMA-IR (p = .006)in comparison with the HL group (Figure 3A).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Levels of FGF21, HN, and GDF15 become maximal in centenarians.

    “The levels of these mitokines become maximal in centenarians”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
      “our results show for the first time that plasma levels of three representative mitokines, FGF21, GDF15, and HN, are positively correlated with age in humans, and become maximal in centenarians.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Circulating levels of FGF21, GDF15, and HN are associated with worsened health parameters and with mortality in old age, with the predominant association observed for GDF15.

    “Our data indicate that the circulating levels of FGF21, GDF15, and HN are associated with worsened health parameters and with mortality in old age, and the predominant association is observed for GDF15.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    GDF15 is the most powerful predictor of mortality among the three mitokines and improves the predictive power of mortality reported for handgrip strength.

    “GDF15 resulted the most powerful predictor of mortality among the three mitokines, being also able to improve the predictive power of mortality reported for handgrip strength.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In elderly subjects, mitokine levels are associated with worsened functional and biochemical parameters, including higher BMI and insulin resistance, low handgrip strength, and higher CRP, triglycerides, uric acid, and creatinine.

    “worsened functional and biochemical parameters (higher BMI and insulin resistance, low handgrip strength, higher CRP, triglycerides, uric acid, and creatinine) in EL and decreased survival in the oldest groups (nonagenarians and CENT).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Higher mitokine levels, especially GDF15, are associated with worse functional and biochemical parameters, particularly in elderly subjects.

    “These data show that increased levels of mitokines (in particular, GDF15) are associated with worsening of functional and biochemical parameters (reduction of handgrip strength, HDL cholesterol, serum albumin and total proteins, and increase of BMI, HOMA-IR index, triglycerides, and uric acid), particularly in EL subjects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous literature reports that FGF21 and GDF15 increase with age in both animal models and humans.

    “These data are in agreement with previous literature as far as FGF21 and GDF15, which are reported to increase with age in both animal models and humans (19,20,22).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [19] Hanks, 2015, Circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor-21 increase with age independently of body composition indices among healthy individuals, J Clin Transl Endocrinol

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Tezze, 2017, Age-associated loss of OPA1 in muscle impacts muscle mass, metabolic homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and epithelial senescence, Cell Metab source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [22] Fujita, 2016, Secreted growth differentiation factor15 as a potential biomarker for mitochondrial dysfunctions in aging and age-related disorders, Geriatr Gerontol Int source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Progressive mitochondrial dysfunction occurs with age.

    “A progressive mitochondrial dysfunction is known to occur with age (31)(32)(33).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [31] Lenaz, 1998, Oxidative stress, antioxidant defences and aging, Biofactors source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [32] Short, 2005, Decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial function with aging in humans, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [33] Bratic, 2013, The role of mitochondria in aging, J Clin Invest source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The ELISA assays for FGF21, GDF15, and HN had reported intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation.

    “FGF21, GDF15, and HN concentrations were determined in plasma samples by ELISA assay using commercial kits, R&D for FGF21 (DF2100; intra-and interassay CV range: 10.2%-3.0%and 10.6%-3.1%,respectively) and GDF15 (DGD150; intra-and interassay CV range: 10.9%-1.1% and 4.1%-3.0%,respectively); CUSABIO for HN (CSB-EL015084HU; intra-and interassay CV range: 5.5%-0.7%and 11.8%-3.4%,respectively)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Circulating GDF15 levels are associated with cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, and overall mortality.

    “circulating levels of GDF15 are associated with cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, and overall mortality (24,25).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] Adela, 2015, GDF-15 as a target and biomarker for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases: a translational prospective, J Diabetes Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [25] Corre, 2013, Concise review: growth differentiation factor 15 in pathology: a clinical role, Stem Cells Transl Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    Associations between mitokines and health parameters were evaluated with a multivariate general linear model adjusted for age, gender, and therapies within each age group.

    “The association between mitokines and parameters related to health status and phenotype (BMI, handgrip strength, glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and other biochemical markers) was evaluated by a multivariate general linear model adjusted for age, gender, and therapies in each age group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    IGF-1 is reported to suppress HN plasma levels.

    “IGF-1, which is reported to suppress HN level in plasma (38).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [38] Lee, 2014, IGF-I regulates the age-dependent signaling peptide humanin, Aging Cell source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    The association between mitokine clusters and mortality was evaluated by Cox regression adjusted for age and gender in oldest old and centenarian subjects.

    “The association between clusters and mortality was evaluated by a Cox regression model adjusted for age and gender in OO and CENT.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mitochondrial dysfunction is sufficient to accelerate aging and cause premature death.

    “mitochondrial dysfunction has been recently shown to be sufficient to accelerate aging process and cause premature death (20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Tezze, 2017, Age-associated loss of OPA1 in muscle impacts muscle mass, metabolic homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and epithelial senescence, Cell Metab source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Chronically expressed FGF21 increases with age in humans and contributes to precocious aging and premature death in mice.

    “when chronically expressed, FGF21 increases with age in humans and contributes to precocious aging and premature death in mice (19,20).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] Hanks, 2015, Circulating levels of fibroblast growth factor-21 increase with age independently of body composition indices among healthy individuals, J Clin Transl Endocrinol

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [20] Tezze, 2017, Age-associated loss of OPA1 in muscle impacts muscle mass, metabolic homeostasis, systemic inflammation, and epithelial senescence, Cell Metab source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The commercial antibody used for HN is raised against the mitochondrial peptide of HN, and no significant cross-reactivity or interference with the tested HN analogues has been observed.

    “However, the commercial antibody that we used is raised against the mitochondrial peptide of HN (http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q8IVG9#sequences)and no significant cross-reactivity or interference with the analogues of HN tested so far has been observed.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Circulating FGF21 levels are elevated in several metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes.

    “circulating levels of FGF21 are elevated in several metabolic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (18).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Liu, 2015, The role of fibroblast growth factor 21 in diabetes and its complications: a review from clinical perspective, Diabetes Res Clin Pract source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    FGF21, GDF15, and HN were analyzed in a blind setup.

    “For all the samples, FGF21, GDF15, and HN were analyzed in a blind setup.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    GDF15 is more affected by aging than FGF21 and HN and could be considered a potential marker of age.

    “these data actually indicate that GDF15 is more affected by aging and it could be considered a potential marker of age.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    GDF15 and HN, especially GDF15, could be considered markers of biological age.

    “suggesting that these molecules, especially GDF15, could be considered markers of biological age.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Down syndrome is characterized by segmental accelerated aging.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Methylation of specific CpG islands of ELOVL2 and FHL2 genes and circulating N-glycan profiles are powerful markers of biological age.

    “In recent years, we and others have identified some powerful markers of biological age, such as methylation of specific CpG islands of ELOVL2 and FHL2 genes, and circulating N-glycan profiles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    According to the concept of hormesis, whether coping with stress is successful depends on the intensity of the stress.

    “According to the concept of hormesis, whether this coping will be successful strictly depends on the intensity of the stress (47).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [47] Calabrese, 2011, Hormesis, cellular stress response and vitagenes as critical determinants in aging and longevity, Mol Aspects Med source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    HN is a neuroprotective factor that negatively regulates apoptosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation.

    “HN is a neuroprotective factor that negatively regulates apoptosis, insulin resistance, and inflammation (27,29)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [27] Guo, 2003, Humanin peptide suppresses apoptosis by interfering with Bax activation, Nature source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [29] Cobb, 2016, Naturally occurring mitochondrial-derived peptides are age-dependent regulators of apoptosis, insulin sensitivity, and inflammatory markers, Aging (Albany NY) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These biomarkers are significantly elevated in Down syndrome persons, indicating that these subjects experience accelerated aging.

    “Accordingly, these biomarkers resulted significantly elevated in DS persons, indicating that, actually, these subjects experience an accelerated aging (48,49).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [48] Horvath, 2015, Accelerated epigenetic aging in Down syndrome, Aging Cell source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [49] Borelli, 2015, Plasma N-glycome signature of down syndrome, J Proteome Res source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    FGF21 has cardioprotective effects.

    “FGF21 has cardioprotective effects (42)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [42] Cong, 2013, Proteomic study on the protective mechanism of fibroblast growth factor 21 to ischemia-reperfusion injury, Can J Physiol Pharmacol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    GDF15 has cardioprotective and neuroprotective activity and can affect mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid metabolism.

    “GDF15 has reported cardioprotective and neuroprotective activity, and it can affect mitochondrial biogenesis and fatty acid metabolism (22).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Fujita, 2016, Secreted growth differentiation factor15 as a potential biomarker for mitochondrial dysfunctions in aging and age-related disorders, Geriatr Gerontol Int source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    FGF21 has positive metabolic effects, including weight loss, improved glycemia, and decreased inflammation.

    “positive metabolic effects, including weight loss, improved glycemia, and decreased inflammation (43)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [43] Fisher, 2016, Understanding the physiology of FGF21, Annu Rev Physiol source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Circulating levels of GDF15 are associated with cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration, and overall mortality.

    “circulating levels of GDF15 have been found associated with cardiovascular diseases, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, neurodegeneration and overall mortality [reviewed in Fujita and coworkers (22)].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [22] Fujita, 2016, Secreted growth differentiation factor15 as a potential biomarker for mitochondrial dysfunctions in aging and age-related disorders, Geriatr Gerontol Int source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    FGF21 delays immunosenescence.

    “it delays immunosenescence (44)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [44] Youm, 2016, Prolongevity hormone FGF21 protects against immune senescence by delaying age-related thymic involution, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    FGF21 increases the life span of animals in experimental models.

    “increases the life span of animals in experimental models (16)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Salminen, 2017, Regulation of longevity by FGF21: interaction between energy metabolism and stress responses, Ageing Res Rev source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Mitokines may represent the attempt of the cell or tissue to cope with an ongoing stress.

    “Rather, they may represent the attempt of the cell/tissue to cope with an ongoing stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    HN plays a protective role in Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and inflammation.

    “it plays a protective role in many pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, inflammation, as reviewed by Gong and coworkers (45)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [45] Gong, 2014, Humanin and age-related diseases: a new link, Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) source

      Not checked in the free run.

36 of 36

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Down syndrome is characterized by segmental accelerated aging.

    “a condition characterized by segmental accelerated aging”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • FGF21 effects are dose dependent: a moderate induction results in adaptive responses to stress, while a dramatic increase is detrimental.

    “Since FGF21 effects are dose dependent, a moderate induction results in adaptive responses to stress, while a dramatic increase is detrimental [218].”

    From The connection between the dynamic remodeling of the mitochondrial network and the regulation of muscle mass (2021) · cites this paper as [218]

  • Mitochondrial dysfunction triggers expression in muscle of FGF21 and GDF15, which positively correlate with unhealthy aging and mortality.

    “Since mitochondrial dysfunction triggers the expression in muscle of FGF21 and GDF15, which positively correlate with unhealthy aging and mortality [6,28], we measured the transcript levels of these hormones in DKO muscles.”

    From Inhibition of the Fission Machinery Mitigates OPA1 Impairment in Adult Skeletal Muscles (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

  • In humans, Fgf21 levels are inversely correlated with survival.

    “Moreover, in humans, Fgf21 levels are inversely correlated with survival [28].”

    From Inhibition of the Fission Machinery Mitigates OPA1 Impairment in Adult Skeletal Muscles (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

  • Mild mitochondrial stress might elicit beneficial effects on health and lifespan through activation of mitochondrial hormesis.

    “Interestingly, mild mitochondrial stress might elicit beneficial effects on health and lifespan through the activation of mitochondrial hormesis [28,36].”

    From Inhibition of the Fission Machinery Mitigates OPA1 Impairment in Adult Skeletal Muscles (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

  • The discrepancy between inverse correlation of Fgf21 with survival and association with lifespan extension can most likely be explained by a threshold effect of Fgf21, where moderate levels result in adaptive responses to stress, while exacerbated levels are detrimental.

    “The discrepancy in the two observations can most likely be explained by the threshold effect of Fgf21, where moderate levels result in adaptive responses to stress, while exacerbated levels are detrimental to stress [28].”

    From Inhibition of the Fission Machinery Mitigates OPA1 Impairment in Adult Skeletal Muscles (2019) · cites this paper as [28]

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Authors
Conte, M., Ostan, R., Fabbri, C., Santoro, A., Guidarelli, G., Vitale, G., Mari, D., Sevini, F., Capri, M., Sandri, M., Monti, D., Franceschi, C., & Salvioli, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Bologna (IT)
  • Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), Cusano Milanino
  • University of Milan (IT)
  • Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico (IT)
  • University of Padua (IT)
  • University of Florence (IT)
  • IRCCS, Institute of Neurological Sciences of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
Corresponding author
Conte, Maria
ORCID
Venue
The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2018-06-27
Volume
74
Issue
5
Pages
600-607
ISSN
  • 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
  • 1758-535X
DOI
10.1093/gerona/gly153
OpenAlex
W2810573409
Semantic Scholar
0ec1a949c64991e669493252e26a4d676f0b4431
Cited by
219
References
51
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 5
FWCI
22.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
Locations
  • The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Florence Research (University of Florence) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Roberto and Cornelia Pallotti's Legacy for Cancer Research (634821)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › GDF15 and Related Biomarkers
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
Keywords
mitokines, human aging, longevity, centenarians, FGF21, GDF15, humanin, mitochondrial stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, hormesis, biological age, Down syndrome, accelerated aging, grip strength, insulin sensitivity, triglycerides, survival
MeSH terms
Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Down Syndrome, Female, Fibroblast Growth Factors, Humans, Longevity, Male, Middle Aged, Mitochondria, Surveys and Questionnaires, Biomarkers, Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Growth Differentiation Factor 15, Unfolded Protein Response

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