Progress towards Sustainable Utilisation and Management of Food Wastes in the Global Economy

In the paper

“This data is presented in Table 4 and shows a downward drift in consumer waste compared to retailers waste, although consumers are often blamed for high waste levels.”

In the paper

“Also, over this period, retail waste has increased for most commodities especially grain products, while consumer waste levels have significantly decreased for some food products such as grain products and fruits.”

In the paper

“While consumer waste levels are relatively low, distribution and infrastructure waste levels are relatively high.”

In the paper

“The vast amount of food ending up as waste is not only a humanitarian problem, but also a serious economic and environmental problem [5–7].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [5] Kroyer G. T. Impact of food processing on the environment-an overview LWT—Food Science and Technology 1995 28 6 547 552 10.1016/0023-6438(95)90000-4 2-s2.0-0000930618 source
• Not checked yetcites [6] Gustavsson J. Cederberg C. Sonesson U. van Otterdijk R. Meybeck A. Global Food Losses and Food Waste: Extent, Causes and Prevention 2011 Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
• Not checked yetcites [7] Kosseva M. R. Webb C. Food industry wastes Introduction: Causes and Challenges of Food Wastage 2013 San Diego, Calif, USA Academic Press

In the paper

“Food is a basic human need, while food waste has been identified as a major challenge facing humanity today [1].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [1] Mirabella N. Castellani V. Sala S. Current options for the valorization of food manufacturing waste: a review Journal of Cleaner Production 2014 65 28 41 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.10.051 2-s2.0-84893813494 source

In the paper

“However, current levels of waste occurring in the food supply chain are much greater than other industries and arise from the lack of willingness or inability to coordinate the various activities along the chain [21–23].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [21] Gooch M. Felfel A. Marenick N. Food Waste in Canada 2010 Value Chain Management Centre
• Not checked yetcites [22] Loke M. K. Leung P. Quantifying food waste in Hawaii's food supply chain Waste Management and Research 2015 33 12 1076 1083 10.1177/0734242x15607427 2-s2.0-84947420134 26446198 source
• Not checked yetcites [23] Ravindran R. Jaiswal A. K. Exploitation of food industry waste for high-value products Trends in Biotechnology 2016 34 1 58 69 10.1016/j.tibtech.2015.10.008 2-s2.0-84955276333 26645658 source

In the paper

“In addition, making comparisons is difficult because waste levels can be presented in terms of percentage waste, local currency, and even weight loss.”

In the paper

“For example, in 2009, Italian agricultural produce estimated to be 17.7 million tonnes was left in the ground and equated to around 3.25% of total produce production [32].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [32] Quested T. E. Marsh E. Stunell D. Parry A. D. Spaghetti soup: the complex world of food waste behaviours Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2013 79 43 51 10.1016/j.resconrec.2013.04.011 2-s2.0-84885435008

In the paper

“For example, grain storage waste levels range from less than 1% in Malawi [46, 47] to 12 to 13% in Bangladesh and 3 to 6% in Malaysia [48] as seen in Figure 1.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [46] Singano C. D. Nkhata B. T. Mhango V. Theu M. P. K. J. National annual report on larger grain borer monitoring and Teretrius nigrescens rearing and releases in Malawi Plant Protection Progress Report for the 2007/2008 Season, Presented at the Department of Agricultural Research Services Planning and Review Meeting, Andrews Hotel, Mangochi, 14–20 September, 2008 2008 1 8
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [47] Singano C. D. Phiri T. Nkhata B. T. Mhango V. Theu M. P. K. J. National agricultural produce inspection services annual technical report for the period July 2007–June 2008 Proceedings of the Department of Agricultural Research Services Planning and Review Meeting September 2008 Mangochi, Malawi Plant Protection Progress Report for the 2007/2008 Season
• ?Not matched

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  cites [48] FAO Household Metal Silos: Key Allies in FAO's Fight against Hunger 2008 Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

In the paper

“Australians, for example, throw away around AU$ 1.1 billion (US$ 0.84 billion) worth of fruits and vegetables each year making them the largest food waste category [19].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [19] Baker D. Fear J. Denniss R. What a waste: an analysis of household expenditure on food Policy Brief 2009 6 Australia Institute

In the paper

“Among the grains, rice is recognised as the world's second staple food and on average has a waste level equivalent to 15% of total global production [44, 45].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [44] Liang L. China's post-harvest grain losses and the means of their reduction and elimination Jingji Dili (Economic Geography) 1993 1 92 96
• Not checked yetcites [45] Grolleaud M. Post-Harvest Losses: Discovering the Full Story. Overview of the Phenomenon of Losses during the Post-Harvest System 2002 Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

In the paper

“while studies in the Netherlands have revealed that annual food wastage costs are around € 4.4 billion (US$ 4.9 billion).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] Tielens J. Candel J. Reducing food waste, improving food security? Food and business knowledge platform, 2014, http://knowledge4food.net/
• Not checked yetcites [34] Kouwenhoven G. Nalla N. Vijayender R. Creating sustainable businesses by reducing food waste: a value chain framework for eliminating inefficiencies International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2012 15 3 119 137

In the paper

“Similar studies have also found that fruits and vegetables are the main source of household food waste and equate to around one-third of purchased food products [36].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [36] WRAP The Food We Waste 2008 Banbury, UK WRAP

In the paper

“Studies have also shown that grain waste in the Chinese supply chain is 19.0% ± 5.8%, with consumers accounting for the single largest portion of the waste (7.3% ± 4.8%) [49].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [49] Liu J. Lundqvist J. Weinberg J. Gustafsson J. Food losses and waste in China and their implication for water and land Environmental Science & Technology 2013 47 18 10137 10144 10.1021/es401426b 2-s2.0-84884264448 23941556 source

In the paper

“Using food waste as an alternative energy source has the advantage of reducing the amount of waste going to landfill and diminishing the associated problems of gas emissions and groundwater contamination [29, 30].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [29] Han S.-K. Shin H.-S. Biohydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation of food waste International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 2004 29 6 569 577 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2003.09.001 2-s2.0-0442296375 source
• Not checked yetcites [30] Zhang R. El-Mashad H. M. Hartman K. Characterization of food waste as feedstock for anaerobic digestion Bioresource Technology 2007 98 4 929 935 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.02.039 2-s2.0-33748528124 16635571 source

In the paper

“For instance, in the United Kingdom (UK), potatoes came first in a ranking of 100 fruits and vegetables and accounted for around 0.4 million tonnes (10%) of total waste produced annually [37].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [37] Hirsch J. Harmanci R. Food Waste: The Next Food Revolution 2013 Modern Farmer

In the paper

“Surprisingly, some studies have indicated that the agrofood sector waste could be as large as 40% of the total production value [33]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] Tielens J. Candel J. Reducing food waste, improving food security? Food and business knowledge platform, 2014, http://knowledge4food.net/

In the paper

“In the Philippines, fruit wastes from crops such as papaya can range between 30 and 60% of the total crop [12].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [12] Redlingshöfer B. Soyeux A. Food losses and wastage as a sustainability indicator of food and farming systems Proceedings of the Producing and Reproducing Farming Systems: New Modes of Organisation for Sustainable Food Systems of Tomorrow, 10th European IFSA Symposium 2012 Aarhus, Denmark

In the paper

“End-consumers waste around €2.4 billion (US$ 2.7 billion) or about 10% of all food purchased”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [33] Tielens J. Candel J. Reducing food waste, improving food security? Food and business knowledge platform, 2014, http://knowledge4food.net/
• Not checked yetcites [34] Kouwenhoven G. Nalla N. Vijayender R. Creating sustainable businesses by reducing food waste: a value chain framework for eliminating inefficiencies International Food and Agribusiness Management Review 2012 15 3 119 137

In the paper

“In many cases, the results of these studies are not comparable, since they did not assess the whole food supply chain (only looked at specific stages and waste types) and were carried out by different researchers worldwide using different assessment protocols.”

In the paper

“For example, in Switzerland, around 47% of all vegetables produced are wasted in the food supply chain.”

In the paper

“Nevertheless, it is extremely difficult to obtain detailed information from all stakeholders involved in the food supply chain because of business confidentiality considerations.”

In the paper

“Unfortunately, much of this data comes from studies carried out almost 40 years ago and because no recent studies have been carried out there is no current assessment of crop waste levels.”

In the paper

“Food wastes have also been considered as a source of renewable energy with the potential to significantly reduce the current dependency on energy derived from fossil fuels [27, 28].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [27] Sánchez Ó. J. Cardona C. A. Trends in biotechnological production of fuel ethanol from different feedstocks Bioresource Technology 2008 99 13 5270 5295 10.1016/j.biortech.2007.11.013 2-s2.0-43049115291 18158236 source
• Not checked yetcites [28] Sarkar N. Ghosh S. K. Bannerjee S. Aikat K. Bioethanol production from agricultural wastes: an overview Renewable Energy 2012 37 1 19 27 10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.045 2-s2.0-79961126357 source

In the paper

“Currently, municipal wastes are recycled through anaerobic digesters to produce biogas, but agrowastes are yet to be converted using this type of processing facility.”

In the paper

“Estimates of market size, market price, potential bio-based share, potential bio-based production size, potential impact for local producers, potential local employment, and prospects for development are very low and rather poor [73].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [73] Langeveld J. W. A. Dixon J. Jaworski J. F. Development perspectives of the biobased economy: a review Crop Science 2010 50 supplement 1 S-142 S-151 10.2135/cropsci2009.09.0529 2-s2.0-77953133927 source

In the paper

“For example, approximately 30% of SA's crop production depends directly on irrigated water, while fruit and vegetable production consumes around 90% of all irrigated water used [56].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [56] DAFF South Africa Yearbook 2011/12 Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, 2012

In the paper

“Arguably, grain wastes are the most abundant agricultural wastes and the most underutilised [65].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [65] Tengerdy R. P. Szakacs G. Bioconversion of lignocellulose in solid substrate fermentation Biochemical Engineering Journal 2003 13 2-3 169 179 10.1016/S1369-703X(02)00129-8 2-s2.0-0037366810 source

In the paper

“In Pakistan, grain waste accounts for around 16% of total production, or 3.2 million tonnes annually, and results from inadequate storage infrastructure that permits widespread rodent infestation [53].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [53] The Times of India India wastes 21 million tonnes of wheat every year Report 2013 Mumbai, India The Times of India

In the paper

“For example, bioethanol is currently produced from corn in the USA, European Union, and China [75].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [75] Mielenz J. R. Ethanol production from biomass: technology and commercialization status Current Opinion in Microbiology 2001 4 3 324 329 10.1016/s1369-5274(00)00211-3 2-s2.0-0034985361 11378487 source

In the paper

“Small-scale biofuel plants can utilise locally produced food waste and reduce the dependence on fossil fuels and wood resources.”

In the paper

“The main reasons for this are (1) providing a continuous supply of agrowastes to the facility and (2) developing cost-effective transportation between waste sources and facilities.”

In the paper

“The total cost of food waste in SA each year is estimated to be around US$ 5.27 billion and equates to 2.1% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP).”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [57] Timmermans A. J. M. Ambuko J. Belik W. Huang J. Food Losses and Waste in the Context of Sustainable Food Systems 2014 Rome, Italy Research Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security and Nutrition

In the paper

“For example, in 2010, the USA placed a replacement target of 12% on all of its chemical feedstock and by 2030 it is expected that bio-based products will have a market share of around 25% [68].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [68] Sengupta D. Pike R. W. Chemicals from Biomass: Integrating Bioprocesses into Chemical Production Complexes for Sustainable Development 2012 New York, NY, USA CRC Press

In the paper

“This level of grain waste is estimated to cost around US$ 14 billion each year and is the highest in the region as seen in Figure 1.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [51] Alpha Access India Wastes Up to 30% of Annual Food Grain Production Due to Poor Storage Facilities, Claims Study Evanston, Ill, USA Alpha Access Worldwide 2014, http://www.accessalpha.com/

In the paper

“And postharvest and preprocessing cereal waste in sub-Saharan Africa was estimated to be around US$ 4 billion. This extremely large cost equates to 13.5% of the total cereal production produced by countries in this region [50].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [50] World Bank Missing Food: The Case of Postharvest Grain Losses in Sub-Saharan Africa 2011 Washington, DC, USA The World Bank, Natural Resources Institute & FAO

In the paper

“Interestingly, packaging and processing have similar waste levels and production costs. This suggests that both stages are not cost-effective and rather prone to wastage.”

In the paper

“In the meat industry, the majority of the waste is produced during slaughtering and consists of various nonedible parts that are categorised as byproducts [87, 88].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [87] Halloran A. Clement J. Kornum N. Bucatariu C. Magid J. Addressing food waste reduction in Denmark Food Policy 2014 49 1 294 301 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.09.005 2-s2.0-84908011312 source
• Not checked yetcites [88] Russ W. Meyer-Pittroff R. Utilizing waste products from the food production and processing industries Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 2004 44 1 57 62 10.1080/10408690490263783 2-s2.0-2142733626 15077881 source

In the paper

“This type of truck routing is a major cost to food waste collection that has not been fully investigated and could limit large-scale crop waste utilisation.”

In the paper

“In tropical regions such as in Brazil and Columbia, bioethanol is mainly produced from sugarcane [76].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [76] Rosillo-Calle F. Cortez L. A. B. Towards ProAlcool II—a review of the Brazilian bioethanol programme Biomass and Bioenergy 1998 14 2 115 124 10.1016/s0961-9534(97)10020-4 2-s2.0-0031780695 source

In the paper

“The advantage of small-scale biofuel production plant is that it enables local communities to access a renewable energy source.”

In the paper

“In the case of egg production, eggs are vulnerable to bacterial attack if the outer shells are not properly and quickly cleaned to remove faecal particles which contain various microorganisms [101, 102].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [101] Theron H. Venter P. Lues J. F. R. Bacterial growth on chicken eggs in various storage environments Food Research International 2003 36 9-10 969 975 10.1016/s0963-9969(03)00117-0 2-s2.0-10744231479
• Not checked yetcites [102] Palka K. Chemical composition and structure of foods Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Components 2002 Boca Raton, Fla, USA CRC Press 11 24

In the paper

“For instance, in Switzerland, 18% of all egg wastes occur during production, around 9% occurs in the retail sector, and a massive 64% is produced by consumers as seen in Table 7 [8].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [8] Beretta C. Stoessel F. Baier U. Hellweg S. Quantifying food losses and the potential for reduction in Switzerland Waste Management 2013 33 3 764 773 10.1016/j.wasman.2012.11.007 2-s2.0-84875234816 23270687 source

In the paper

“And as a result waste usage declined and out of the 20 million tonnes of wastes being produced each year only 3% was used as fertilizer and 5% as animal feed [99].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [99] Kawashima T. The Use of Food Waste as a Protein Source for Animal Feed—Current Status and Technological Development in Japan 2004 Rome, Italy Protein Source of Animal Feed Industry, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

In the paper

“Their study found that consumers and retailers were responsible for around 35% and 5%, respectively, of the total waste produced”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405

In the paper

“These eggshells contain high levels of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) that could be used as an alkaline compound to immobilise heavy metals.”

In the paper

“In many countries, slaughterhouse wastes have already been used to produce cattle and poultry feed, since these wastes are an excellent source of many different types of proteins [95].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [95] Jayathilakan K. Sultana K. Radhakrishna K. Bawa A. S. Utilization of byproducts and waste materials from meat, poultry and fish processing industries: a review Journal of Food Science and Technology 2012 49 3 278 293 10.1007/s13197-011-0290-7 2-s2.0-84863987013 23729848 PMC3614052

In the paper

“Furthermore, a study carried out in Canada analysing food waste data between 1961 and 2009 found that red meat accounted for 39.73% of the total waste and poultry waste was estimated to be around 40.74% [92].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [92] Abdulla M. Martin R. C. Gooch M. Jovel E. The importance of quantifying food waste in Canada Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 2013 3 2 137 151 10.5304/jafscd.2013.032.018 source

In the paper

“And in the USA around 9% of all egg wastes are produced in the retail sector and consumers produce 14% as seen in Table 7 [13].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Buzby J. C. Hyman J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States Food Policy 2012 37 5 561 570 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 2-s2.0-84864063087 source

In the paper

“Buzby and Hyman in 2012 [13] estimated the total value of meat product waste in the USA at US$ 83,127 million.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Buzby J. C. Hyman J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States Food Policy 2012 37 5 561 570 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 2-s2.0-84864063087 source

In the paper

“It is for this reason that meat products immediately go to waste if not sold within the labelled expiry date and this is the main reason for wastage at the retail stage.”

In the paper

“Similarly, Australian consumers waste around AUS$ 872.5 million (US$ 637.5 million) worth of meat and fish every year [19].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [19] Baker D. Fear J. Denniss R. What a waste: an analysis of household expenditure on food Policy Brief 2009 6 Australia Institute

In the paper

“Furthermore, because of the extremely large numbers of eggs used worldwide, approximately 50,000 tonnes of eggshells is produced each year [102].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [102] Palka K. Chemical composition and structure of foods Chemical and Functional Properties of Food Components 2002 Boca Raton, Fla, USA CRC Press 11 24

In the paper

“while the total value of poultry waste was estimated at US$ 69,100 million, with consumers being responsible for 37% of the total waste [18].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405

In the paper

“In Korea, the annual consumption of eggs was estimated to be around 540,542 tonnes and is expected to increase every year [100].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [100] MIFAFF The Statistics for Consumption of Major Livestock Products 2006 Gwacheon, South Korea Ministry for Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries

In the paper

“Overall, there has been an increasing trend in meat consumption around the world with the USA recording the largest increase [90].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [90] Trostle R. Global agricultural supply and demand: factors contributing to the recent increase in food commodity prices Report 2008 Washington, DC, USA Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture

In the paper

“The study also found that poor sales forecasting, slow sales, and cold storage problems during transportation also contributed to the wastage of many dairy products.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405

In the paper

“Similarly, only around 43% of shellfish and other fish species are suitable for human consumption and the remaining are classified as waste [123].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [123] Archer M. Watson R. Denton J. W. Fish waste production in the United Kingdom: the quantities produced and opportunities for better utilisation Seafish Report 2001 SR537 Grimsby, UK Sea Fish Industry Authority

In the paper

“A study by Gavine et al. found that the southeastern Australian seafood industry produced fish waste estimated to be around 20,000 tonnes per year and cost around US$ 150 per tonne to dispose of in landfill sites [129].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [129] Gavine F. M. Gunasekera R. M. Gooley G. J. De Silva S. S. Value adding to seafood, aquatic and fisheries waste through aquafeed development Project 2001 1999/424 Victoria, Australia Department of Natural Resources and Environment

In the paper

“However, studies in the UK and Spain have identified the main causes of milk waste coming from poor product quality during the summer period, poor forecasting, packaging mistakes, and breakages occurring at the retail stage [18].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [18] Mena C. Adenso-Diaz B. Yurt O. The causes of food waste in the supplier-retailer interface: evidences from the UK and Spain Resources, Conservation and Recycling 2011 55 6 648 658 10.1016/j.resconrec.2010.09.006 2-s2.0-79956197405

In the paper

“and USA retailers were found to waste around 9% of all dairy products as seen in Table 7 [13].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [13] Buzby J. C. Hyman J. Total and per capita value of food loss in the United States Food Policy 2012 37 5 561 570 10.1016/j.foodpol.2012.06.002 2-s2.0-84864063087 source

In the paper

“And, in the case of Denmark, milk and dairy products contribute around 71,000 tonnes of food waste annually [87]”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [87] Halloran A. Clement J. Kornum N. Bucatariu C. Magid J. Addressing food waste reduction in Denmark Food Policy 2014 49 1 294 301 10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.09.005 2-s2.0-84908011312 source

In the paper

“Today, around 50% of the world's whey production is treated and transformed into various food products.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] González Siso M. I. The biotechnological utilization of cheese whey: a review Bioresource Technology 1996 57 1 1 11 10.1016/0960-8524(96)00036-3 2-s2.0-0030199270

In the paper

“However, the amount of milk and dairy wastes being generated throughout the global food supply chain is still largely unknown.”

In the paper

“The study highlighted that the less studied fisheries have not been closely monitored or assessed, so there is no data recording the amount of waste being produced [122].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [122] Costello C. Ovando D. Hilborn R. Gaines S. D. Deschenes O. Lester S. E. Status and solutions for the world's unassessed fisheries Science 2012 338 6106 517 520 10.1126/science.1223389 2-s2.0-84867877448 23019613 source

In the paper

“Recent studies have only discussed wastage in general terms and suggest that waste could be as large as US$ 50 billion each year due to poor management of seafood resources [120, 121].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [120] World Bank Fish to 2030: prospects for fisheries and aquaculture Agriculture and Environmental Services Discussion Paper 2013 3 Washington, DC, USA World Bank Group source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [121] Willman R. Kelleher K. The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for Fisheries Reform 2010 Washington, DC, USA Agricultural and Rural Development, World Bank Group

In the paper

“This cost-effective solution adds value to the whey and reduces wastes [116].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [116] González Siso M. I. The biotechnological utilization of cheese whey: a review Bioresource Technology 1996 57 1 1 11 10.1016/0960-8524(96)00036-3 2-s2.0-0030199270

In the paper

“Many aquatic plants are very rich in protein and are a highly nutritional food that can offer many beneficial advantages as a food supplement as well as having significant medicinal properties [148–150].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [148] Becker E. W. Micro-algae as a source of protein Biotechnology Advances 2007 25 2 207 210 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2006.11.002 2-s2.0-33846502109 17196357 source
• Not checked yetcites [149] Fujiwara-Arasaki T. Mino N. Kuroda M. The protein value in human nutrition of edible marine algae in Japan Hydrobiologia 1984 116-117 1 513 516 10.1007/BF00027735 2-s2.0-0000162026 source
• Not checked yetcites [150] Kay R. A. Barton L. L. Microalgae as food and supplement Critical Reviews in Food Science & Nutrition 1991 30 6 555 573 10.1080/10408399109527556 2-s2.0-0026274721 1741951 source

In the paper

“On the whole, fish waste processing and utilisation have steadily increased over the years, but several issues restrict its full-scale operation.”

In the paper

“Thus, fishmeal usage over a 50-year period (1960 to 2010) reveals its increased use in aquaculture, while its use in both swine and poultry feeds has declined as seen in Figure 5 [136].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [136] Gunasekera R. M. Turoczy N. J. De Silva S. S. Gavine F. Gooley G. J. An evaluation of the suitability of selected waste products in feeds for three fish species Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 2002 11 1 57 78 10.1300/J030v11n01_06 2-s2.0-0036216749 source

In the paper

“The reasons for the high levels of waste by USA consumers are unknown and need further investigation.”

In the paper

“In particular, environmental issues are major factors preventing large-scale development since fish processing plants can be significant polluters.”

In the paper

“To date, there has been very little data reported in the literature and wastes levels produced by aquatic plant food industries remain relatively unknown.”

In the paper

“For example, fish wastes are a rich source of essential fatty acids and fish skin-and-bone parts are suitable mineral supplements in fish diets [146].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [146] Rathbone C. K. Babbitt J. K. Dong F. M. Hardy R. W. Performance of juvenile Coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch fed diets containing meals from fish wastes, deboned fish wastes, or skin‐and‐bone by‐product as the protein Ingredient Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 2001 32 1 21 29

In the paper

“It is interesting to note that the literature in the field often overlooks aquatic plant food wastes.”

In the paper

“One of the contributing factors for this trend was the ban imposed by the European Economic Commission on the use of animal byproducts being used in animal feeds. And similar regulations in the USA have also contributed to the increased usage of fishmeal in aquaculture [137].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [137] Dominy S. F. Aquafeed insight ‘organic fish: a niche too far’ Feed International 2000 35 37

In the paper

“Wider acceptance and adoption of both methods could lead to significant reductions in wastes going to landfill and reduce the damaging impact of fish wastes on the environment.”

In the paper

“This equates to around 0.44 million tonnes of marine capture and about 12 million tonnes being produced by aquaculture in 2010 as seen in Figure 6.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [156] Tacon A. G. J. Metian M. Fish matters: importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply Reviews in Fisheries Science 2013 21 1 22 38 10.1080/10641262.2012.753405 2-s2.0-84874043866

In the paper

“Annually, around 36,000 tonnes of solid waste and approximately 1,838,000 m3 of produced wastewater containing valuable nutrients are discharged [142].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [142] Gumisiriza R. Mshandete A. Manoni T. Nile perch fish processing waste along Lake Victoria in East Africa: auditing and characterization African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 2009 3 1 13 20

In the paper

“Rather than just relying on marine capture, currently over 95.5% of the total global production of aquatic plants is supplied by aquaculture [156].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [156] Tacon A. G. J. Metian M. Fish matters: importance of aquatic foods in human nutrition and global food supply Reviews in Fisheries Science 2013 21 1 22 38 10.1080/10641262.2012.753405 2-s2.0-84874043866

In the paper

“Importantly, fishmeal contains essential amino acids and as a result it is currently the most widely used protein ingredient in aquaculture feeds [135].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [135] Hardy R. W. Barrows F. T. Diet formulation and manufacture Fish Nutrition 2002 3 505 600

In the paper

“Currently, around 59% of all fish wastes go to landfill and only around 39% are reused or incinerated as seen in Figure 4 [131].”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites [131] Scottish Aquaculture Research Forum Strategic Waste Management and Minimisation in Aquaculture 2008 SARF Thistle Environmental Partnership

In the paper

“For example, converting fish wastes into fishmeal has been steadily increasing in recent years with many countries converting their fish wastes using cost-effective reprocessing technologies [118, 133].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [118] FAO The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012 Rome, Italy Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
• Not checked yetcites [133] Shepherd J. Aquaculture: are the criticisms justified? Feeding fish to fish World Agriculture 2012 3 2 11 18

In the paper

“In particular, many algae and microalgae are rich sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids that have the potential to reduce the incidence of cardiovascular diseases [151, 152].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [151] Herrero M. Ibáñez E. Señoráns J. Cifuentes A. Pressurized liquid extracts from Spirulina platensis microalga: determination of their antioxidant activity and preliminary analysis by micellar electrokinetic chromatography Journal of Chromatography A 2004 1047 2 195 203 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.07.001 2-s2.0-4444358653 15460249 source
• Not checked yetcites [152] Cohen Z. Vonshak A. Fatty acid composition of Spirulina and spirulina-like cyanobacteria in relation to their chemotaxonomy Phytochemistry 1991 30 1 205 206 10.1016/0031-9422(91)84125-C 2-s2.0-0000724126 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, these drivers become even more demanding if the food wastes are to be converted into high quality functional compounds [176].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [176] Laufenberg G. Kunz B. Nystroem M. Transformation of vegetable waste into value added products: (A) the upgrading concept; (B) practical implementations Bioresource Technology 2003 87 2 167 198 10.1016/S0960-8524(02)00167-0 2-s2.0-0037374992 12765356 source

In the paper

“Furthermore, businesses will investigate the merits of managing wastes in terms of recovery and value adding as opposed to the cost of disposal [172].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [172] Mason L. Boyle T. Fyfe J. Smith T. Cordell D. National Food Waste Data Assessment: Final Report 2011 Sydney, Australia Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities, by the Institute for Sustainable Futures, University of Technology Sydney

In the paper

“For example, surveys have consistently shown that consumers are very concerned about the environment and whether new products are ecofriendly [178–180], with consumer queries often focusing on whether environmental guidelines were followed during product manufacture.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [178] Bang H.-K. Ellinger A. E. Hadjimarcou J. Traichal P. A. Consumer concern, knowledge, belief, and attitude toward renewable energy: an application of the reasoned action theory Psychology & Marketing 2000 17 6 449 468 10.1002/(sici)1520-6793(200006)17:6<449::aid-mar2>3.0.co;2-8 2-s2.0-0040805937
• Not checked yetcites [179] Fien J. Ai I. T.-C. P. Yencken D. Sykes H. Treagust D. Youth environmental attitudes in Australia and Brunei: implications for education Environmentalist 2002 22 3 205 216 10.1023/a:1016571526997 2-s2.0-0036713661
• Not checked yetcites [180] Mertig A. G. Dunlap R. E. Environmentalism, new social movements, and the new class: a cross-national investigation Rural Sociology 2001 66 1 113 136 2-s2.0-0035109204

In the paper

“The most important factor that needs to be carefully considered when planning to adopt a food waste utilisation strategy that aims to produce value-added products is the consumer.”

In the paper

“However, food wastes produced and their utilisation in aquaculture, livestock, poultry, and dairy industries are rarely reported and need further research.”

In the paper

“However, at the end of the day, it is consumer acceptance of the new product that is the deciding factor [168].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [168] Aurich J. C. Fuchs C. Wagenknecht C. Life cycle oriented design of technical Product-Service Systems Journal of Cleaner Production 2006 14 17 1480 1494 10.1016/j.jclepro.2006.01.019 2-s2.0-33745749351

In the paper

“Much of the currently available food waste data lacks sufficient details and there is even less information discussing waste utilisation in the respective food supply chains.”

In the paper

“A recent study by Kummu et al. found that the preferred option for food waste utilisation was to use wastes generated from agriculture and consumers.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [169] Kummu M. De Moel H. Porkka M. Siebert S. Varis O. Ward P. J. Lost food, wasted resources: global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use Science of the Total Environment 2012 438 477 489 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092 2-s2.0-84868015371 23032564 source

In the paper

“For example, microalga typically doubles its biomass every 24 hours under normal growing conditions, while the oil content of microalgae can range from 15 to 75% (dry weight) and annually can produce oil from 58,700 up to around 136,900 litres per hectare [158, 159].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [158] Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae Biotechnology Advances 2007 25 3 294 306 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.02.001 2-s2.0-33947617349 17350212
• Not checked yetcites [159] Chisti Y. Biodiesel from microalgae beats bioethanol Trends in Biotechnology 2008 26 3 126 131 10.1016/j.tibtech.2007.12.002 2-s2.0-39149105620 18221809

In the paper

“For example, the drivers for fish, meat, and poultry waste utilisation are health safety and hygiene risks associated with processing the wastes, whereas the economic drivers for fruit and vegetable waste management include microbial spoilage, costs of drying, storage, and shipment of byproducts [175].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [175] Schieber A. Stintzing F. C. Carle R. By-products of plant food processing as a source of functional compounds—recent developments Trends in Food Science & Technology 2001 12 11 401 413 10.1016/s0924-2244(02)00012-2 2-s2.0-0035746624

In the paper

“However, the most important factors that will contribute to the success of any food waste utilisation strategy are its acceptance by the community at large.”

In the paper

“Generally, food related businesses often resolve their waste management problems by keeping their profitability levels high. They usually achieve this goal by reducing energy consumption, reducing raw material usage, and improving recycling activities [171].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [171] Hyde K. Smith A. Smith M. Henningsson S. The challenge of waste minimisation in the food and drink industry: a demonstration project in East Anglia Journal of Cleaner Production 2001 9 1 57 64 10.1016/s0959-6526(00)00050-0 source

In the paper

“At present, there is very little information in the literature discussing the industrial scale utilisation of food wastes at the local, national, or international level.”

In the paper

“In addition, the reduction of food wastes by effective waste management also reduces environmental degradation and improves economic sustainability of the food supply chain.”

In the paper

“From a global perspective, their study suggested that 47% of agricultural food wastes and over 86% of consumer wastes could be effectively utilised.”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [169] Kummu M. De Moel H. Porkka M. Siebert S. Varis O. Ward P. J. Lost food, wasted resources: global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use Science of the Total Environment 2012 438 477 489 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.08.092 2-s2.0-84868015371 23032564 source

In the paper

“In summary, any new product produced from a food waste utilisation process that enters the marketplace will need to be both economically and ecologically sustainable.”

In the paper

“There are a number of hurdles preventing the conversion of food waste to value-added products. These hurdles include developing effective cost/benefit food waste utilisation strategies, developing efficient ecofriendly reprocessing technologies, reducing environmental degradation, and public acceptance.”

In the paper

“Without consumer acceptance of food waste reduction approaches, no sustainable ecofriendly food waste utilisation and management strategy can succeed.”

In the paper

“The present work has also identified the need for more detailed studies identifying where, why, and how much food waste is produced between farm and fork.”

In the paper

“Today, there is a general absence of detailed information and understanding of the extent of food wastage at different stages of the food value chain from farm to fork.”

In the paper

“The key to successful food waste utilisation and management is to develop appropriate ecofriendly reprocessing technologies that can convert all the valuable components present in the waste into valuable products and reduce the amount of waste going to landfill.”

In the paper

“The results of both studies clearly indicate the importance of environmental issues to consumers and how this translates into their purchasing behaviour.”

In the paper

“The scale of food waste throughout the food supply chain is complex and can have a significant impact on a number of different fields such as agriculture, food security, economics, waste utilisation and management, environmental conservation, and human health.”

In the paper

“In fact, very few strategies have highlighted the negative environmental impact of dumping food wastes in landfill sites and subsequent greenhouse gas emissions.”

In the paper

“A similar study in Sweden found that customers ranked product taste first, while environmental impact was ranked second [182].”

What the sources say

• Not checked yetcites [182] Grankvist G. Biel A. The importance of beliefs and purchase criteria in the choice of eco-labeled food products Journal of Environmental Psychology 2001 21 4 405 410 10.1006/jevp.2001.0234 2-s2.0-0035672644

In the paper

“Thus, consumer education and acceptance of value-added products derived from food wastes will ultimately determine the success of any food waste utilisation and management strategy.”

In the paper

“Unfortunately, no similar strategies have been aimed at raising the awareness of food waste utilisation.”