Lost food, wasted resources: Global food supply chain losses and their impacts on freshwater, cropland, and fertiliser use
Open accessAbstract
Reducing food losses and waste is considered to be one of the most promising measures to improve food security in the coming decades. Food losses also affect our use of resources, such as freshwater, cropland, and fertilisers. In this paper we estimate the global food supply losses due to lost and wasted food crops, and the resources used to produce them. We also quantify the potential food supply and resource savings that could be made by reducing food losses and waste. We used publically available global databases to conduct the study at the country level. We found that around one quarter of the produced food supply (614 kcal/cap/day) is lost within the food supply chain (FSC). The production of these lost and wasted food crops accounts for 24% of total freshwater resources used in food crop production (27 m(3)/cap/yr), 23% of total global cropland area (31 × 10(-3)ha/cap/yr), and 23% of total global fertiliser use (4.3 kg/cap/yr). The per capita use of resources for food losses is largest in North Africa & West-Central Asia (freshwater and cropland) and North America & Oceania (fertilisers). The smallest per capita use of resources for food losses is found in Sub-Saharan Africa (freshwater and fertilisers) and in Industrialised Asia (cropland). Relative to total food production, the smallest food supply and resource losses occur in South & Southeast Asia. If the lowest loss and waste percentages achieved in any region in each step of the FSC could be reached globally, food supply losses could be halved. By doing this, there would be enough food for approximately one billion extra people. Reducing the food losses and waste would thus be an important step towards increased food security, and would also increase the efficiency of resource use in food production.
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The waste of resources caused by global FLW accounts for 24% of total freshwater use and 23% of global fertilizer use.
“The waste of resources caused by global FLW has been estimated to account for 24% of the total usage of freshwater resources and 23% of the global fertilizer use [27].”
From Understanding Food Loss and Waste—Why Are We Losing and Wasting Food? (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
Kummu et al. suggested that 47% of agricultural food wastes and over 86% of consumer wastes could be effectively utilised.
“From a global perspective, their study suggested that 47% of agricultural food wastes and over 86% of consumer wastes could be effectively utilised.”
From Progress towards Sustainable Utilisation and Management of Food Wastes in the Global Economy (2016) · cites this paper as [169]
Kummu et al. found that the biggest improvements in food waste management would occur where the demand for additional food was the least.
“The study also found that the biggest improvements in food waste management would occur where the demand for additional food was the least [169].”
From Progress towards Sustainable Utilisation and Management of Food Wastes in the Global Economy (2016) · cites this paper as [169]
Kummu et al. found that the preferred option for food waste utilisation was to use wastes generated from agriculture and consumers.
“A recent study by Kummu et al. found that the preferred option for food waste utilisation was to use wastes generated from agriculture and consumers.”
From Progress towards Sustainable Utilisation and Management of Food Wastes in the Global Economy (2016) · cites this paper as [169]
Globally, enough food is wasted every year to feed nearly 2 billion people a 2,100 kcal/day diet.
“Globally, enough food is wasted every year to feed nearly 2 billion people a 2,100 kcal/day diet,[14] which amplifies the negative environmental externalities associated with agriculture and increases resource scarcity.”
From Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
Analyses linking diet quality and environmental sustainability have typically focused on a limited suite of sustainability indicators and have not typically included food waste.
“Analyses linking diet quality and environmental sustainability have typically focused on a limited suite of sustainability indicators, and have not typically included food waste, despite a growing focus on understanding where and how food is wasted in the food system.[14–16]”
From Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
The divergence between the present study's estimates and Kummu et al.'s can likely be explained by differences in scope: Kummu et al. did not focus exclusively on the US and did not restrict to consumer-level waste.
“This divergence can likely be explained, in large part, by differences in scope: Kummu et al. did not focus exclusively on the US (data on North America and New Zealand were aggregated) and did not restrict their findings to consumer level waste (all post-harvest losses were aggregated).”
From Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
The present study's estimates of cropland (30 million acres) and fertilizer (5.6 billion pounds) used to produce wasted food were lower than Kummu et al.'s estimates (44 million acres and 7.3 billion pounds).
“Our estimates of cropland (30 million acres) and fertilizer (5.6 billion pounds) used to produce wasted food were lower than Kummu et al. (44 million acres of cropland and 7.3 billion pounds of fertilizer),[14]”
From Relationship between food waste, diet quality, and environmental sustainability (2018) · cites this paper as [14]
The production of lost and wasted food globally accounts for 24 percent of total freshwater resources used in food production, 23 percent of global cropland, and 23 percent of global fertilizer use.
“The production of this lost and wasted food globally has been estimated to account for 24 percent of total freshwater resources used in food production, 23 percent of global cropland, and 23 percent of global fertilizer use (Kummu et al. 2012).”
From Drivers of food waste and their implications for sustainable policy development (2016) · cites this paper as Kummu et al. 2012
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- Authors
- Kummu, M., de Moel, H., Porkka, M., Siebert, S., Varis, O., & Ward, P. J.
- Affiliations
- Aalto University (FI)
- University of Bonn (DE)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Kummu, M.
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 438
- Pages
- 477-489
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2072377819
- Cited by
- 1,300
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 78 · 2025: 109 · 2024: 115 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 131 · 2021: 140 · 2020: 136 · 2019: 128 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 80 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 45 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 22
- FWCI
- 47.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Aaltodoc (Aalto University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Aalto-Yliopisto
- Agentschap voor Innovatie door Wetenschap en Technologie
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Waste Reduction and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Agriculture Sustainability and Environmental Impact
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Agricultural and Food Production Studies
- Keywords
- food loss, food waste, food supply chain, freshwater use, cropland use, fertilizer use, resource efficiency, food security, global food production, regional disparities
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Conservation of Natural Resources, Fertilizers, Food Supply, Waste Products, Water Supply, Internationality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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