The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 36 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study
Open accessAbstract
Background—: The global burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown. Methods and Results—: We systematically reviewed population-based studies of AF published from 1980 to 2010 from the 21 Global Burden of Disease regions to estimate global/regional prevalence, incidence, and morbidity and mortality related to AF (DisModMR software). Of 377 potential studies identified, 184 met prespecified eligibility criteria. The estimated number of individuals with AF globally in 2010 was 33.5 million (20.9 million men [95% uncertainty interval (UI), 19.5–22.2 million] and 12.6 million women [95% UI, 12.0–13.7 million]). Burden associated with AF, measured as disability-adjusted life-years, increased by 18.8% (95% UI, 15.8–19.3) in men and 18.9% (95% UI, 15.8–23.5) in women from 1990 to 2010. In 1990, the estimated age-adjusted prevalence rates of AF (per 100 000 population) were 569.5 in men (95% UI, 532.8–612.7) and 359.9 in women (95% UI, 334.7–392.6); the estimated age-adjusted incidence rates were 60.7 per 100 000 person-years in men (95% UI, 49.2–78.5) and 43.8 in women (95% UI, 35.9–55.0). In 2010, the prevalence rates increased to 596.2 (95% UI, 558.4–636.7) in men and 373.1 (95% UI, 347.9–402.2) in women; the incidence rates increased to 77.5 (95% UI, 65.2–95.4) in men and 59.5 (95% UI, 49.9–74.9) in women. Mortality associated with AF was higher in women and increased by 2-fold (95% UI, 2.0–2.2) and 1.9-fold (95% UI, 1.8–2.0) in men and women, respectively, from 1990 to 2010. There was evidence of significant regional heterogeneity in AF estimations and availability of population-based data. Conclusions—: These findings provide evidence of progressive increases in overall burden, incidence, prevalence, and AF-associated mortality between 1990 and 2010, with significant public health implications. Systematic, regional surveillance of AF is required to better direct prevention and treatment strategies.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This Global Burden of Disease 2010 systematic review estimated that 33.5 million people worldwide had atrial fibrillation (AF) in 2010, with rising prevalence, incidence, DALYs, and AF-associated mortality from 1990 to 2010. The authors conclude that AF is a growing global epidemic requiring systematic surveillance and region-specific prevention and treatment strategies.
Key findings
- In 2010, an estimated 33.5 million individuals had AF globally: 20.9 million males (95% UI 19.5–22.2 million) and 12.6 million females (95% UI 12.0–13.7 million).
- Age-adjusted AF prevalence per 100,000 increased from 569.5 in males and 359.9 in females in 1990 to 596.2 and 373.1 in 2010; incidence per 100,000 person-years increased from 60.7 and 43.8 to 77.5 and 59.5, respectively.
- AF-associated DALYs increased by 18.8% in males (UI 15.8–19.3) and 18.9% in females (UI 15.8–23.5) from 1990 to 2010; mortality increased 2-fold in males (UI 2.0–2.2) and 1.9-fold in females (UI 1.8–2.0), and mortality associated with AF was higher in females overall.
- Regional variation was substantial: in 2010, the lowest prevalence was in Asia Pacific (340.2 males, 196.0 females per 100,000) and the highest in North America (925.7 males, 520.8 females); incidence was also lowest in Asia Pacific (33.8 males, 19.8 females) and highest in North America (264.5 males, 196.3 females).
Methods
- Systematic review of population-based AF epidemiological studies published 1980–2010 from the 21 Global Burden of Disease regions, using MEDLINE, EMBASE, and LILACS with no language restrictions; 377 potential studies were identified and 184 met pre-specified eligibility criteria.
- Prevalence, incidence, mortality, and DALYs were estimated with DisMod-MR, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, and mortality modeling used CODEm/CoDCorrect; rates were age-adjusted and presented per 100,000 persons or person-years with 95% uncertainty intervals.
- Denominators came from the United Nations population database; AF sequelae were assigned a disability weight of 0.031 for DALY calculations.
Limitations
- The paper states that AF is heterogeneous and can be asymptomatic, so findings may underestimate burden; differences in surveillance, health care access, routine electrocardiograms, and device assessment may contribute to secular trends.
- The authors state that observational data cannot accurately estimate the relative importance of contributing factors, publication bias cannot be ruled out, unpublished manuscripts or data were not actively sought, and cause-of-death assignment may be misclassified.
- The paper also states that low data availability in several regions, geographical disparity in data density, non-representative population bias, and estimates based on imputations mean regional findings should be interpreted with caution, and future trend inferences should be made cautiously.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the estimated age-adjusted incidence rates were 60·7/100,000 person-years in males (UI, 49·2–78·5) and 43·8 in females (UI, 35·9–55·0).”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Methods and Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mortality associated with AF was higher in females, and increased by 2-fold (UI, 2·0–2·2) and 1·9-fold (UI, 1·8–2·0) in males and females, respectively, from 1990 to 2010.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Methods and Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Burden associated with AF, measured as disability adjusted life-years (DALYs), increased by 18·8% (UI, 15·8–19·3) in males and 18·9% (UI, 15·8–23·5) in females, from 1990 to 2010.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Methods and Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The prevalence rates showed a modest increase between 1990 and 2010 (Figure 3) across both sexes.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Results > Prevalence of AF
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mortality associated with AF was higher in females, and increased by 2-fold (UI, 2·0–2·2) and 1·9-fold (UI, 1·8–2·0) in males and females, respectively, from 1990 to 2010.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Methods and Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Developed countries had higher prevalence rates compared to developing countries, however this difference was more pronounced in males than in females.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Results > Prevalence of AF
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated number of individuals with AF globally in 2010 was 33·5 million [(20·9 million males (UI, 19·5–22·2 million) and 12·6 million females (UI, 12·0–13·7 million)].”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Methods and Results
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 1990, the estimated age-adjusted prevalence rates of AF (per 100,000 population) were 569·5 in males [95% uncertainty interval (UI), 532·8–612·7] and 359·9 in females (UI, 334·7–392·6);”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Methods and Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated number of individuals with AF globally in 2010 was 33·5 million [(20·9 million males (UI, 19·5–22·2 million) and 12·6 million females (UI, 12·0–13·7 million)].”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Methods and Results
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Burden associated with AF, measured as disability adjusted life-years (DALYs), increased by 18·8% (UI, 15·8–19·3) in males and 18·9% (UI, 15·8–23·5) in females, from 1990 to 2010.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Methods and Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 30
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In 2010, the estimated numbers of total deaths (males and females) represented less than 1% of the global mortality in the vast majority of the 21 GBD regions (Figure 7).”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Results > Mortality and Disease Burden associated with AF
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This number increased to 64·5 (UI, 46·8–84·2) and 45·9 (UI, 35·7–58·5) in 2010, representing increases of 18·8% (UI, 15·8–19·3) and 18·9% (UI, 15·8–23·5) for males and females respectively”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Results > Mortality and Disease Burden associated with AF
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated age-adjusted DALYs (per 100,000 population) due to AF were 54·3 (UI, 39·2–72·7) and 38·6 (UI, 28·9–50·5) in 1990 for males and females respectively.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Results > Mortality and Disease Burden associated with AF
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mortality increased steadily through 1995, 2000 and 2005 (Figure 5), especially in the developed world.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Results > Mortality and Disease Burden associated with AF
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mortality associated with AF was higher in females overall; this was mainly driven by comparatively higher mortality in females (compared to males) in developing countries (Figure 6).”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Results > Mortality and Disease Burden associated with AF
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The estimated age-adjusted DALYs (per 100,000 population) due to AF were 54·3 (UI, 39·2–72·7) and 38·6 (UI, 28·9–50·5) in 1990 for males and females respectively.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Results > Mortality and Disease Burden associated with AF
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of interest, the change in AF prevalence from 2005 to 2010 was seen to be minimal, especially among males in the developed countries as opposed to developing countries.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This number increased to 64·5 (UI, 46·8–84·2) and 45·9 (UI, 35·7–58·5) in 2010, representing increases of 18·8% (UI, 15·8–19·3) and 18·9% (UI, 15·8–23·5) for males and females respectively”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Results > Mortality and Disease Burden associated with AF
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There have been progressive increases in the worldwide prevalence and incidence of AF”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Conclusion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were significant variations in the AF burden by GBD region, with developed countries having a greater burden overall.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although the absolute DALYs related to AF (about 52 per 100,000 overall) is much lower compared to conditions such as chronic obstructive lung disease (1114 per 100,000), diabetes mellitus (680 per 100,000) and chronic kidney disease (307 per 100,000)20”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Murray CJ Vos T Lozano R Naghavi M Flaxman AD Michaud C Ezzati M Shibuya K Salomon JA Abdalla S Aboyans V Abraham J Ackerman I Aggarwal R Ahn SY Ali MK Alvarado M Anderson HR Anderson LM Andrews KG Atkinson C Baddour LM Bahalim AN Barker-Collo S Barrero LH Bartels DH Basanez MG Baxter A Bell ML Benjamin EJ Bennett D Bernabe E Bhalla K Bhandari B Bikbov B Bin Abdulhak A Birbeck G Black JA Blencowe H Blore JD Blyth F Bolliger I Bonaventure A Boufous S Bourne R Boussinesq M Braithwaite T Brayne C Bridgett L Brooker S Brooks P Brugha TS Bryan-Hancock C Bucello C Buchbinder R Buckle G Budke CM Burc source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings provide evidence of progressive increases in overall burden, incidence, prevalence and AF-associated mortality between 1990–2010.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common arrhythmia of clinical significance.1”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1] Fuster V Ryden LE Cannom DS Crijns HJ Curtis AB Ellenbogen KA Halperin JL Le Heuzey JY Kay GN Lowe JE Olsson SB Prystowsky EN Tamargo JL Wann S Smith SC Jr Jacobs AK Adams CD Anderson JL Antman EM Hunt SA Nishimura R Ornato JP Page RL Riegel B Priori SG Blanc JJ Budaj A Camm AJ Dean V Deckers JW Despres C Dickstein K Lekakis J McGregor K Metra M Morais J Osterspey A Zamorano JL Acc/aha/esc 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: A report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on practice guidelines and the european society o source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In view of the emergence of AF as a ‘growing epidemic’,15, 17 an assessment of the global burden of AF is warranted.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [15] Chugh SS Blackshear JL Shen WK Hammill SC Gersh BJ Epidemiology and natural history of atrial fibrillation: Clinical implications J Am Coll Cardiol 2001 37 371 378 11216949 source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Lip GY Kakar P Watson T Atrial fibrillation--the growing epidemic Heart 2007 93 542 543 17435064 PMC1955544 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of 377 potential studies identified, 184 met pre-specified eligibility criteria.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Methods and Results
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In adjusted models, AF is associated with increased morbidity, especially stroke and heart failure, as well as increased mortality.2–5”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Kannel WB Wolf PA Benjamin EJ Levy D Prevalence, incidence, prognosis, and predisposing conditions for atrial fibrillation: Population-based estimates Am J Cardiol 1998 82 2N 9N 9809895 source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Benjamin EJ Wolf PA D’Agostino RB Silbershatz H Kannel WB Levy D Impact of atrial fibrillation on the risk of death: The framingham heart study Circulation 1998 98 946 952 9737513 source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Thrall G Lane D Carroll D Lip GY Quality of life in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review Am J Med 2006 119 448 e441 419 16651058 source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Wang TJ Larson MG Levy D Vasan RS Leip EP Wolf PA D’Agostino RB Murabito JM Kannel WB Benjamin EJ Temporal relations of atrial fibrillation and congestive heart failure and their joint influence on mortality: The framingham heart study Circulation 2003 107 2920 2925 12771006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AF is known to co-exist and interact with other conditions contributing to a worse prognosis than for individuals without AF.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Mamas MA Caldwell JC Chacko S Garratt CJ Fath-Ordoubadi F Neyses L A meta-analysis of the prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in chronic heart failure Eur J Heart Fail 2009 11 676 683 19553398 source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Jabre P Roger VL Murad MH Chamberlain AM Prokop L Adnet F Jouven X Mortality associated with atrial fibrillation in patients with myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis Circulation 2011 123 1587 1593 21464054 PMC3082773 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Analysis of global risk factors in the GBD 2010 study showed that high blood pressure is the number one risk factor globally (increasing from 4th position in 1990), accounting for 7% of all global DALYs.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Lim SS Vos T Flaxman AD Danaei G Shibuya K Adair-Rohani H Amann M Anderson HR Andrews KG Aryee M Atkinson C Bacchus LJ Bahalim AN Balakrishnan K Balmes J Barker-Collo S Baxter A Bell ML Blore JD Blyth F Bonner C Borges G Bourne R Boussinesq M Brauer M Brooks P Bruce NG Brunekreef B Bryan-Hancock C Bucello C Buchbinder R Bull F Burnett RT Byers TE Calabria B Carapetis J Carnahan E Chafe Z Charlson F Chen H Chen JS Cheng AT Child JC Cohen A Colson KE Cowie BC Darby S Darling S Davis A Degenhardt L Dentener F Des Jarlais DC Devries K Dherani M Ding EL Dorsey ER Driscoll T Edmond K Ali SE Engell R source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Temporal trends in AF prevalence may in addition, result from lead time bias (such that AF cases may be diagnosed earlier in their course), increased survival from coexistent cardiovascular conditions such as ischemic heart disease and heart failure due to improved management of such cardiovascular comorbidities resulting in a larger high-risk group. In addition, increased awareness of AF symptoms”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The exact reasons for these trends are unknown but may be partly explained by aging trends in the global population.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Deaths attributable to hypertension increased by 28.8% from 1990 to 2010, while deaths attributable to obesity increased by 71.7%18.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Lim SS Vos T Flaxman AD Danaei G Shibuya K Adair-Rohani H Amann M Anderson HR Andrews KG Aryee M Atkinson C Bacchus LJ Bahalim AN Balakrishnan K Balmes J Barker-Collo S Baxter A Bell ML Blore JD Blyth F Bonner C Borges G Bourne R Boussinesq M Brauer M Brooks P Bruce NG Brunekreef B Bryan-Hancock C Bucello C Buchbinder R Bull F Burnett RT Byers TE Calabria B Carapetis J Carnahan E Chafe Z Charlson F Chen H Chen JS Cheng AT Child JC Cohen A Colson KE Cowie BC Darby S Darling S Davis A Degenhardt L Dentener F Des Jarlais DC Devries K Dherani M Ding EL Dorsey ER Driscoll T Edmond K Ali SE Engell R source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our systematic review of the current worldwide epidemiological data on AF confirms the emergence of this condition as a global epidemic, with significant and progressive effects on estimated disability and mortality.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AF is known to have a significant impact on health care costs, with the major cost-drivers being hospitalizations, stroke, and loss of productivity.6, 27, 28”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [6] Stewart S Murphy NF Walker A McGuire A McMurray JJ Cost of an emerging epidemic: An economic analysis of atrial fibrillation in the uk Heart 2004 90 286 292 14966048 PMC1768125 source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Blomstrom Lundqvist C Lip GY Kirchhof P What are the costs of atrial fibrillation? Europace 13 Suppl 2 ii9 12 21518753 source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Bruggenjurgen B Rossnagel K Roll S Andersson FL Selim D Muller-Nordhorn J Nolte CH Jungehulsing GJ Villringer A Willich SN The impact of atrial fibrillation on the cost of stroke: The berlin acute stroke study Value Health 2007 10 137 143 17391422 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the 1990 GBD study, no specific data for AF was reported, but cardiovascular diseases as a group accounted for 9·7% of the global DALYs with ischemic heart disease being the fifth ranking disorder in total number of DALYS (~47x106) behind lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, perinatal disorders, and unipolar major depression.34”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Murray CJ Lopez AD Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global burden of disease study Lancet 1997 349 1436 1442 9164317 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rise of cardiovascular disease burden in developing countries possibly indicates an ongoing transition towards non-communicable diseases, earlier associated more with developed nations.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As with any cause of death analysis, assignment of cause of death may be prone to some misclassification.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AF is a heterogeneous condition, and in a subset of individuals can be asymptomatic.35, 36”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Limitations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Furberg CD Psaty BM Manolio TA Gardin JM Smith VE Rautaharju PM Prevalence of atrial fibrillation in elderly subjects (the cardiovascular health study) Am J Cardiol 1994 74 236 241 8037127 source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Blackshear JL Kopecky SL Litin SC Safford RE Hammill SC Management of atrial fibrillation in adults: Prevention of thromboembolism and symptomatic treatment Mayo Clin Proc 1996 71 150 160 8577189 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regional differences in AF burden do exist, but our observations may not always be a reliable estimate, due to geographical”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to the low availability of data from several regions, our findings should be interpreted with caution.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, new-onset AF in heart failure patients might be associated with a particularly poor prognosis.31, 32”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Swedberg K Olsson LG Charlesworth A Cleland J Hanrath P Komajda M Metra M Torp-Pedersen C Poole-Wilson P Prognostic relevance of atrial fibrillation in patients with chronic heart failure on long-term treatment with beta-blockers: Results from comet Eur Heart J 2005 26 1303 1308 15767288 source
- Not checked yetcites [32] Ahmed A Perry GJ Incident atrial fibrillation and mortality in older adults with heart failure Eur J Heart Fail 2005 7 1118 1121 16326363 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“findings that have implications for public health policy and health care costs”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Conclusion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also acknowledge the inability of observational data to accurately estimate the relative importance of various factors contributing to such trends.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Limitations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“With the exception of Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania, cardiovascular disease ranked among the top three causes of DALYs in most regions.20”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Murray CJ Vos T Lozano R Naghavi M Flaxman AD Michaud C Ezzati M Shibuya K Salomon JA Abdalla S Aboyans V Abraham J Ackerman I Aggarwal R Ahn SY Ali MK Alvarado M Anderson HR Anderson LM Andrews KG Atkinson C Baddour LM Bahalim AN Barker-Collo S Barrero LH Bartels DH Basanez MG Baxter A Bell ML Benjamin EJ Bennett D Bernabe E Bhalla K Bhandari B Bikbov B Bin Abdulhak A Birbeck G Black JA Blencowe H Blore JD Blyth F Bolliger I Bonaventure A Boufous S Bourne R Boussinesq M Braithwaite T Brayne C Bridgett L Brooker S Brooks P Brugha TS Bryan-Hancock C Bucello C Buchbinder R Buckle G Budke CM Burc source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the 1990 GBD study, no specific data for AF was reported, but cardiovascular diseases as a group accounted for 9·7% of the global DALYs with ischemic heart disease being the fifth ranking disorder in total number of DALYS (~47x106) behind lower respiratory infections, diarrheal diseases, perinatal disorders, and unipolar major depression.34”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Murray CJ Lopez AD Global mortality, disability, and the contribution of risk factors: Global burden of disease study Lancet 1997 349 1436 1442 9164317 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2010, ischemic heart disease moved up to the number one position; with cardiovascular disease accounting for 11·8% of global DALYs.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Murray CJ Vos T Lozano R Naghavi M Flaxman AD Michaud C Ezzati M Shibuya K Salomon JA Abdalla S Aboyans V Abraham J Ackerman I Aggarwal R Ahn SY Ali MK Alvarado M Anderson HR Anderson LM Andrews KG Atkinson C Baddour LM Bahalim AN Barker-Collo S Barrero LH Bartels DH Basanez MG Baxter A Bell ML Benjamin EJ Bennett D Bernabe E Bhalla K Bhandari B Bikbov B Bin Abdulhak A Birbeck G Black JA Blencowe H Blore JD Blyth F Bolliger I Bonaventure A Boufous S Bourne R Boussinesq M Braithwaite T Brayne C Bridgett L Brooker S Brooks P Brugha TS Bryan-Hancock C Bucello C Buchbinder R Buckle G Budke CM Burc source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, recent meta-analyses have shown that patients with heart failure and myocardial infarction have worse outcomes if they also have AF.29, 30”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] Mamas MA Caldwell JC Chacko S Garratt CJ Fath-Ordoubadi F Neyses L A meta-analysis of the prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in chronic heart failure Eur J Heart Fail 2009 11 676 683 19553398 source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Jabre P Roger VL Murad MH Chamberlain AM Prokop L Adnet F Jouven X Mortality associated with atrial fibrillation in patients with myocardial infarction: A systematic review and meta-analysis Circulation 2011 123 1587 1593 21464054 PMC3082773 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we note that differences in extent of patient surveillance, including access to health care, use of routine electrocardiograms and assessment of electrical devices such as pacemakers may be contributing to secular trends.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In 2010, ischemic heart disease moved up to the number one position; with cardiovascular disease accounting for 11·8% of global DALYs.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Murray CJ Vos T Lozano R Naghavi M Flaxman AD Michaud C Ezzati M Shibuya K Salomon JA Abdalla S Aboyans V Abraham J Ackerman I Aggarwal R Ahn SY Ali MK Alvarado M Anderson HR Anderson LM Andrews KG Atkinson C Baddour LM Bahalim AN Barker-Collo S Barrero LH Bartels DH Basanez MG Baxter A Bell ML Benjamin EJ Bennett D Bernabe E Bhalla K Bhandari B Bikbov B Bin Abdulhak A Birbeck G Black JA Blencowe H Blore JD Blyth F Bolliger I Bonaventure A Boufous S Bourne R Boussinesq M Braithwaite T Brayne C Bridgett L Brooker S Brooks P Brugha TS Bryan-Hancock C Bucello C Buchbinder R Buckle G Budke CM Burc source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as discussed earlier, AF can interact with other diseases in multiple ways, potentially contributing to worse outcomes.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, recent reports indicate that higher degree of European ancestry is associated with an increased predisposition to AF.33”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Marcus GM Alonso A Peralta CA Lettre G Vittinghoff E Lubitz SA Fox ER Levitzky YS Mehra R Kerr KF Deo R Sotoodehnia N Akylbekova M Ellinor PT Paltoo DN Soliman EZ Benjamin EJ Heckbert SR Candidate-Gene Association Resource S European ancestry as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation in african americans Circulation 2010 122 2009 2015 21098467 PMC3058884 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, part of the global variation in AF epidemiology may also be attributable to better surveillance in developed countries.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our observations may not always be a reliable estimate, due to geographical disparity of data density and non-representative population bias, as well as estimates based on imputations”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, we cannot rule out the possible impact of publication-bias and did not actively seek out unpublished manuscripts or data.”
§ Worldwide Epidemiology of Atrial Fibrillation: A Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study > Limitations
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The global burden of atrial fibrillation is unknown.
“The global burden of atrial fibrillation (AF) is unknown.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In both developed and developing countries, the age-adjusted incidence and prevalence of AF are lower in women, while the risk of death in women with AF is similar to or higher than that in men with AF. 1,46,47”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“In both developed and developing countries, the age-adjusted incidence and prevalence of AF are lower in women, while the risk of death in women with AF is similar to or higher than that in men with AF. 1,46,47”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The estimated prevalence is lower in women (373 per 100,000) than in men (596 per 100,000).1”
From Atrial fibrillation in women: epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, and prognosis (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“In North American and European populations, the age-adjusted incidence of AF has been estimated to be 1.5 to 2 times higher in men than in women (Supplementary Tables S1 and S2).”
From Atrial fibrillation in women: epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, and prognosis (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“The lower AF incidence among women seems to be consistently observed outside North America and Europe, although fewer studies are available.1,16”
From Atrial fibrillation in women: epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, and prognosis (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
In the citing paper
“Another limitation of the AF epidemiological literature is the paucity of data from outside North America and Europe.1,169”
From Atrial fibrillation in women: epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, and prognosis (2016) · cites this paper as [1]
Citations
Cites
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“infections, diarrheal diseases, perinatal disorders, and unipolar major depression.(35) In 2010, ischemic heart disease”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Chugh, S. S., Havmoeller, R., Narayanan, K., Singh, D., Rienstra, M., Benjamin, E. J., Gillum, R. F., Kim, Y.-H., McAnulty, J. H., Zheng, Z.-J., Forouzanfar, M. H., Naghavi, M., Mensah, G. A., Ezzati, M., & Murray, C. J. L.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Circulation
- Published
- 2014-02-25
- Volume
- 129
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 837-847
- ISSN
- 0009-7322 (ISSN-L)
- 1524-4539
- PMC
- PMC4151302
- OpenAlex
- W2147018083
- Semantic Scholar
- 8cb0d9ca0de5a91f1f5f4806c85ab40ade8b98b0
- Cited by
- 4,506
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 255 · 2025: 289 · 2024: 370 · 2023: 372 · 2022: 456 · 2021: 546 · 2020: 559 · 2019: 430 · 2018: 418 · 2017: 330 · 2016: 251 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 68
- FWCI
- 108.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Circulation (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
- Vetenskapsrådet
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG028321)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL102214, RC1HL101056, R01HL092577)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Risk Factors
- Keywords
- atrial fibrillation, global burden of disease, prevalence, incidence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years, sex differences, regional variation, cardiovascular disease, population-based study, Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, 1990-2010 trends, women's health, cardiovascular risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Atrial Fibrillation, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Global Health, Incidence, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Quality-Adjusted Life Years
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