Prior Expectations Evoke Stimulus Templates in the Primary Visual Cortex
Open accessAbstract
Sensory processing is strongly influenced by prior expectations. Valid expectations have been shown to lead to improvements in perception as well as in the quality of sensory representations in primary visual cortex. However, very little is known about the neural correlates of the expectations themselves. Previous studies have demonstrated increased activity in sensory cortex following the omission of an expected stimulus, yet it is unclear whether this increased activity constitutes a general surprise signal or rather has representational content. One intriguing possibility is that top–down expectation leads to the formation of a template of the expected stimulus in visual cortex, which can then be compared with subsequent bottom–up input. To test this hypothesis, we used fMRI to noninvasively measure neural activity patterns in early visual cortex of human participants during expected but omitted visual stimuli. Our results show that prior expectation of a specific visual stimulus evokes a feature-specific pattern of activity in the primary visual cortex (V1) similar to that evoked by the corresponding actual stimulus. These results are in line with the notion that prior expectation triggers the formation of specific stimulus templates to efficiently process expected sensory inputs.
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Omission responses in primary visual cortex are retinotopically specific and exhibit comparable feature specificity with responses evoked when the stimulus is presented.
“For example, omission responses in primary visual cortex have been shown to be retinotopically specific and exhibit comparable feature specificity with the responses that are evoked when the stimulus is presented. 49”
From Evaluating the neurophysiological evidence for predictive processing as a model of perception (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
PP makes opposite predictions depending on whether activity represents the transmission of sensory predictions (enhanced activity) or the integration of these predictions with bottom-up activity in prediction error units (reduced activity).
“PP makes opposite predictions depending on whether activity represents the transmission of sensory predictions 49 , 82 , 97 , 114 , 115 (enhanced activity) or the integration of these predictions with bottom‐up activity in prediction error units (reduced activity).”
From Evaluating the neurophysiological evidence for predictive processing as a model of perception (2020) · cites this paper as [49]
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- Authors
- Kok, P., Failing, M. F., & de Lange, F. P.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- 1Radboud University Nijmegen
- Venue
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- MIT Press
- Published
- 2014-07-01
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1546-1554
- ISSN
- 0898-929X (ISSN-L)
- 1530-8898
- OpenAlex
- W2149233038
- Cited by
- 293
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 68 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 10.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Visual Attention and Saliency Detection
- Keywords
- prior expectations, top-down expectations, primary visual cortex, surprise, sensory prediction, early visual processing
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Brain Mapping, Cues, Discrimination, Psychological, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motivation, Orientation, Oxygen, Photic Stimulation, Psychophysics, Reaction Time, Visual Cortex, Visual Perception, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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