Fatty streak formation occurs in human fetal aortas and is greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia. Intimal accumulation of low density lipoprotein and its oxidation precede monocyte recruitment into early atherosclerotic lesions.

Napoli, C; D'Armiento, F P; Mancini, F P; Postiglione, A; Witztum, J L; Palumbo, G; Palinski, W

doi:10.1172/jci119813

Cited by 1,014Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular DiseasesCholesterol and Lipid MetabolismLipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health

Fatty streak formation occurs in human fetal aortas and is greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia. Intimal accumulation of low density lipoprotein and its oxidation precede monocyte recruitment into early atherosclerotic lesions.

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Napoli, C, D'Armiento, F P, Mancini, F P, Postiglione, A, Witztum, J L, Palumbo, G, Palinski, W·1997·Journal of Clinical Investigation

DOI 10.1172/jci119813PMC PMC508471

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Abstract

To determine whether oxidized LDL enhances atherogenesis by promoting monocyte recruitment into the vascular intima, we investigated whether LDL accumulation and oxidation precede intimal accumulation of monocytes in human fetal aortas (from spontaneous abortions and premature newborns who died within 12 h; fetal age 6.2+/-1.3 mo). For this purpose, a systematic assessment of fatty streak formation was carried out in fetal aortas from normocholesterolemic mothers (n = 22), hypercholesterolemic mothers (n = 33), and mothers who were hypercholesterolemic only during pregnancy (n = 27). Fetal plasma cholesterol levels showed a strong inverse correlation with fetal age (R = -0.88, P < 0.0001). In fetuses younger than 6 mo, fetal plasma cholesterol levels correlated with maternal ones (R = 0.86, P = 0.001), whereas in older fetuses no such correlation existed. Fetal aortas from hypercholesterolemic mothers and mothers with temporary hypercholesterolemia contained significantly more and larger lesions (758,651+/-87,449 and 451,255+/-37,448 micron2 per section, respectively; mean+/-SD) than aortas from normocholesterolemic mothers (61,862+/-9,555 micron2; P < 0.00005). Serial sections of the arch, thoracic, and abdominal aortas were immunostained for recognized markers of atherosclerosis: macrophages, apo B, and two different oxidation-specific epitopes (malondialdehyde- and 4-hydroxynonenal-lysine). Of the atherogenic sites that showed positive immunostaining for at least one of these markers, 58.6% were established lesions containing both macrophage/foam cells and oxidized LDL (OxLDL). 17.3% of all sites contained only native LDL, and 13.3% contained only OxLDL without monocyte/ macrophages. In contrast, only 4.3% of sites contained isolated monocytes in the absence of native or oxidized LDL. In addition, 6.3% of sites contained LDL and macrophages but few oxidation-specific epitopes. These results demonstrate that LDL oxidation and formation of fatty streaks occurs already during fetal development, and that both phenomena are greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia. The fact that in very early lesions LDL and OxLDL are frequently found in the absence of monocyte/macrophages, whereas the opposite is rare, suggests that intimal LDL accumulation and oxidation contributes to monocyte recruitment in vivo.

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Oxidative modification of lipoproteins has been observed in human fetal arterial samples before signs of inflammation such as macrophage infiltration appear.
“oxidative modification of lipoproteins has been observed in arterial samples from human fetuses even before signs of inflammation, such as macrophage infiltration, are present17.”
From Inflammation and its resolution in atherosclerosis: mediators and therapeutic opportunities (2019) · cites this paper as [17]

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Authors: Napoli, C., D'Armiento, F. P., Mancini, F. P., Postiglione, A., Witztum, J. L., Palumbo, G., & Palinski, W.
Affiliations: University of Naples Federico II (IT)
University of California San Diego (US)
ORCID: Mancini, F P
Postiglione, A
Witztum, J L
Palumbo, G
Palinski, W
Venue: Journal of Clinical Investigation
Publisher: American Society for Clinical Investigation
Published: 1997-12-01
Volume: 100
Issue: 11
Pages: 2680-2690
ISSN: 0021-9738 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1172/jci119813
PMC: PMC508471
OpenAlex: W2095282566
Cited by: 1,014
References: 59
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 44 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 41
FWCI: 7.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: Journal of Clinical Investigation (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli" (submittedVersion)
Funders: Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II
Regione Campania
Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
National Institutes of Health (5p50hl014197-25)
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (HL 14197, HL65989)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
Keywords: fatty streak formation, fetal aorta, maternal hypercholesterolemia, oxidized LDL, low-density lipoprotein, monocyte recruitment, atherosclerosis, macrophages, foam cells, malondialdehyde, 4-hydroxynonenal, pregnancy, atherogenesis, preterm infants, miscarriage
MeSH terms: Adult, Aldehydes, Aorta, Apolipoproteins B, Arteriosclerosis, Cholesterol, Female, Fetal Diseases, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Lipoproteins, Macrophages, Malondialdehyde, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Hematologic, Lipid Peroxidation

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Fatty streak formation occurs in human fetal aortas and is greatly enhanced by maternal hypercholesterolemia. Intimal accumulation of low density lipoprotein and its oxidation precede monocyte recruitment into early atherosclerotic lesions.

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