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Cited by 206Schizophrenia research and treatmentMemory Processes and InfluencesNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Event-Related fMRI of Frontotemporal Activity During Word Encoding and Recognition in Schizophrenia

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Ragland, J. Daniel, Gur, Ruben C., Valdez, Jeffrey, Turetsky, Bruce I., Elliott, Mark, Kohler, Christian, Siegel, Steve, Kanes, Stephen +1 more·2004·American Journal of Psychiatry
DOI 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.1004PMC PMC4332807
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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Neuropsychological studies have demonstrated verbal episodic memory deficits in schizophrenia during word encoding and retrieval. This study examined neural substrates of memory in an analysis that controlled for successful retrieval. METHOD: Event-related blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to measure brain activation during word encoding and recognition in 14 patients with schizophrenia and 15 healthy comparison subjects. An unbiased multiple linear regression procedure was used to model the BOLD response, and task effects were detected by contrasting the signal before and after stimulus onset. RESULTS: Patients attended during encoding and had unimpaired reaction times and normal response biases during recognition, but they had lower recognition discriminability scores, compared with the healthy subjects. Analysis of contrasts was restricted to correct items. Previous findings of a deficit in bilateral prefrontal cortex activation during encoding in patients were reproduced, but patients showed greater parahippocampal activation rather than deficits in temporal lobe activation. During recognition, left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation was lower in the patients and right anterior prefrontal cortex activation was preserved, as in the authors' previous study using positron emission tomography. Successful retrieval was associated with greater right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation in the comparison subjects, whereas orbitofrontal, superior frontal, mesial temporal, middle temporal, and inferior parietal regions were more active in the patients during successful retrieval. CONCLUSIONS: The pattern of prefrontal cortex underactivation and parahippocampal overactivation in the patients suggests that functional connectivity of dorsolateral prefrontal and temporal-limbic structures is disrupted by schizophrenia. This disruption may be reflected in the memory strategies of patients with schizophrenia, which include reliance on rote rehearsal rather than associative semantic processing.

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  • In schizophrenia, primary sensorimotor fasciculi appear comparatively unaffected, while structural abnormalities are consistently reported in frontal fasciculi connecting the frontal lobe with the rest of the brain, including the uncinate, arcuate, superior longitudinal, and cingulum bundle.

    “Specifically, while the primary sensorimotor fasciculi appear to be comparatively unaffected in patients in schizophrenia, structural abnormalities have consistently been reported in the fasciculi connecting the frontal lobe with the rest of the brain, such as the uncinate fasciculus, 25,26 arcuate fasciculus, 27,28 superior longitudinal fasciculus, 29,30 and cingulum bundle.31,32”

    From Schizophrenia, myelination, and delayed corollary discharges: a hypothesis (2012) · cites this paper as [30]

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Authors
Ragland, J. D., Gur, R. C., Valdez, J., Turetsky, B. I., Elliott, M., Kohler, C., Siegel, S., Kanes, S., & Gur, R. E.
Affiliations
University of Pennsylvania (US)
ORCID
Venue
American Journal of Psychiatry
Publisher
American Psychiatric Association Publishing
Published
2004-06-01
Volume
161
Issue
6
Pages
1004-1015
ISSN
  • 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
  • 1535-7228
DOI
10.1176/appi.ajp.161.6.1004
PMC
PMC4332807
OpenAlex
W2153361867
Cited by
206
References
58
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 10
FWCI
10.77
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (MH19112, MH 62103, R01MH062103, T32MH019112)
  • National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P30NS045839, NS-045839)
  • National Center for Research Resources (RR-0040, M01RR000040)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords
schizophrenia, verbal episodic memory, word encoding, word recognition, memory retrieval, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, fronto-temporal connectivity, memory strategies, semantic processing, functional connectivity
MeSH terms
Adult, Association Learning, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Memory Disorders, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Schizophrenia, Schizophrenic Psychology, Semantics, Temporal Lobe, Verbal Behavior, Prefrontal Cortex, Parahippocampal Gyrus, Recognition, Psychology

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