The DOI matches its Crossref record; 3 of the 3 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
From Thought to Action: Effects of Process-Versus Outcome-Based Mental Simulations on Performance
Abstract
Mental simulations enhance the links between thought and action. The present research contrasted mental simulations that emphasize the process required to achieve a goal versus the outcome of goal achievement. For 5 to 7 days prior to a midterm examination, college freshmen mentally simulated either the process for doing well on the exam (good study habits) or simulated a desired outcome (getting a good grade) or both. A self-monitoring control condition was included. Results indicated that process simulation enhanced studying and improved grades; the latter effect was mediated by enhanced planning and reduced anxiety. Implications of process and outcome simulations for effective goal pursuit are discussed.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Markus, H., & Nurius, P. (1986) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.41.9.954 · Cited by 5,806
Plans and the structure of behavior.
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., & Pribram, K. H. (1960) · doi:10.1037/10039-000 · Cited by 4,630
Craving for Alcohol, Loss of Control, and Relapse: A Cognitive-Behavioral Analysis
Marlatt, G. A. (1978) · Alcoholism · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-2874-2_11 · Cited by 362
Research works printed but not linked: 55
- 10.1037/0022-3514.45.2.293 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/0022-3514.50.1.24 · DOI
- Atkinson, J. W., 1964, Motives in fantasy, action, and society
- Bandura, A., 1986, Social foundations of thought and action: A social-cognitive theory
- Bentler, P. M., 1995, EQS: Structural equations program manual
- 10.1037/0003-066X.41.7.765 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.366 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0022-1031(78)90062-8 · DOI
- Cratty, B. J., 1984, Psychological preparation and athletic excellence
- Dyer, W. W., 1989, You’ll see it when you believe it: A way to your personal transformation
- Fanning, P., 1994, Visualization for change
- Feather, N. T., 1982, Expectations and actions: Expectancy-value models in psychology
- 10.1177/0146167290162009 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.43.1.89 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0030-5073(73)90034-2 · DOI
- 10.1207/s15516709cog0304_1 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/0022-1031(85)90023-X · DOI
- Hoyle, R. H., 1995, Structural equation modeling: Concepts, issues, and applications
- Jenkins, J. G., 1931, Personnel Journal, 10, 259
- 10.1177/0146167286121006 · DOI
- Kahneman, D., 1979, TIMS Studies in Management Science, 12, 313
- 10.1017/CBO9780511809477.015 · DOI
- Kazdin, A. E., 1986, Imagery, 4, 131
- Lakein, A., 1973, How to get control of your time and your life
- Locke, E. A., 1990, A theory of goal setting and task performance
- 10.2466/pms.1980.50.3c.1159 · DOI
- 10.1006/jesp.1993.1005 · DOI
- 10.1146/annurev.ps.38.020187.001503 · DOI · Paper page
- Marlatt, G. A., 1985, Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in addictive behavior change
- 10.1177/0146167286124014 · DOI
- Mobilio, L., American Psychological Association annual meetings
- Nideffer, R. M., 1976, The inner athlete: Mind plus muscle for winning
- 10.1037/0022-3514.51.6.1208 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.65.4.822 · DOI
- 10.1207/s15328023top0704_10 · DOI
- Oettingen, G., 1995, Action science: Linking cognition and motivation to behavior
- 10.1007/BF01173206 · DOI
- Orlick, T., 1983, Mental training for coaches and athletes
- Peale, N. V., 1982, Positive imaging: The powerful way to change your life
- Rivkin, I., 1996, The effects of mental simulation on coping with controllable stressful events
- 10.1521/soco.1992.10.1.95 · DOI · Paper page
- Scholnick, E. K., 1987, Blueprints for thinking: The role of planning in cognitive development, 3
- Schwartz, D. J., 1983, The magic of getting what you want
- Sheikh, A. A., 1984, International review of mental imagery
- 10.1016/0022-1031(81)90011-1 · DOI
- 10.1037/0022-3514.44.6.1127 · DOI
- 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1983.tb00142.x · DOI · Paper page
- Singer, R. N., 1972, Coaching, athletes, and psychology
- Taylor, S. E., 1996, The planning fallacy: Now you see it, now you see it less
- 10.1521/soco.1989.7.2.174 · DOI
- Ullman, J. B., 1996, Using multivariate statistics, 709
- Vallacher, R. R., 1985, A theory of action identification
- Wegner, D. M., 1986, Handbook of motivation and cognition: Foundations of social behavior, 550
- 10.1037/0022-3514.43.5.901 · DOI
- Wurf, E., 1991, Perspectives on personality: Self and emotion, 39
Cited by
Representativeness revisited: Attribute substitution in intuitive judgment.
Kahneman, D., & Frederick, S. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.004 · Cited by 3,476
Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421
Slovic, P., Finucane, M., Peters, E., & MacGregor, D. G. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.025 · Cited by 2,349
Mental imagery in emotion and emotional disorders
Holmes, E. A., & Mathews, A. (2010) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.01.001 · Cited by 976
Sheldon, K. M., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2006) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760500510676 · Cited by 925
The Health Benefits of Writing about Life Goals
King, L. A. (2001) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167201277003 · Cited by 795
Wise interventions: Psychological remedies for social and personal problems.
Walton, G. M., & Wilson, T. D. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000115 · Cited by 617
The motivating function of thinking about the future: Expectations versus fantasies.
Oettingen, G., & Mayer, D. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.5.1198 · Cited by 547
Frequency, characteristics and functions of future‐oriented thoughts in daily life
D'Argembeau, A., Renaud, O., & Van der Linden, M. (2011) · Applied Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1002/acp.1647 · Cited by 428
Aspinwall, L. G., & Tedeschi, R. G. (2010) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9153-0 · Cited by 271
Imagery about suicide in depression–“Flash-forwards”?
Holmes, E. A., Crane, C., Fennell, M. J. V., & Williams, J. M. G. (2007) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2007.10.004 · Cited by 259
Procrastination: self-regulation in initiating aversive goals.
Van Eerde, W. (2000) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/1464-0597.00021 · Cited by 231
Jing, H. G., Madore, K. P., & Schacter, D. L. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000142 · Cited by 214
Lost and Found Possible Selves, Subjective Well‐Being, and Ego Development in Divorced Women
King, L. A., & Raspin, C. (2004) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00274.x · Cited by 204
Andrews-Hanna, J. R., Kaiser, R. H., Turner, A. E. J., Reineberg, A. E., Godinez, D., Dimidjian, S., & Banich, M. T. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00900 · Cited by 184
“These concrete “low-level” construals have been linked to beneficial outcomes encompassing effective problem solving, successful attainment of future goals, and enhanced self-regulatory behavior (Pham and Taylor, 1999; Watkins and Baracaia, 2002; Watkins and Moulds, 2005; Leary et al., 2006).”
BackgroundEpisodic future thinking reduces delay discounting and energy intake in children
Daniel, T. O., Said, M., Stanton, C. M., & Epstein, L. H. (2015) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2015.03.006 · Cited by 192
Steel, P., Svartdal, F., Thundiyil, T., & Brothen, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00327 · Cited by 165
“This mirrors work done on process and outcomes visualization (Pham and Taylor, 1999).”
MethodSheldon, S., McAndrews, M. P., & Moscovitch, M. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.04.021 · Cited by 161
Mental Contamination and the Debiasing Problem
Wilson, T. D., Centerbar, D. B., & Brekke, N. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.012 · Cited by 160
Cognitions in bipolar affective disorder and unipolar depression: imagining suicide
Hales, S. A., Deeprose, C., Goodwin, G. M., & Holmes, E. A. (2011) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2011.00954.x · Cited by 157
Gerlach, K. D., Spreng, R. N., Madore, K. P., & Schacter, D. L. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu001 · Cited by 148
The surprising upsides of worry
Sweeny, K., & Dooley, M. D. (2017) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12311 · Cited by 136
Changing Behavior Using the Model of Action Phases
Keller, L., Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2020) · The Handbook of Behavior Change · doi:10.1017/9781108677318.006 · Cited by 147
The calibration of expert judgment: heuristics and biases beyond the laboratory
Koehler, D. J., Brenner, L., & Griffin, D. (2002) · Heuristics and Biases · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098.041 · Cited by 146
Dysregulation in level of goal and action identification across psychological disorders
Watkins, E. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2010.05.004 · Cited by 141
Quoidbach, J., Wood, A. M., & Hansenne, M. (2009) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760902992365 · Cited by 122
Chen, P., Chavez, O., Ong, D. C., & Gunderson, B. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617696456 · Cited by 122
Suicidal imagery in a previously depressed community sample.
Crane, C., Shah, D., Barnhofer, T., & Holmes, E. A. (2012) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.741 · Cited by 111
The Effects of Mental Simulation on Coping with Controllable Stressful Events
Rivkin, I. D., & Taylor, S. E. (1999) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/01461672992510002 · Cited by 95
Self-citationHardcastle, S., & Hagger, M. S. (2011) · Psychology of Sport and Exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2011.01.001 · Cited by 89
Armitage, C. J., & Reidy, J. G. (2012) · Anxiety, Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2011.604727 · Cited by 77
Jing, H. G., Madore, K. P., & Schacter, D. L. (2017) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2017.08.010 · Cited by 76
“…of ways, such as decreasing negative emotions and worry (Brown, MacLeod, Tata, & Goddard, 2002; Jing, Madore, & Schacter, 2016; MacLeod, 2017) and increasing engagement in active strategies to cope with a stressor (Pham & Taylor, 1999; Rivkin & Taylor, 1999; for review, see Taylor et al., 1998).”
Testing a procedural variant of written imaginal exposure for generalized anxiety disorder
Fracalanza, K., Koerner, N., & Antony, M. M. (2014) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.05.011 · Cited by 33
Positive future-oriented fantasies and depressive symptoms: Indirect relationship through brooding
Macrynikola, N., Goklani, S., Slotnick, J., & Miranda, R. (2017) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2017.02.013 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Pham, L. B., & Taylor, S. E.
- Venue
- Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1999-02
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 250-260
- ISSN
- 0146-1672 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7433
- OpenAlex
- W2143642201
- Cited by
- 647
- References
- 3
- FWCI
- 42.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.