Cited by 1,291Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and AssessmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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The Development of a Rasch-Type Loneliness Scale

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de Jong-Gierveld, Jenny, Kamphuls, Frans·1985·Applied Psychological Measurement

DOI 10.1177/014662168500900307

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Abstract

This paper describes an attempt to construct a measuring instrument for loneliness that meets the cri teria of a Rasch scale. Rasch (1960, 1966) proposed a latent trait model for the unidimensional scaling of di chotomous items that does not suffer from the inade quacies of classical approaches. The resulting Rasch scale of this study, which is based on data from 1,201 employed, disabled, and jobless adults, consists of five positive and six negative items. The positive items assess feelings of belongingness, whereas the negative items apply to three separate aspects of miss ing relationships. The techniques for testing the as sumptions underlying the Rasch model are compared with their counterparts from classical test theory, and the implications for the methodology of scale con struction are discussed.

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Ament, B. H. L., de Vugt, M. E., Koomen, F. M. K., Jansen, M. W. J., Verhey, F. R. J., & Kempen, G. I. J. M. (2012) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000336041 · Cited by 14
Profiles of Loneliness in the Caregiving Unit
Ayalon, L. (2014) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnu046 · Cited by 14
“Future research will benefit from using a more detailed measure of loneliness, which offers a wider range of responses, such as the Revised-UCLA Loneliness scale (Russell, Peplau, & Cutrona, 1980) or the de Jong-Gierveld Loneliness scale (de Jong-Gierveld & Kamphuls, 1985).”
Method
Gendered Patterns in Depression and Anxiety among African Immigrants in the United States
Escamilla, S. W., & Saasa, S. (2020) · Journal of Evidence-Based Social Work · doi:10.1080/26408066.2020.1748153 · Cited by 18
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version of the 11-Item de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Iranian Older Adults
Hosseinabadi, R., Foroughan, M., Harouni, G. G., Lotfi, M.-S., & Pournia, Y. (2021) · Evaluation & the Health Professions · doi:10.1177/01632787211015713 · Cited by 14
The Correlation Between Loneliness and Academic Procrastination Among Psychology Students at State University of Malang
Anam, M. K., & Hitipeuw, I. (2022) · KnE Social Sciences · doi:10.18502/kss.v7i1.10221 · Cited by 14
Technological Solutions for Social Isolation Monitoring of the Elderly: A Survey of Selected Projects from Academia and Industry
Bouaziz, G., Brulin, D., & Campo, É. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22228802 · Cited by 17
“Focusing on both emotional and social loneliness may provide insight into why a person may experience 369 loneliness [45,46].”
Background
Older people, isolation and loneliness: implications for community nursing
Skingley, A. (2013) · British Journal of Community Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjcn.2013.18.2.84 · Cited by 16
Examining the Link Between Domestic Violence Victimization and Loneliness in a Dutch Community Sample: A Comparison Between Victims and Nonvictims by Type D Personality
Kunst, M. J. J., & van Bon-Martens, M. J. H. (2011) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-011-9374-4 · Cited by 14
Invisible Barriers: The Loneliness of School Principals at Turkish Elementary Schools
Korumaz, M. (2016) · South African Journal of Education · doi:10.15700/saje.v36n4a1302 · Cited by 14
The Role of Social and Interpersonal Factors in Placebo Analgesia
Necka, E. A., & Atlas, L. Y. (2018) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2018.01.006 · Cited by 14
Cosmic transcendence, loneliness, and exchange of emotional support with adult children: a study among older parents in The Netherlands
Sadler, E., Braam, A. W., Groenou, M. I. B. V., Deeg, D. J. H., & van der Geest, S. (2006) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-006-0033-1 · Cited by 14
“Loneliness was measured using a Rasch-type loneliness scale devised by de Jong Gierveld and Kamphuis (1985), which assesses Wve positive items related to”
Method
Quality of Life in Epilepsy: Multidimensional Profile and Underlying Latent Dimensions
Suurmeijer, T. P. B. M., Reuvekamp, M., Aldenkamp, A. P., Overweg, J., & Sie, O. G. (1998) · Journal of Epilepsy · doi:10.1016/s0896-6974(97)00141-2 · Cited by 14
“’’ This was measured by the loneliness scale (LS) (50,51).”
Method
Studies with the Dartmouth COOP Charts in General Practice: Comparison with the Nottingham Health Profile and the General Health Questionnaire
Jong, B. M., & Smith, R. J. A. (1990) · Frontiers of primary care · doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-8977-4_9 · Cited by 14
Contextual and Social Predictors of Scam Susceptibility and Fraud VictimizationPreprint
Sur, A., DeLiema, M., & Brown, E. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4053903 · Cited by 15
Automatic Assessment of Loneliness in Older Adults Using Speech Analysis on Responses to Daily Life Questions
Yamada, Y., Shinkawa, K., Nemoto, M., & Arai, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.712251 · Cited by 14
“For example, the UCLA Loneliness Scale is used in an attempt to measure loneliness as a global, unidimensional construct, while the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (81) is used to attempt to measure it as multifaceted phenomenon with separate emotional and social components (17).”
Method
Associations Between Loneliness and Cognitive Resilience to Neuropathology in Older Adults
Jackson, K., Luo, J., Willroth, E. C., Ong, A. D., James, B. D., Bennett, D. A., Wilson, R. C., Mroczek, D. K., & Graham, E. K. (2023) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbad023 · Cited by 14
Dynamic Analysis of Loneliness at Older Ages in Europe by Gender
Pagán, R., & Malo, M. Á. (2024) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-024-10300-5 · Cited by 14
Residual loneliness in the Netherlands after the COVID-19 pandemic: An application of the single interrupted time series design with pre-, peri- and post-pandemic observations
van Tilburg, T. G. (2024) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2024.10.023 · Cited by 13
Measuring social support in psychiatric patients and controls: Validation and reliability of the shortened Close Persons Questionnaire
Hanssen, D. J. C., Rabeling-Keus, I. M., Lucassen, P. L., Naarding, P., van den Brink, R. H. S., Comijs, H. C., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Voshaar, R. C. O. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.06.006 · Cited by 14
Study design of the Routine Outcome Monitoring for Geriatric Psychiatry & Science (ROM-GPS) project; a cohort study of older patients with affective disorders referred for specialised geriatric mental health care
Voshaar, R. C. O., Dhondt, T. D. F., Fluiter, M., Naarding, P., Wassink‐Vossen, S., Smeets-Janssen, M. M. J., Pelzers, L. P. R. M., Lugtenburg, A., Veenstra, M. S., Marijnissen, R. M., et al. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2176-6 · Cited by 13
Improving mental wellbeing of forensic psychiatric outpatients through the addition of an informal social network intervention to treatment as usual: a randomized controlled trial
Swinkels, L. T. A., van der Pol, T. M., Popma, A., ter Harmsel, J. F., & Dekker, J. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02819-2 · Cited by 14
“Loneliness will be measured with the Loneliness Scale, a 11-item 5-point Likert-type self-report questionnaire [88, 89], at baseline and 12 and 18 months after baseline.”
Method
The longitudinal interplay of depressive symptoms and loneliness: causal effects work in both directions and decay to zero before six years
Joshanloo, M. (2021) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2021.1897521 · Cited by 14
“The items are based on an established loneliness scale (de Jong-Gierveld & Kamphuis, 1985; de Jong-Gierveld & Van Tilburg, 2006) and are rated on a 4-point scale from 1¼ strongly agree to 4¼ strongly disagree.”
Method
Loss of benefits after cessation of exercise interventions in nursing home residents: randomized controlled trial follow-up
Rodriguez‐Larrad, A., Arrieta, H., Rezola‐Pardo, C., Esain, I., Mendia-Oria, P., & Irazusta, J. (2021) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.03.009 · Cited by 13
The association of loneliness, mindfulness, and optimism with self-directed learning among nursing students in China: A cross-sectional study
Zhao, F. (2021) · Journal of Professional Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.profnurs.2021.11.009 · Cited by 13
Timely Considerations of Using the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale with Older Adults Living in Long-Term Care Homes: A Critical Reflection
Wong, K. L. Y., Smith, C. B., To‐Miles, F., Dunn, S., Gregorio, M., Wong, L., Huynh, P., & Hung, L. (2022) · Journal of Long-Term Care · doi:10.31389/jltc.141 · Cited by 14
Relationship between frailty and loneliness among community‐dwelling Turkish older people
Altıntaş, H. K., Çoban, S. A., & Cantekin, I. (2023) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12926 · Cited by 14
Mental health outcomes in older breast cancer survivors: Five-year follow-up from the CLIMB study
Lemij, A. A., de Glas, N. A., Derks, M. G. M., Linthorst-Niers, E., Guicherit, O. R., van der Pol, C. C., Lans, T. E., van Dalen, T., Vulink, A. J. E., Merkus, J. W. S., et al. (2023) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2023.04.001 · Cited by 15
“De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale was used to assess loneliness [24,25].”
Constructing the social: an evaluation study of the outcomes and processes of a ‘social participation’ improvement project
Broer, T., Nieboer, A. P., Strating, M. M. H., Michon, H. W. C., & Bal, R. A. (2010) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2010.01669.x · Cited by 15
Prospective investigation of emotional control and cancer risk in men (the Zutphen Elderly Study) (The Netherlands)
Tijhuis, M. A. R., Elshout, J. R. A. F., Feskens, E. J. M., Janssen, M., & Kromhout, D. (2000) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1023/a:1008955818369 · Cited by 13
“Feelings of loneliness were measured by the De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale [ 32 ]; this scale consisted of 11 items.”
Method
Domestic violence and mental health in a Dutch community sample: The adverse role of loneliness
Kunst, M. J. J., Bogaerts, S., & Winkel, F. W. (2010) · Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/casp.1040 · Cited by 13
Effects of preventive home visits to the elderly
van Rossum, H. J. L. (1993) · doi:10.26481/dis.19930325hr · Cited by 13
Soledad y ansiedad durante el confinamiento por COVID-19. El efecto mediador de la regulación emocional
Vargas, A. E. O. (2022) · Interdisciplinaria Revista de Psicología y Ciencias Afines · doi:10.16888/interd.2022.39.2.21 · Cited by 19
Investigation of physiological and psychological effects of robotic cat and betta fish therapies in hemodialysis patients: A randomized controlled study
DEMİRAĞ, H., & Hintistan, S. (2022) · Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ctcp.2022.101647 · Cited by 12
Loneliness in patients with somatic symptom disorder
Vos, A. E. C. C., Jongen, E. M. M., van den Hout, A. J. H. C., & van Lankveld, J. J. D. M. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2022-0057 · Cited by 14
The concepts and measurement of social isolation and loneliness
van Tilburg, T. G., & Gierveld, J. D. J. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003289012-2 · Cited by 16

Authors: de Jong-Gierveld, J., & Kamphuls, F.
Affiliations: Free University, Amsterdam
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Venue: Applied Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1985-09
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 289-299
ISSN: 0146-6216 (ISSN-L)
1552-3497
DOI: 10.1177/014662168500900307
OpenAlex: W1928146223
Cited by: 1,291
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 84 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 1.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
purl.umn.edu
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Applied Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: loneliness, Rasch model, scale development, latent trait models, dichotomous items, sense of belonging, classical test theory comparison

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The Development of a Rasch-Type Loneliness Scale

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