Cited by 1,291Psychometric Methodologies and TestingPsychological Testing and AssessmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

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The Development of a Rasch-Type Loneliness Scale

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de Jong-Gierveld, Jenny, Kamphuls, Frans·1985·Applied Psychological Measurement

DOI 10.1177/014662168500900307

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Abstract

This paper describes an attempt to construct a measuring instrument for loneliness that meets the cri teria of a Rasch scale. Rasch (1960, 1966) proposed a latent trait model for the unidimensional scaling of di chotomous items that does not suffer from the inade quacies of classical approaches. The resulting Rasch scale of this study, which is based on data from 1,201 employed, disabled, and jobless adults, consists of five positive and six negative items. The positive items assess feelings of belongingness, whereas the negative items apply to three separate aspects of miss ing relationships. The techniques for testing the as sumptions underlying the Rasch model are compared with their counterparts from classical test theory, and the implications for the methodology of scale con struction are discussed.

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Guilcher, S. J. T., Craven, B. C., Bassett-Gunter, R. L., Cimino, S. R., & Hitzig, S. L. (2019) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2019.1616328 · Cited by 53
“Social disconnectedness is an objective lack of contact with others, lack of participation in social activities, and small social network [8].”
Background
Using a Loneliness Measure to Screen for Risk of Mental Health Problems: A Replication in Two Nationally Representative Cohorts
Matthews, T., Bryan, B. T., Danese, A., Meehan, A. J., Poulton, R., & Arseneault, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031641 · Cited by 46
‘Putting Life in Years’ (PLINY) telephone friendship groups research study: pilot randomised controlled trial
Mountain, G. A., Hind, D., Gossage-Worrall, R., Walters, S. J., Duncan, R., Newbould, L., Rex, S., Jones, C., Bowling, A., Cattan, M., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-141 · Cited by 47
The long-term outcome of subthreshold depression in later life
Jeuring, H. W., Huisman, M. A., Comijs, H. C., Stek, M. L., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716001549 · Cited by 46
“Loneliness was assessed with the 11-item Loneliness scale (De Jong-Gierveld & Kamphuis, 1985) with scores ranging from 0 to 11 points with higher scores indicating a higher level of loneliness.”
Method
Authenticity and rumination mediate the relationship between loneliness and well-being
Borawski, D. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00412-9 · Cited by 54
Loneliness in mid-life and older adults from ethnic minority communities in England and Wales: measure validation and prevalence estimates
Victor, C. R., Dobbs, C., Gilhooly, K. J., & Burholt, V. (2020) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-020-00564-9 · Cited by 54
Characterization of different groups of elderly according to social engagement activity patterns
Croezen, S., Haveman‐Nies, A., Alvarado, V., Veer, P. V., & de Groot, C. P. G. M. (2009) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-009-0213-8 · Cited by 46
Factors influencing professional home care utilization among the elderly
Kempen, G. I. J. M., & Suurmeijer, T. P. B. M. (1991) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(91)90130-5 · Cited by 46
Using the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale With Early Adolescents: Factor Structure, Reliability, Stability, and External Validity
Grygiel, P., Humenny, G., & Rębisz, S. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191116682298 · Cited by 44
The effects of fear of COVID-19, loneliness, and resilience on the quality of life in older adults living in a nursing home
Savcı, C., Akıncı, A. Ç., ÜŞENMEZ, S. Y., & Keles, F. (2021) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.09.012 · Cited by 48
Validity of the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale in Spanish older population: competitive structural models and item response theory
Tomás, J. M., Hernandis, S. P., Donio‐Bellegarde, M., & Hontangas, P. M. (2017) · European Journal of Ageing · doi:10.1007/s10433-017-0417-4 · Cited by 45
Intimate and Relational Loneliness in Adolescence
Maes, M., Vanhalst, J., Noortgate, W. V. D., & Goossens, L. (2017) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0722-8 · Cited by 59
Homogeneity of Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI): Applying Rasch analysis in conceptual exploration
Bouman, T. K., & Kok, A. R. (1987) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1987.tb02920.x · Cited by 45
Existential Distress in Cancer Patients
Chen, W., Chen, Y., & Xiao, H. (2021) · Cancer Nursing · doi:10.1097/ncc.0000000000000925 · Cited by 44
The effect of online laughter therapy on depression, anxiety, stress, and loneliness among nursing students during the Covid-19 pandemic
Öztürk, F. Ö., & Kerman, K. T. (2022) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2022.09.006 · Cited by 44
Facing the Next “Geriatric Giant”—A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis of Interventions Tackling Loneliness and Social Isolation Among Older Adults
Duffner, L. A., Janssen, N., Deckers, K., Schroyen, S., de Vugt, M. E., Köhler, S., Adam, S., Verhey, F. R. J., & Veenstra, M. Y. (2024) · Journal of the American Medical Directors Association · doi:10.1016/j.jamda.2024.105110 · Cited by 52
Zin en onzin van eenzaamheidsinterventies bij ouderen
Fokkema, T., & van Tilburg, T. G. (2007) · Tijdschrift voor Gerontologie en Geriatrie · doi:10.1007/bf03074846 · Cited by 52
Depression, loneliness, and pet attachment in homebound older adult cat and dog owners
Branson, S., Boss, L., Cron, S. G., & Turner, D. C. (2017) · Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences · doi:10.22543/7674.41.p3848 · Cited by 44
“45 more sensitive instrument to determine differences between pet-attachment relationships of cat and dog owners owing to the instrument’s multidimensional design that measures both social and emotional typologies of loneliness (47).”
Background
Secular trends in the prevalence of major and subthreshold depression among 55–64-year olds over 20 years
Jeuring, H. W., Comijs, H. C., Deeg, D. J. H., Stek, M. L., Huisman, M. A., & Beekman, A. T. F. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717003324 · Cited by 44
“Loneliness was assessed with the de Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale (range, 0 – 11) (de Jong-Gierveld & Kamphuis, 1985).”
The Impact of Loneliness on Outcomes of Pulmonary Rehabilitation in Patients with COPD
Reijnders, T., Schüler, M., Jelusic, D., Troosters, T., Janssens, W., Schultz, K., & von Leupoldt, A. (2018) · COPD Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease · doi:10.1080/15412555.2018.1471128 · Cited by 44
Association between caring for grandchildren and feelings of loneliness, social isolation and social network size: a cross-sectional study of community dwelling adults in Germany
Quirke, E., König, H., & Hajek, A. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029605 · Cited by 49
Predictors of Frailty and Vitality in Older Adults Aged 75 years and Over: Results from the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam
de Breij, S., van Hout, H. P. J., de Bruin, S. R., Schuster, N. A., Deeg, D. J. H., Huisman, M. A., & Hoogendijk, E. O. (2021) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000512049 · Cited by 45
The design of the Dutch EASYcare study: a randomised controlled trial on the effectiveness of a problem-based community intervention model for frail elderly people [NCT00105378]
Melis, R. J. F., van Eijken, M. I. J., Borm, G. F., Wensing, M., Adang, E., van de Lisdonk, E. H., van Achterberg, T., & Rikkert, M. G. M. O. (2005) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/1472-6963-5-65 · Cited by 44
The Experience of Loneliness of Battered Old Women
Band‐Winterstein, T., & Eisikovits, Z. C. (2005) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1300/j074v17n04_02 · Cited by 44
When and why frail elderly people give up independent living: The Netherlands as an example
Steverink, N. (2001) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x01008066 · Cited by 44
Compensating for Losses in Perceived Personal Control Over Health: A Role for Collective Self-Esteem in Healthy Aging
Bailis, D. S., & Chipperfield, J. G. (2002) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/57.6.p531 · Cited by 46
Managing Perceived Loneliness and Social-Isolation Levels for Older Adults: A Survey with Focus on Wearables-Based Solutions
Site, A., Lohan, E. S., Jolanki, O. H., Valkama, O., Hernández, R. R., Latikka, R., Alekseeva, D., Vasudevan, S., Afolaranmi, S. O., Ometov, A., et al. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22031108 · Cited by 51
“DJGLS can be used for measuring overall, social, and emotional loneliness [80,81].”
Background
A systematic review of longitudinal risk and protective factors for loneliness in youth
Buecker, S., Petersen, K. J., Neuber, A., Zheng, Y., Hayes, D., & Qualter, P. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15266 · Cited by 49
“The De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, 27 which was developed to measure loneliness in older adults, was used in 2% of the included articles.”
Early and recent psychosocial stress and telomere length in older adults
Schaakxs, R., Wielaard, I., Verhoeven, J. E., Beekman, A. T. F., Penninx, B. W. J. H., & Comijs, H. C. (2015) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610215001155 · Cited by 46
Change in Psychosocial Health Status Over 5 Years in Relation to Adults’ Hearing Ability in Noise
Stam, M., Smit, J. H., Twisk, J. W. R., Lemke, U., Smits, C., Festen, J. Μ., & Kramer, S. E. (2016) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000332 · Cited by 43
“Loneliness • The 11-item loneliness scale of De Jong Gierveld & Kamphuis (1985) was used to assess emotional and social loneliness.”
Method
Occurrence of malnutrition and associated factors in community-dwelling older adults: Those with a recent diagnosis of cancer are at higher risk
Broeke, C. V. D., Burghgraeve, T. D., Ummels, M., Gescher, N., Deckx, L., Tjan‐Heijnen, V. C. G., Buntinx, F., & van den Akker, M. (2017) · The journal of nutrition health & aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-017-0882-7 · Cited by 45
“The two dimensions of loneliness, emotional and social loneliness, were measured using the 11-item De Jong-Gierveld Loneliness Scale (38).”
The partner as source of social support in problem and non-problem situations
Gierveld, J. D. J., van Tilburg, T. G., Vu, & Wetenschappen, F. D. S. (1987) · Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) · Cited by 43
Sheltered housing compared to independent housing in the community
van Bilsen, P. M. A., Hamers, J. P. H., Groot, W. N. J., & Spreeuwenberg, C. (2008) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00529.x · Cited by 43
Health effects of unemployment—I. Long-term unemployed men in a rural and an urban setting
Leeflang, R. L. I., Klein-Hesselink, D. J., & Spruit, I. P. (1992) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(92)90294-z · Cited by 43
The Measurement of Reciprocity in Ego-Centered Networks of Personal Relationships: A Comparison of Various Indices
van Tilburg, T. G., van Sonderen, E., & Ormel, J. (1991) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2786788 · Cited by 43
Videoconferencing in a mental health service in The Netherlands: A randomized controlled trial on patient satisfaction and clinical outcomes for outpatients with severe mental illness
Hulsbosch, A. M., Nugter, A., Tamis, P., & Kroon, H. (2016) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x16650096 · Cited by 42
“Immigrant (2nd generation) 6 (13) 4 (9)”
Impact of informal caregiving on loneliness and satisfaction with leisure-time activities. Findings of a population-based longitudinal study in germany
Hajek, A., & König, H. (2018) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2018.1506739 · Cited by 42
“The loneliness scale is a short version of the well-established 11-item De Jong Gierveld (de Jong-Gierveld & Kamphuls, 1985; de Jong Gierveld, van Tilburg, Dykstra, Vangelisti, & Perlman, 2006) Loneliness Scale.”
Method
‘Big Five’ personality characteristics are associated with loneliness but not with social network size in older adults, irrespective of depression
Schutter, N., Koorevaar, L., Holwerda, T. J., Stek, M. L., Dekker, J., & Comijs, H. C. (2019) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610219000231 · Cited by 51

Authors: de Jong-Gierveld, J., & Kamphuls, F.
Affiliations: Free University, Amsterdam
Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
Venue: Applied Psychological Measurement
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1985-09
Volume: 9
Issue: 3
Pages: 289-299
ISSN: 0146-6216 (ISSN-L)
1552-3497
DOI: 10.1177/014662168500900307
OpenAlex: W1928146223
Cited by: 1,291
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 84 · 2025: 96 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 119 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 41 · 2017: 54 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 56 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 29
FWCI: 1.96
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
purl.umn.edu
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Applied Psychological Measurement (publishedVersion)
University of Minnesota Digital Conservancy (University of Minnesota) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Psychological Testing and Assessment
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Keywords: loneliness, Rasch model, scale development, latent trait models, dichotomous items, sense of belonging, classical test theory comparison

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The Development of a Rasch-Type Loneliness Scale

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