Personality and the acute subjective effects of d -amphetamine in humans
Open accessAbstract
There is evidence that subjective responses to psychoactive drugs are related to personality traits. Here, we extend previous findings by examining personality measures in relation to acute responses to d-amphetamine (AMPH) in a large sample of healthy volunteers. Healthy adults ( n=286) completed the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire Brief Form (MPQ-BF) and participated in four sessions during which they received oral AMPH (0, 5, 10, 20 mg), under double-blind conditions. Subjective responses to the drug were measured using the Profile of Mood States, Addiction Research Center Inventory, and Drug Effects Questionnaire. Drug responses were reduced via principal components analysis to three higher-order factors (‘Euphoria’, ‘Arousal’, ‘Dysphoria’). Participants were rank ordered on selected MPQ-BF scales; the top and bottom third on each trait were compared on the drug response factors. High trait physical fearlessness was significantly associated with greater amphetamine-related Arousal, and high trait reward sensitivity was significantly associated with greater Euphoria. In addition, high trait impulsivity was significantly associated with greater Arousal and Euphoria. These results provide further evidence that individual differences in the subjective effects of AMPH are partially explained by differences in personality, and are consistent with the idea that both personality and responses to stimulants depend upon shared neurochemical systems.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Personality traits influence the subjective effects of amphetamine.
“several studies also reported that personality trait influence the subjective effects of AMP (Allen & Gabbay, 2013; Harvanko et al., 2016; Kirkpatrick et al., 2013; see White, 2017 for review).”
From Systematic reviews of the acute effects of amphetamine on working memory and other cognitive performances in healthy individuals, with a focus on the potential influence of personality traits (2023) · cites this paper as Kirkpatrick et al., 2013
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x99002046 · Cited by 2,046 · see citing works
Factors That Predict Individual Vulnerability to Amphetamine Self-Administration
Piazza, P. V., Deminière, J.-M., Moal, M. L., & Simon, H. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.2781295 · Cited by 1,355 · see citing works
Nucleus accumbens D2/3 receptors predict trait impulsivity and cocaine reinforcement
Dalley, J. W., Fryer, T. D., Brichard, L., Robinson, E. S. J., Theobald, D. E. H., Lääne, K., Peña, Y., Murphy, E. R., Shah, Y., Probst, K., et al. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1137073 · Cited by 1,188 · see citing works
A unified biosocial theory of personality and its role in the development of anxiety states.
Cr, C. (1986) · PubMed · Cited by 1,090 · see citing works
High Impulsivity Predicts the Switch to Compulsive Cocaine-Taking
Belin, D., Mar, A. C., Dalley, J. W., Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2008) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1158136 · Cited by 989 · see citing works
Martin, W. R., Sloan, J. W., SAPIRA, J. D., & Jasinski, D. R. (1971) · Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1002/cpt1971122part1245 · Cited by 945 · see citing works
Mattay, V. S., Goldberg, T. E., Fera, F., Hariri, A. R., Tessitore, A., Egan, M. F., Kolachana, B., Callicott, J. H., & Weinberger, D. R. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0931309100 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
Development and validation of a brief form of the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire.
Patrick, C. J., Curtin, J. J., & Tellegen, A. (2002) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037//1040-3590.14.2.150 · Cited by 647 · see citing works
The impact of impulsivity on cocaine use and retention in treatment
Moeller, F. G., Dougherty, D. M., Barratt, E. S., Schmitz, J. M., Swann, A. C., & Grabowski, J. G. (2001) · Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment · doi:10.1016/s0740-5472(01)00202-1 · Cited by 448 · see citing works
Motivation Deficit in ADHD is Associated with Dysfunction of the Dopamine Reward Pathway
Volkow, N. D., Wang, G.-J., Newcorn, J. H., Kollins, S. H., Wigal, T. L., Telang, F., Fowler, J. S., Goldstein, R. Z., Klein, N., Logan, J., et al. (2011) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2010.97 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
The neurobiology and genetics of suicide and attempted suicide: A focus on the serotonergic system
Mann, J. (2001) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(00)00228-1 · Cited by 394 · see citing works
Diergaarde, L., Pattij, T., Poortvliet, I., Hogenboom, F., de Vries, W., Schoffelmeer, A. N. M., & De Vries, T. J. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.011 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Perry, J. L., Larson, E. B., German, J. P., Madden, G. J., & Carroll, M. E. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1994-4 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Effects of dopaminergic drugs on delayed reward as a measure of impulsive behavior in rats
de Wit, H., Wade, T. R., & Richards, J. B. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000402 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Leigh, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-11005-9_14 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Depue, R. A., Luciana, M. M., Arbisi, P. A., Collins, P. F., & Leon, A. S. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.485 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Crack Cocaine and Cocaine Hydrochloride
Hatsukami, D. K. (1996) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1996.03540190052029 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
Utility of subjective‐effects measurements in assessing abuse liability of drugs in humans
Fischman, M. W., & Foltin, R. W. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01749.x · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Marinelli, M., & White, F. J. (2000) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-23-08876.2000 · Cited by 254 · see citing works
Toward a molecular architecture of personality
Reif, A., & Lesch, K. (2003) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0166-4328(02)00267-x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
Differential subjective effects of D-amphetamine by gender, hormone levels and menstrual cycle phase
White, T. L., Justice, A. J. H., & de Wit, H. (2002) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(02)00818-3 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Impulsivity predicts individual susceptibility to high levels of alcohol self-administration
Poulos, C. X., Le, A. D., & Parker, J. L. (1995) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199512000-00006 · Cited by 234 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…humans (cocaine: Moeller et al., 2001; nicotine: Perkins et al., 2000) and increased self-administration in rats (cocaine: Belin et al., 2008; Dalley et al., 2007; Perry et al., 2005, 2008; methylphenidate: Marusich and Bardo, 2009; ethanol: Poulos et al., 1995; nicotine: Diergaarde et al., 2008).”
Individual differences in the reinforcing and subjective effects of amphetamine and diazepam
de Wit, H., UHLENHUTH, E. H., & Johanson, C. E. (1986) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/0376-8716(86)90068-2 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Self-citationAltered dopamine function in pathological gambling
Bergh, C. E. K., Eklund, T., Södersten, P., & Nordin, C. (1997) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291796003789 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Perry, J. L., Nelson, S. E., & Carroll, M. E. (2008) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/1064-1297.16.2.165 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Drug preference and mood in humans: d-amphetamine
Johanson, C. E., & UHLENHUTH, E. H. (1980) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00433062 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationPrinciples of initial experimental drug abuse liability assessment in humans
Griffiths, R. R., Bigelow, G. E., & Ator, N. A. (2003) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(03)00098-x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Relations of serotonin function to personality: Current views and a key methodological issue
Carver, C. S., & Miller, C. J. (2006) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2006.03.013 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Do initial responses to drugs predict future use or abuse?
de Wit, H., & Phillips, T. J. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.04.005 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
A Comparison of Patterns of Methamphetamine and Cocaine Use
Simon, S. L., Richardson, K., Dacey, J., Glynn, S. M., Domier, C. P., Rawson, R. A., & Ling, W. W. (2001) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v21n01_04 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Individual differences in drug abuse vulnerability: d-Amphetamine and sensation-seeking status
Kelly, T., Robbins, G., Martin, C. A., Fillmore, M., Lane, S., Harrington, N., & Rush, C. (2006) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0487-z · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Relationship between serotonin and the Temperament and Character Inventory
Peirson, A. R., Heuchert, J., Thomala, L., Berk, M., Plein, H., & Cloninger, C. R. (1999) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(99)00079-7 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Neuroreceptor mechanisms of aggression and its treatment.
Swann, A. C. (2003) · PubMed · Cited by 115 · see citing works
White, T. L., & Depue, R. A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.77.4.863 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Impulsivity and chronic stress are associated with amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release
Oswald, L. M., Wong, D. F., Zhou, Y., Kumar, A., Brasic, J., Alexander, M., Ye, W., Kuwabara, H., Hilton, J., & Wand, G. S. (2007) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.01.055 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Hutchison, K. E., Wood, M. D., & Swift, R. (1999) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.7.4.493 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Moresco, F. M., Dieci, M., Vita, A., Messa, C., Gobbo, C., Galli, L., Rizzo, G., Panzacchi, A., Peri, L. M. D., Invernizzi, G., et al. (2002) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.2002.1239 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Nürnberger, J. I., Gershon, E. S., Simmons, S., Ebert, M. H., Kessler, L. R., Dibble, E. D., Jimerson, S. S., Brown, G. M., Gold, P. W., Jimerson, D. C., et al. (1982) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(82)90009-9 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Stoops, W. W., Lile, J. A., Robbins, C. G., Martin, C. A., Rush, C. R., & Kelly, T. H. (2006) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2006.08.006 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Justice, A., & de Wit, H. (2000) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00218-5 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Greater sensitivity to subjective effects of nicotine in nonsmokers high in sensation seeking.
Perkins, K. A., Gerlach, D., Broge, M., Grobe, J. E., & Wilson, A. S. (2000) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037//1064-1297.8.4.462 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Personality and the Subjective Effects of Acute Amphetamine in Healthy Volunteers
White, T. L., Lott, D. C., & de Wit, H. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300939 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Marusich, J. A., & Bardo, M. T. (2009) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e328330ad6d · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Drug preference and mood in humans: Preference for d-amphetamine and subject characteristics
UHLENHUTH, E. H., Johanson, C. E., Kilgore, K., & Kobasa, S. C. O. (1981) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00432692 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationHeterogeneity of amphetamine response in depressed patients
Silberman, E. K., Reus, V. I., Jimerson, D. C., Lynott, A. M., & Post, R. M. (1981) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.138.10.1302 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Individual differences in mood reactions to d-amphetamine: a test of three personality factors
Corr, P. J., & Kumari, V. (2000) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988110001400406 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Comer, S. D., Bickel, W. K., Yi, R., de Wit, H., Higgins, S. T., Wenger, G. R., Johanson, C., & Kreek, M. J. (2010) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32833bb9f8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Self-citationAssociation between the Casein Kinase 1 Epsilon Gene Region and Subjective Response to D-Amphetamine
Veenstra-VanderWeele, J. M., Qaadir, A., Palmer, A. A., Cook, E. H., & de Wit, H. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300936 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Dopamine Transporter Density and Novelty Seeking Among Alcoholics
Laine, T., Ahonen, A., Räsänen, P. K., & Tiihonen, J. (2001) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1300/j069v20n04_08 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Enhanced behavioral response to repeated d-amphetamine and personality traits in humans
Sax, K. W., & Strakowski, S. M. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00168-1 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Physiological Reactivity to Sensory Stimulation as a Measure of Personality
Eysenck, S. B. G., & Eysenck, H. J. (1967) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1967.20.1.45 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Kim, S. J., Kim, Y. S., Lee, H. S., Kim, S. Y., & Kim, C.-H. (2006) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0444-3 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Serotonin indices and impulsivity in normal volunteers
Reist, C., Helmeste, D. M., Albers, L. J., Chhay, H., & Tang, S. W. (1996) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(95)02830-7 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Factors influencing the reinforcing and subjective effects of d-amphetamine in humans.
Ld, C. (1993) · PubMed · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Factors influencing the reinforcing and subjective effects of d-amphetamine in humans
Ld, C. (1993) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-199306000-00001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Genetic Factors Modulating the Response to Stimulant Drugs in Humans
Hart, A. B., de Wit, H., & Palmer, A. A. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_187 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
History of abuse liability testing in humans
Jasinski, D. R. (1991) · British Journal of Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01748.x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Behavioral Responses to Amphetamines in Identical Twins
Crabbe, J. C., Jarvik, L. F., Liston, E. H., & Jenden, D. J. (1983) · Acta geneticae medicae et gemellologiae · doi:10.1017/s0001566000006425 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The prediction of individual differences in response to D-amphetamine in healthy adults
Alessi, S. M., Greenwald, M. K., & Johanson, C. E. (2003) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-200302000-00002 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Mattay VS Goldberg TE Fera F Catechol O-methyltransferase vall58-met genotype and individual variation in the brain response to amphetamine Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2003 100 6186 6191 12716966 PMC156347
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Kirkpatrick, M. G., Goldenson, N. I., Kapadia, N., Kahler, C. W., de Wit, H., Swift, R. M., McGeary, J. E., Sussman, S. Y., & Leventhal, A. M. (2015) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-015-4091-y · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Self-citationWardle, M. C., Marcus, B. A., & de Wit, H. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140501 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“We have previously found that the traits of social potency and impulsivity were related to AMP-induced euphoria [27], but the present sample was much smaller (24 compared to 286), raising question about power.”
BackgroundIntoxicated aggression: Do alcohol and stimulants cause dose-related aggression? A review
Kuypers, K. P. C., Verkes, R., van den Brink, W., van Amsterdam, J., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2018) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.06.001 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Opioidergic Regulation of Emotional Arousal: A Combined PET–fMRI Study
Karjalainen, T., Seppälä, K., Glerean, E., Karlsson, H. K., Lahnakoski, J. M., Nuutila, P., Jääskeläinen, I. P., Hari, R., Sams, M. E., & Nummenmaa, L. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy281 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“In line with these physiological and behavioral observations, opioids are also typically perceived calming and relaxing (Zacny and Gutierrez 2003), while dopaminergic drugs are arousing (Kirkpatrick et al. 2013).”
BackgroundD’Souza, M. S. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00509 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“In addition, cocaine withdrawal-induced memory deficits were observed in CRF2deficient mice compared with wild-type controls (277).”
BackgroundInfluentialBarratt Impulsivity and Neural Regulation of Physiological Arousal
Zhang, S., Hu, S., Hu, J., Wu, P.-L., Chao, H. H., & Li, C.-S. R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0129139 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In a double-blind study of individual differences in acute subjective responses to amphetamine, high trait impulsivity was significantly associated with greater arousal and euphoria [9].”
BackgroundInattention, impulsive action, and subjective response to d-amphetamine
Weafer, J. J., & de Wit, H. (2013) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2013.05.021 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In humans, individuals high on the personality trait of impulsivity report a heightened subjective response to amphetamine (Hutchison et al., 1999; Kelly et al., 2006; Kirkpatrick et al., 2013; Oswald et al., 2007).”
BackgroundCurious cases: Altered dose–response relationships in addiction genetics
Uhl, G. R., Drgonová, J., & Hall, F. S. (2013) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.10.013 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“PCA of recent data for responses on theDEQ, POMSandARCI ratings from research volunteers administered oral doses of amphetamine identified two relevant factors (Kirkpatrick et al., 2013).”
MethodDifferential housing and novelty response: Protection and risk from locomotor sensitization
Garcia, E. J., Haddon, T. N., Saucier, D., & Cain, M. (2017) · Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2017.01.004 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“, 2003; Spear, 2000), it is also a risk factor in adulthood (Hutchison et al., 1999; Kelly et al., 2006; Kirkpatrick et al., 2013; Sax and Strakowski, 1998).”
O’Malley, K. Y., Hart, C. L., Casey, S., & Downey, L. A. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104805 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Psychedelic symptoms of cannabis and cocaine use as a function of trait impulsivity
van Wel, J., Spronk, D. B., Kuypers, K. P. C., Theunissen, E. L., Toennes, S. W., Verkes, R., & Ramaekers, J. G. (2015) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881114563633 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“For example, high trait impulsivity was significantly associated with greater arousal and euphoria following administration of d-amphetamine (Cascella et al., 1994; Kirkpatrick et al., 2013), but another study found no effect of trait impulsivity on mood (White et al., 2006).”
BackgroundWhite, T. L. (2016) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.10.008 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Tzeng, N., Lu, R., Yeh, H., Yeh, Y., Huang, C., Yen, C.-H., Kuo, S.-C., Chen, C., Chang, H., Ho, P., et al. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.01.030 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Harvanko, A., Martin, C., Lile, J., Kryscio, R., & Kelly, T. H. (2016) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/pha0000095 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Smith, C. T., Weafer, J. J., Cowan, R. L., KESSLER, R. M., Palmer, A. A., de Wit, H., & Zald, D. H. (2016) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881116631650 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Other studies have linked individual differences in responses to amphetamine to personality (Hutchison et al., 1999; Kelly et al., 2006; Kirkpatrick et al., 2013), behavioral (Weafer and de Wit, 2013), and genetic factors (Hart et al.”
Poor inhibitory control is associated with greater stimulation and less sedation following alcohol
Weafer, J. J., Phan, K. L., & de Wit, H. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05420-y · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Kassim, F. M. (2023) · Human Psychopharmacology: Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2856 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Likewise, another study that included 286 participants demon- strated that subjective effects of dexamphetamine (5, 10 and 20 mg) in healthy subjects were correlated with individual differ- ences in personality trait (Kirkpatrick et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialHuman behavioral pharmacology of stimulant drugs: An update and narrative review
Strzelecki, A. M., Weafer, J. J., & Stoops, W. W. (2022) · Advances in pharmacology · doi:10.1016/bs.apha.2021.07.001 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Subjective responses predict d-amphetamine choice in healthy volunteers
Murray, C. H., Li, J., Weafer, J. J., & de Wit, H. (2021) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173158 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The mesocorticolimbic system in stimulant use disorder
London, E. D., Groman, S. M., Leyton, M., & de Wit, H. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03148-0 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“For example, reward sensitivity [64, 65], impulsivity [65], physical fearlessness [65], and sensation seeking [66] predicted subjective amphetamine-induced euphoria in healthy volunteers.”
Murray, C. H., Weafer, J. J., & de Wit, H. (2020) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107989 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Herbst, E. D., McCaslin, S. E., & Kalapatapu, R. K. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16010014 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Common behavioral effects of stimulants include increased alertness and wakefulness, anxiety, irritability, restlessness, mood swings, and psychosis(13).”
BackgroundPersonality traits in substance use disorders and obesity when compared to healthy controls
Ramirez, V., Wiers, C. E., Wang, G., & Volkow, N. D. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15062 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Durgin, C. J., Huhn, A. S., Bergeria, C. L., Finan, P. H., Campbell, C. M., Antoine, D. G., & Dunn, K. E. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence Reports · doi:10.1016/j.dadr.2023.100188 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Brieman, C. L., McGarrigle, W. J., Cope, L. M., Kiehl, K. A., & Kosson, D. S. (2024) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2024.38.2.138 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Hoots, J. K., Webber, H. E., Nunez, C., Cooper, J. A., Lopez-Gamundi, P., Lawlor, V. M., Lane, S. D., Treadway, M. T., & Wardle, M. C. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05897-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dexamphetamine influences funneling illusion based on psychometric score
Kassim, F. M., Lim, J. H. M., Albrecht, M. A., & Martin-Iverson, M. T. (2023) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.2862 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The same study showed that reward sensitivity was associated with dexamphetamine‐ increased euphoria, while low harm avoidance personality trait was associated with dexamphetamine‐increased arousal (Kirkpatrick et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLeventhal, A. M., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Pester, M. S., McGeary, J. E., Swift, R. M., Sussman, S. Y., & Kahler, C. W. (2016) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-016-4462-z · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“were calculated for each outcome, which provide an estimate of the overall response to capsule administration across the entire session, as in prior work (Kirkpatrick et al. 2013).”
MethodSelf-citationProgression of Substance Use to Substance Use Disorder
Lee, M. R., McDowell, Y. E., & Sher, K. J. (2019) · Advances in prevention science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-00627-3_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Parachuting: a dangerous trend in recreational psychoactive substance delivery
Boels, D., Grall‐Bronnec, M., Guerlais, M., Roux, G. L., Spiers, A., Gérardin, M., Lomenech, H., Deguigne, M., Daveluy, A., Turcant, A., et al. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery · doi:10.1080/17425247.2016.1222371 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Żełabowski, K., Biedka, K., Pichowicz, W., Sterkowicz, M., Radzka, I., Ilski, I., Wesołowski, M., Wojtysiak, K., Petrov, W., Ślebioda, D., et al. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18101555 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In Poland, based on wastewater analysis conducted in Pozna´n at the turn of 2009/2010 [53], it was concluded that the levels of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and MDMA consumption were lower than in other European countries.”
White, T. L., Gonsalves, M. A., Zimmerman, C. S., Joyce, H., Cohen, R. A., Clark, U. S., Sweet, L. H., Lejuez, C. W., & Nitenson, A. Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1060877 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“At this dosage AMP reliably induces stimulant effects, is well tolerated, and is among the narrow range of doses used with fMRI (Martin et al., 1971; Foltin and Fischman, 1991a,b; Mattay et al., 2000, 2003; Drevets et al., 2001; Uftring et al., 2001; Hariri et al., 2002; White et al., 2006b, 2007, 2018; Kirkpatrick et…”
BackgroundPester, M. S., Kirkpatrick, M. G., Geary, B. A., & Leventhal, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881117748901 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“…mg dose of oral d-amphetamine or matching placebo at 09:30 and completed repeated assessments of subjective drug reward before (pre-drug) and +30, +60, +90, +150, and +180 min post-capsule administration (Dlugos et al., 2007; Kirkpatrick et al., 2013; Stoops et al., 2007; Weafer and de Wit, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEffects of Psychostimulants on Rat Emotional States and Emission of Ultrasonic Vocalizations
Simola, N. (2018) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809600-0.00027-5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Lippard, E., Kirsch, D. E., Le, V., Lee, S.-H., Bibb, N., Meek, K., Kosted, R., Huffman, A., Almeida, J., Fromme, K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1549295 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Simulating Brain Reaction to Methamphetamine Regarding Consumer Personality
Keyvanara, M., & Monadjemi, S. A. (2015) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence & Applications · doi:10.5121/ijaia.2015.6406 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“This difference in reaction can be an important issue for drug abuse in various people [4, 14].”
BackgroundStebliuk, V. V., Striltsiv, O., Омельченко, О. Є., & Yarovyi, O. (2013) · CeON Repository (Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science)
Learning mechanisms of addiction
Yates, J. R. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-90578-7.00009-8
- Authors
- Kirkpatrick, M. G., Johanson, C.-E., & de Wit, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Wayne State University (US)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
- Venue
- Journal of Psychopharmacology
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-01-23
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 256-264
- ISSN
- 0269-8811 (ISSN-L)
- 1461-7285
- PMC
- PMC4241296
- OpenAlex
- W1978587257
- Cited by
- 39
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA021336, R01DA021336, R01DA002812, DA002812)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- amphetamine, personality traits, subjective drug effects, stimulants, euphoria, arousal, dysphoria, reward sensitivity, impulsivity, individual differences, Profile of Mood States, Addiction Research Center Inventory
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Arousal, Depression, Dextroamphetamine, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Double-Blind Method, Euphoria, Fear, Female, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Male, Personality, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reward, Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors, Principal Component Analysis, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
