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Ultra-fast magnetic resonance encephalography of physiological brain activity – Glymphatic pulsation mechanisms?
Open accessAbstract
The theory on the glymphatic convection mechanism of cerebrospinal fluid holds that cardiac pulsations in part pump cerebrospinal fluid from the peri-arterial spaces through the extracellular tissue into the peri-venous spaces facilitated by aquaporin water channels. Since cardiac pulses cannot be the sole mechanism of glymphatic propulsion, we searched for additional cerebrospinal fluid pulsations in the human brain with ultra-fast magnetic resonance encephalography. We detected three types of physiological mechanisms affecting cerebral cerebrospinal fluid pulsations: cardiac, respiratory, and very low frequency pulsations. The cardiac pulsations induce a negative magnetic resonance encephalography signal change in peri-arterial regions that extends centrifugally and covers the brain in ≈1 Hz cycles. The respiratory ≈0.3 Hz pulsations are centripetal periodical pulses that occur dominantly in peri-venous areas. The third type of pulsation was very low frequency (VLF 0.001–0.023 Hz) and low frequency (LF 0.023–0.73 Hz) waves that both propagate with unique spatiotemporal patterns. Our findings using critically sampled magnetic resonance encephalography open a new view into cerebral fluid dynamics. Since glymphatic system failure may precede protein accumulations in diseases such as Alzheimer's dementia, this methodological advance offers a novel approach to image brain fluid dynamics that potentially can enable early detection and intervention in neurodegenerative diseases.
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“Magnetic resonance encephalography (MREG) mapping of pulsation in the human brain showed already in 2016 that infraslow vasomotion represents an alternative driver of glymphatic flow75”
From Norepinephrine-mediated slow vasomotion drives glymphatic clearance during sleep (2025) · cites this paper as [75]
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“A clinical platform capable of evaluating glymphatic pulsation mechanisms such as ultra-fast MREG in this study might open new possibilities in understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms behind glymphatic decline and protein accumulations in aging.(32)”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kiviniemi, V., Wang, X., Korhonen, V., Keinänen, T., Tuovinen, T., Autio, J., LeVan, P., Keilholz, S., Zang, Y.-F., Hennig, J., & Nedergaard, M.
- Affiliations
- Oulu University Hospital (FI)
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- University Medical Center Freiburg (DE)
- Georgia Institute of Technology (US)
- Hangzhou Normal University (CN)
- University of Rochester Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kiviniemi, Vesa
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-12-21
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1033-1045
- ISSN
- 0271-678X (ISSN-L)
- 1559-7016
- PMC
- PMC4908626
- OpenAlex
- W2414014505
- Cited by
- 453
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 70 · 2025: 74 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 9
- FWCI
- 13.57
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Novo Nordisk Fonden (NNF13OC0004258)
- National Institute on Aging (R01AG048769)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Cerebrospinal fluid and hydrocephalus
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- glymphatic system, cerebrospinal fluid pulsation, cardiac pulsation, Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative disease detection
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Pulsatile Flow, Young Adult, Neuroimaging
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