The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 64 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health
Open accessAbstract
Researchers have suggested that health disparities in African American women, including adverse birth outcomes, lupus, obesity, and untreated depression, can be explained by stress and coping. The Strong Black Woman/Superwoman role has been highlighted as a phenomenon influencing African American women’s experiences and reports of stress. The purpose of this study was to develop a preliminary conceptual framework for Superwoman Schema (SWS) by exploring women’s descriptions of the Superwoman role; perceptions of contextual factors, benefits, and liabilities; and beliefs regarding how it influences health. Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors. Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community) and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment). The SWS framework might be used to enhance future research on stress and African American women’s health.
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Claims the paper makes
101 Own result · 26 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 9 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These disparities in health might relate to how African American women experience and cope with stress (Giscombé & Lobel, 2005; Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003; Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993).”
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
“Stress and coping strategies have been found to be significant factors explaining health disparities in African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé & Lobel, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links prenatal stress to disparities in birth outcomes and suggests African American women may be more susceptible to its effects. It also explicitly says the review did not address coping as a contributor to those disparities and calls for further study. The source therefore supports the citing sentence’s tentative link to stress, but not an established role for coping or a general claim about health disparities beyond birth outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Based on this evidence, a Superwoman ideal accompanied by emotional suppression might place the health and well-being of African American women who use this strategy at risk.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links suppression of negative affect to higher blood pressure and diminished immune functioning, and reports that African American women who quietly accepted discrimination were more likely to have hypertension than those who expressed their feelings. This supports the suggested health risk of emotional suppression, but the paper does not address a Superwoman ideal or the risk of combining that ideal with suppression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The demographically diverse sample of African American women reported that the Superwoman role is multifaceted; women discussed how they characterized the Superwoman role, contributing contextual factors, perceived benefits, and perceived liabilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community)”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants shared that they did this because they did not know how to accept help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women across groups discussed how racial or gender stereotyping and oppression contributed to the Superwoman role.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some acknowledged that they believed that they could reach their goals even if they didn’t have everything needed to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the most salient benefits of the Superwoman role was survival despite personal obstacles, perceived inadequacy of resources, and unique life experiences attributed to the double jeopardy of being African American and female.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in all eight groups reported that it was not uncommon for them to “put up my defenses.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women spoke of being in charge in relationships to protect themselves from getting hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 39
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Findings from this study corroborate and extend previous examinations of concepts of strength, perseverance, and self-reliance among African Americans (Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007; James, 1994; James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983; Mullings, 2006; Shambley-Ebron & Boyle, 2006).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007 source
- Supportedcites James, 1994 source
The cited paper is a previous examination of John Henryism among African Americans. Its “John Henryism, African-Americans, and American Culture” section explicitly discusses hard work and self-reliance, while its account of effortful coping and resistance addresses the cited sentence’s broader theme of perseverance. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four contextual factors were identified as contributors to the Superwoman role, including a historical legacy of racial and gender stereotyping or oppression; lessons from foremothers; a past personal history of disappointment, mistreatment, or abuse; and spiritual values.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women expressed that carrying the burdens of others gave their lives a sense of purpose.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The women discussed feeling obligated to meet the needs of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women were the first in their family to attain certain educational and professional achievements and, as a result, expressed that they could not rely on their family members to provide the extra boost of resources that other, more privileged, individuals might have.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others reported that vulnerability or dependence would cause them to get hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others stated that they only felt obliged to present an image of strength at work.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of their desire to resist vulnerability or dependence on others, some of the women expressed that they either preferred to be a leader or that they had difficulty not taking the lead. This was a factor across groups, but more common in the older groups of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how their commitment to helping others led them to take on multiple roles and responsibilities and have difficulty saying no.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported being perceived as “the strong one” by others and that they were expected to be the strength of their families.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women spoke with a sense of pride about manifesting an image of strength, but nevertheless seemed distressed by feeling obligated to do so most of the time.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A clear theme emerged about being resistant to vulnerability.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings resulted in the preliminary development of the Superwoman Schema Conceptual Framework (Figure 1).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I think a lot of people don’t know when black women are stressed because of the superwoman syndrome and especially in the workplace, where other women might be able to show their stress, I think for us, it’s harder for us to acknowledge that stress, especially at the workplace when you’re supposed to be extremely productive.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many, succeeding meant balancing the simultaneous demands of raising their children, completing their education, and working full-time, without the assistance of a husband or their children’s father.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in the focus groups discussed that faith, religion, and spirituality helped them to manifest strength to reach their goals and to help them overcome challenges without the help of other people.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some described it as a need to nurture others and stated that this is a common trait of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how these experiences with abuse created suspicion, fear, apprehension, and mistrust, which led to the development of resistance to depending on others or being placed in a vulnerable position.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported that presenting an image of strength was just part of a woman’s life and, more specifically, an African American woman’s life.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women indicated an obligation to suppress emotions.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others said that they could make it on their own and wanted to prove it to others, or that people had ulterior motives for offering help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant from the group of women between the ages of 25 and 45 years of age who were not college-educated stated: > You have to be strong. . . . Society makes you have to be a strong woman. People in relationships make you have to be a strong woman. Our past makes us have to be a strong woman and it’s really annoying as hell.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants’ characterizations of the Superwoman role were grouped into five major topic areas: obligation to manifest strength, obligation to suppress emotions, resistance to being vulnerable or dependent, determination to succeed despite limited resources, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants discussed that they routinely worked late, neglected taking breaks, sacrificed sleep, and put their health in danger to reach their goals.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some made statements such as, “My family expects me to do more than I have time to do,” and expressed that these expectations were burdensome.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported not asking for help until they felt extremely overwhelmed and admitted that this way of living caused them to go through “unnecessary struggles.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that they have had to do for themselves for so long, and that taking the lead or being in control of situations felt normal for them.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One retired woman felt that she too was expected to volunteer more, because others perceived that she had more free time to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman reflected on how her grandmother’s exterior strength might have been a cause of several undesirable health conditions:”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One young college student in particular discussed that her ambition and drive for success were related to others’ expectations that she would fail in life because she was African American.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group of 25–45 year-old college-educated women stated with group agreement (i.e., heads nodding): “I don’t know how my life would be if I wasn’t like putting out fires all the time, that this just seems like that’s just normal.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The single women in the 25–45 years age group believed that because they didn’t have spouses and families, others expected them to have more time, and they uncomfortably found themselves delegated to more roles and responsibilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported feeling physically drained and that they did not have time for self-care because they are always taking care of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was most prevalent among the group of women aged 25–45 years with college education, but was discussed across groups.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of this study indicate that the Superwoman role is a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing characteristics such as obligation to manifest strength, emotional suppression, resistance to vulnerability and dependence, determination to succeed, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group with terminal or advanced degrees discussed how stereotypes about Black women might limit access to those supportive resources.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These liabilities fell under three major categories: strain in interpersonal relationships, stress-related health behaviors, and embodiment of stress.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These sentiments were discussed most commonly in the older groups and the groups with college education.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It gave these women pride and satisfaction to be helpful to their parents especially; they felt strongly about their responsibility to give back.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Postponement of self-care was particularly relevant for the group of women with terminal or professional degrees, the college-educated women aged 25 to 45 years, and the group of women without a college education who were older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have no doubts about the fact that the stress was toxic to my pregnancy, because when the autopsy was done, there was nothing found but fetal distress, and so I think about that a lot when I get overly stressed out.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These health issues were discussed most explicitly in the focus group of college-educated women 25–45 years of age, but both younger and older participants made connections among stress, coping, strength, and health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was discussed across groups, but discussed in greatest detail by the groups of college-educated women 18–24 years old and women older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they acknowledged that doing this sometimes resulted in challenges to their own financial situations.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that following the advice of their foremothers to be self-sufficient and independent in relationships might cause significant others to either feel frustrated, unneeded, or less motivated to provide support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the weathering framework, Geronimus (2001, 2006) suggests that life experiences of African American women historically have included an accumulation of racial inequality; social, political, and economic exclusion; and medical underservice.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These inequities decrease access to resources and heighten susceptibility to psychological stress and premature stress-related illness (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“that, according to conceptual frameworks such as “weathering” (Geronimus, 2001, 2006) and allostatic load (McEwen, 1998), greatly influence how stress impacts health outcomes in this population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to the Weathering Conceptual Framework, these societal factors provide explanation for the disparities between the health of African American women and European American women (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the indexing stage, a nonexclusive approach was used. The index code categories were broad and general, and pieces of data were appropriate for more than one topic heading or index code. The emphasis at this stage was on including all potentially relevant material, to avoid selective attention to data.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data that appeared to contradict the existing index code categories were embraced, not excluded universally. Deviant cases were used to understand when or under what circumstances African American women display characteristics such as strength or emotional suppression.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, corroboration with experts in the field and the study participants was used to enhance credibility and validity (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The concept of Superwoman developed partially as a result of African American women’s efforts to counteract negative societal characterizations of African American womanhood (such as “Mammy,” “Jezebel,” and “Welfare Queen”) and to highlight unsung attributes that developed and continue to exist despite oppression and adversity (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2003; Harris-Lacewell, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, in the theory of allostatic load, McEwen (1998) suggests that chronic exposure to psychological stress leads to cumulative risk and physiological dysregulation (e.g., impaired cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine functioning), yielding chronic illness and premature mortality.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The author and research assistant then compared the transcript to the audiotaped data to confirm accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Field log notes and memos were maintained to enhance auditability of the study (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Debriefing with the study participants, which included a review of prominent topics that were raised by the participants, was conducted at the end of each focus group session to enhance accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, the focus groups provided a supportive environment for women to discuss sensitive issues related to experiencing and coping with stress (Jarrett, 1993).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarrett, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Each scheduled group was designed to be homogeneous in age and educational background, to bring individuals together who have shared life experiences (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The major thematic categories were shared in writing with the focus group participants, and they were invited to communicate feedback to the research team through written or verbal correspondence (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of women who were diverse in age and educational levels.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in recruitment materials, women were invited to participate in a focus group to discuss issues of stress and coping in African American women. It is likely that this method of recruitment resulted in a sample of women with higher levels of stress compared to the general population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that participants from other regions of the United States might have different experiences that might be used to expand the current framework of SWS.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Verbalization of emotional distress or seeking professional mental health counseling might be interpreted as signs of weakness or as a failure to uphold the image of strength (Amankwaa, 2003; Curphey, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Curphey, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, emotional suppression has been found to influence excessive intake of alcohol (e.g., Ehrmin, 2002) and undesirable physiological processes that result in detrimental changes in immune functioning and illness (Petrie, Booth, & Pennebaker, 1998; Petrie, Fontanilla, Thomas, Booth, & Pennebaker, 2004; Smyth, Stone, Hurewitz, & Kaell, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, for a majority of the women (particularly those in the midst of childrearing and those who served as caretakers for their loved ones), being strong contributed to levels of selflessness, powerlessness, and self-silencing that contributed to psychological distress and heightened risk for depression (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework shares elements of strength and determination postulated by the JHH; however, the SWS framework provides more nuanced details about women’s suppression of negative emotion and difficulty with accepting emotional support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women in this study shared that the exhibition of a strong exterior enabled them to maintain control and withstand otherwise insurmountable challenges (Edge & Rogers, 2005).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Edge & Rogers, 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other important components of the SWS framework not addressed explicitly by the JHH include (a) obligation to help others, which includes difficulty saying no to multiple roles and responsibilities; (b) resistance to being vulnerable or dependent; (c) obligation to suppress emotions; and (d) postponement of self-care.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings of this qualitative focus group study have implications for clinical practice and research and are consistent with research on embodiment and health disparities among African American women (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the focus group environment might have promoted a tendency to express opinions in agreement with the rest of the group, which might have limited discussion of unique, but important, alternative experiences.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“African American women who were not attracted to the study advertisements might have had lower levels of stress and might be less likely to identify with the characteristics of the Superwoman role identified from the analysis of this study.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An embodied approach to investigating health disparities moves beyond rational explanations and incorporates contextual factors emphasizing how an individual’s subjective experience influences health behaviors (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework might enhance existing explanatory models of stress, coping, and physical or mental health among African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“She uncovered several themes, including the cultural mandate of strength, self-silencing, excessive attunement to the needs of others, and denial of one’s own needs; similar to the current study, she identified positive characteristics of showing strength (e.g., enhancing success with goals, assertiveness, and moral character).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in one interview study, 12 African American women with postpartum depression discussed that obligations to exhibit strength, modeled by the women in their families, resulted in disregard for their physical and mental health, dissonance between the their “real self” and “ideal self,” and frustration when they were unable to live up to social expectations to be strong (Amankwaa, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
plaindirectn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a tendency to suppress negative emotions in the context of inadequate resources and responsibilities in multiple life domains might place a woman at greater risk for adverse health compared to a woman who has a great deal of determination to succeed, but also has the ability to express distress as a result of abundant tangible and emotional support from family and friends.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Existing literature suggests that the concept of strength is relevant to women from diverse backgrounds (Hayes, 1986; Herrera & DelCampo, 1995; Lim, 1997; Mensinger, Bonifazi, & LaRosa, 2007; Whitty, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, specific combinations of Superwoman characteristics and varying degrees of available resources might influence a woman’s risk for impaired health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowledge about how stress and health relate in African American women remains incomplete, partly due to scarce information on their stress experiences and coping.
“The relationship between stress and health in African American women is not understood fully, in part because of limited information about African American women’s experiences of stress and their stress-related coping strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
African American women's historical pattern of strength under stress may be linked to their present health disparities.
“The legacy of strength in the face of stress among African American women might have something to do with the current health disparities that African American women face.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
“It is reasonable to assume that an isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role might not be, in and of itself, a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prior evidence suggests that both SWS and John Henryism are adaptive responses to marginalizing experiences associated with being a member of a dually-oppressed group (James et al., 1983;Woods-Giscombe, 2010), in this case African American women.”
From Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism (2023) · cites this paper as Woods-Giscombe, 2010
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 793
Evans, M. A., Ellis, D. A., Vesco, A. T., Feldman, M. A., Weissberg-Benchell, J. A., Carcone, A. I., Miller, J. L., Boucher‐Berry, C., Buggs‐Saxton, C., Degnan, B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsad096 · Cited by 19
Wiklund, M., Öhman, A., Bengs, C., & Malmgren‐Olsson, E. (2014) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244014537083 · Cited by 19
Okhomina, V. I., Glover, L. M., Taylor, H., & Sims, M. (2018) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0457-7 · Cited by 20
Woods‐Giscombé, C. L. (2018) · Meridians · doi:10.2979/meridians.16.2.14 · Cited by 22
Self-citationKim, S., Im, E., Liu, J., & Ulrich, C. M. (2020) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaa008 · Cited by 19
Garfield, L., & Watson‐Singleton, N. N. (2020) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945920950336 · Cited by 25
Initial Construction and Validation of the Identity Shifting for Black Women Scale
Dickens, D. D., Hall, N. M., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Mitchell, C., & Thomas, Z. (2022) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843221089330 · Cited by 18
Dogan, J. N., Thorpe, S. Y., Malone, N. J., Jester, J. K., Stevens-Watkins, D. J., & Hargons, C. N. (2022) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2022.2072956 · Cited by 20
Factors Related to Medication Self-Management in African American Older Women
Ellis, J. L., Kovach, C. R., Fendrich, M., Olukotun, O., Baldwin, V. K., Ke, W., & Nichols, B. (2019) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20190206-01 · Cited by 18
“One perspective might be the Strong Black Woman phenomenon (Woods-Giscombe, 2010) to examine whether socialized Black woman identity is a factor in why high caregiving responsibilities did not correlate with high reported strain.”
BackgroundDeveloping a Black Feminist Analysis for Mental Health Practice: From Theory to Praxis
Jones, L. V., & Harris, M. A. (2019) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2019.1622908 · Cited by 25
“One way in which this construct of mental fortitude has been discussed in the literature is via the Strong Black Woman (SBW) schema (Abrams, Maxwell, Pope & Belgrave, 2014; Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2009; Jones & Shorter-Gooden, 2003; Thomas, Witherspoon, & Speight, 2008; Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundAvery, L. R., Stanton, A. G., Ward, L. M., Trinh, S. L., Cole, E. R., & Jerald, M. C. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02179-2 · Cited by 18
“For Black women, exuding strength while concealing pain is a behavioral mandate that is often lauded and rewarded both within Black communities and the larger society (Abrams et al., 2019; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundEmotions, Feelings, and Social Change: Love, Anger, and Solidarity in Black Women’s AIDS Activism
Harris, A. (2018) · Women Gender and Families of Color · doi:10.5406/womgenfamcol.6.2.0181 · Cited by 18
“…Wingfield 2011), and a growing literature examines how black women care for the physical and emotional welfare of others (Shorter-Gooden 2004; Woods-Giscombé 2010; Woods-Giscombé et al. 2015) and themselves (Graham 2016; Greer 2011; Hall, Everett, and Hamilton-Mason 2012; Hamilton-Mason,…”
Felix, A. S., Nolan, T. S., Glover, L. M., Sims, M., Addison, D., Smith, S. A., Anderson, C. M., Warren, B. J., Woods‐Giscombé, C. L., Hood, D. B., et al. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01392-6 · Cited by 19
Self-citationThe association between Superwoman schema and subjective sleep quality among Black women
Erving, C. L., Zajdel, R. A., Blevins, K. M., Fields, N. D., Martin, Z. T., McKinnon, I. I., Parker, R., Murden, R., Udaipuria, S., Swanson, S., et al. (2024) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2023.12.008 · Cited by 18
Martin, Z. T., Al‐daas, I. O., Cardenas, N., Kolade, J. O., Merlau, E. R., Vu, J. K., Brown, K. K., & Brothers, R. M. (2023) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.21230 · Cited by 15
Bryant, L. S., Leath, S. C., Billingsley, J. T., & Moseley, S. (2024) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843241233289 · Cited by 16
“…village of family members, friends, and mentors for their daughters provided relief from intensive mothering norms (Elliott et al., 2015; McHale, 2010) and gendered racial stereotypes of the strong Black woman (Leath, Billingsley, et al., 2023; Nash, 2021; Rousseau, 2013; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Johnson, C. C., Sheffield-Abdullah, K. M., & Brown, R. (2018) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2018/5123217 · Cited by 16
“Likewise, many AA women identify with the Strong Black Woman’s Syndrome [16, 17], an identity associated with sustained chronic stress states and depressive symptoms [18], which further increases risk for MetS [19].”
BackgroundStrayhorn, S. M., Bergeron, N. Q., Strahan, D. C., Villines, D. C., Fitzpatrick, V., Watson, K. S., Khanna, A. S., & Molina, Y. (2021) · Supportive Care in Cancer · doi:10.1007/s00520-021-06098-9 · Cited by 16
Graham, R., & Clarke, V. (2021) · Feminism & Psychology · doi:10.1177/0959353520964672 · Cited by 16
Lee, R. E., Joseph, R. P., Carr, L. T. B., Strayhorn, S. M., Faro, J. M., Lane, H., Monroe, C. M., Pekmezi, D., & Szeszulski, J. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab026 · Cited by 17
“D ow nloaded from https://academ ic.oup.com /tbm /article/11/6/1205/6209885 by guest on 26 N ovem ber 2021 TBM page 1207 of 1215 Reading list for behavioral medicine researchers regarding race, place, and health Policies European Colonization of America [116] The African Americans: Many Rivers to Cross [117] America C…”
Background‘The only way out’: how self-care is conceptualized by Black women
Adkins‐Jackson, P. B., Preston, P. J., & Hairston, T. M. (2022) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2022.2027878 · Cited by 22
“…denoted they experienced short-term benefits from engaging in unhealthy coping behaviors or immersing themselves in family and community, consistent with narratives of coping practiced among Black women discussed in the introduction (Black and Peacock 2011; Mullings 2005; Woods-Giscombe 2010).”
BackgroundSystemic lupus erythematosus observations of travel burden: A qualitative inquiry
Williams, E. M., Ortiz, K. S., Flournoy, M. W., Bruner, L., & Kamen, D. L. (2015) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.12614 · Cited by 16
Circumstances Beyond Their Control: Black Women’s Perceptions of Black Manhood
Abrams, J. A., Maxwell, M. L., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2017) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-017-0870-8 · Cited by 24
Thorpe, S. Y., Dogan, J. N., Malone, N. J., & Palomino, K. A. (2023) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2023.2210199 · Cited by 17
“Woods-Giscombe (2010) coined the concept of Superwoman Schema (SWS) to describe the five ways Black women believed they should cope with stress which included: 1) manifesting strength, 2) suppressing emotions, 3) resisting dependence or vulnerability, 4) succeeding despite limited resources, and 4)…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialShining a Light on the Superwoman Schema and Maternal Health
Bond, R. M., Ansong, A. K., & Albert, M. A. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.058905 · Cited by 15
Superwoman, Racial Identity, and Teen Dating Violence Victimization among Young Black Women
Debnam, K. J., Milam, A. J., & Finigan‐Carr, N. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211021984 · Cited by 20
“As noted by Woods-Giscombé (2010), a context of racism, oppression and marginalization in the United States has likely forced Black women to “take on the roles of mother, nurturer, and breadwinner out of economic and social necessity (p. 669).””
BackgroundThe Impact of COVID-19 Among Black Girls: A Social-Ecological Perspective
Crooks, N. K., Sosina, W., Debra, A., & Donenberg, G. R. (2022) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsab139 · Cited by 14
“Racism and stereotype messaging, specifically from social media, contribute to elevated sexual and mental health risks among Black girls (Rosenthal & Lobel, 2016; Townsend et al., 2010; Woods-Giscomb e, 2010; Woods-Jaeger et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMental Health Strategies Informed by Black Feminist Thought
Oliphant, V. N., Broyles, D., Clement, D. N., & Wingate, L. R. (2022) · Open Cultural Studies · doi:10.1515/culture-2022-0151 · Cited by 17
Mustafaa, F. N. (2023) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/00028312231189238 · Cited by 15
From Stepping Stones to Scaling Mountains: Overcoming Racialized Disparities in Pain Management
Booker, S. Q., Merriwether, E. N., Powell-Roach, K. L., & Jackson, S. (2024) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2023-0098 · Cited by 15
James, K. F., Chen, K., Hindra, S. S., Gray, S., Robinson, M. N., Tobin, C. S. T., Choi, K. R., & Arnault, D. S. (2024) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-024-01458-w · Cited by 14
“Suppression of emotional PMAD symptoms, often due to cultural expectations such as the Strong Black Woman/Superwoman role (Woods-Giscombé 2010), can lead to somatic symptoms (Evagorou et al. 2016).”
BackgroundImagining Her Future: Diversity in Mothers’ Socialization Goals for Their Adolescent Daughters
Ramirez, J. C., Oshin, L. A., & Milan, S. (2017) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022117696802 · Cited by 17
“Throughout history, limited access to resources and support has required African American women to take on multiple roles to provide for their families and communities, sometimes at the expense of their own needs and psychological well-being (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundKapoor, S., Domingue, H. K., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Are, F. G., Elmore, C. A., Crooks, C. L., Madden, A. R., Mack, S. A., Peifer, J. S., & Kaslow, N. J. (2017) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-017-9943-2 · Cited by 17
“Self-efficacy (judgments or perceptions about ability to perform tasks related to attaining a performance goal and cope with stressors) has been encouraged in African American women (Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundAfrican American Women’s Perceived Influences on and Strategies to Reduce Sedentary Behavior
Warren, T. Y., Wilcox, S., George, S. M. S., & Brandt, H. M. (2018) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732317748605 · Cited by 18
“Similarly, Woods-Giscombe described both the benefits and the liabilities that the “Strong Black Woman/Superwoman” role had on African American women participating in her focus groups (Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
Jackson, C. L. (2020) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwaa104 · Cited by 14
Tan, M., Mamun, A. A., Kitzman, H. E., & Dodgen, L. (2019) · Ethnicity & Disease · doi:10.18865/ed.29.2.297 · Cited by 15
Sobers, S. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2708491 · Cited by 15
Black mothers’ birthing experiences: in search of birthing justice
Zhuang, J., Goldbort, J., Bogdan-Lovis, E., Bresnahan, M., & Shareef, S. (2022) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2022.2027885 · Cited by 13
“This result is consistent with several previous studies reporting care providers disrespect shown to Black mothers (Knighton et al. 2020; McLemore et al. 2018; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundResultExploring the health of child protection workers: A call to action
Boyas, J. F., Moore, D., Duran, M. Y., Fuentes, J., Woodiwiss, J. L., McCoy, L. M., & Cirino, A. (2022) · Health Promotion Perspectives · doi:10.34172/hpp.2022.50 · Cited by 13
Coping While Black: Comparing Coping Strategies Across COVID-19 and the Killing of Black People
Cox, J. M., Toussaint, A., Woerner, J. I., Smith, A. C., & Haeny, A. M. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01600-x · Cited by 13
“One aspect of this is suppressing emotions in an effort not to appear weak or be a burden to others, particularly for Black women [67].”
Nelson, T., & Cherry, M. (2024) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984241284985 · Cited by 18
“For example, some Black women may rede fi ne or abandon the Superwoman Schema (Abrams et al., 2014; Jones et al., 2021; Nelson et al., 2016; Watson & Hunter, 2016; Woods-Giscomb´e, 2010).”
InfluentialIntersectional Perspectives of Black Women’s Mental Health: Strategies for Clinical Training
Brown, D. L., Blackmon, S. M., Griffin-Fennell, F. D., Darden, T. M., & Bannerman, D. (2020) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2020.1729467 · Cited by 17
Thảo, N. T. P. (2016) · Asian Social Work and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/aswp.12092 · Cited by 13
Who Can I Turn To? Emotional Support Availability in African American Social Networks
Hood, S. M., Golembiewski, E. H., Benbow, K. L., Sow, H., & Thompson, V. L. S. (2017) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci6030104 · Cited by 13
Cultural Connections: An Ethnocultural Counseling Intervention for Black Women in College
Jones, M. K., & Sam, T. S. (2018) · Journal of College Counseling · doi:10.1002/jocc.12088 · Cited by 13
The “invisible caregiver”: multicaregiving among diabetic African-American grandmothers
Carthron, D., Bailey, D. E., & Anderson, R. A. (2014) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2014.02.013 · Cited by 13
“African-American older adult women are heralded as the backbone of the African-American family and community, adapting to ever-changing societal and psychosocial changes dating back to slavery [1].”
BackgroundBoutté, R. L., Johnson, A., Goel, N. J., Simpson, C. C., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2025) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-025-01190-5 · Cited by 15
“A substantial body of research connects the Strong Black Woman schema, as well as that of other controlling images, to numerous mental and physical health concerns [29, 94].”
Drazich, B. F., Jenkins, E., Nkimbeng, M. J., Saylor, M. A., Szanton, S. L., Wright, R. J., Beach, M. C., & Taylor, J. L. W. (2022) · Frontiers in Pain Research · doi:10.3389/fpain.2022.845513 · Cited by 12
Grapin, S. L., Warner, C. M., Bixter, M. T., Cunningham, D. J., Bonumwezi, J., Mahmud, F., Kline, E. A., Portillo, N. L., & Nisenson, D. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2034833 · Cited by 11
“53”
BackgroundAre Distressed Black Women Also Depressed? Implications for a Mental Health Paradox
Robinson, M. N., Erving, C. L., & Tobin, C. S. T. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01313-7 · Cited by 20
“This social positioning may also contribute to distinct risks, resources, and mental health outcomes among Black women, who face unique challenges as they navigate multiple systemic oppressions [13, 25-28].”
Mccall, T., Foster, M., Tomlin, H. R., & Schwartz, T. (2023) · JAMIA Open · doi:10.1093/jamiaopen/ooad088 · Cited by 11
Volpe, V., Collins, A., Ross, J. M., Ellis, K. R., Lewis, J. A., Ladd, B. A., & Fitzpatrick, S. L. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae017 · Cited by 13
Urizar, G. G., Nguyen, V., Devera, J., Saquillo, A. J., Dunne, L. A., Brayboy, C., Dixon-Hamlett, A., Clanton-Higgins, V., & Manning, G. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114058 · Cited by 13
Golden, A. G., & Pomerantz, A. M. (2014) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2014.898363 · Cited by 12
“The “Black superwoman” phenomenon has been found to transcend class lines, leading women to put off caring for themselves, resist situations that make them feel vulnerable or dependent, and suppress their own emotions (Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundWork–family spillover and metabolic syndrome indicators: Findings from a national sample
Versey, H. S., & Tan, M. (2018) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105318764014 · Cited by 12
“A perceived or real depletion of resources gives rise to several negative psychological states (e.g. dissatisfaction, distress, depression, and anxiety), which may have longterm consequences (Grandey and Cropanzano, 1999; Greenhaus et al., 2006; Martire et al., 2000; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundRepertoire of Resilience: Black Women’s Social Resistance to Suicide
Spates, K. S., & Slatton, B. C. (2021) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spab072 · Cited by 12
Çayır, E., Spencer, M., Billings, D. L., Messias, D. K. H., & Robillard, A. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323211041327 · Cited by 14
“Superwoman role refers to the specific ways in which Black women experience an obligation to be strong and not present vulnerability in the face of life stressors as a responsibility toward their family, friends, and community (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundResultDistress screening in endometrial cancer leads to disparity in referral to support services
Reid, H., Broadwater, G., de Oca, M. K. M., Selvan, B., Fayanju, O. M., Havrilesky, L. J., & Davidson, B. A. (2022) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.01.001 · Cited by 11
Black Americans suppress emotions when prejudice is believed to stem from shared ignorance
Chaney, K. E., Pham, M. D., & Cipollina, R. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1336552 · Cited by 11
“…(Hoffman et al., 2016), the societal pressure to be hypermasculine among Black men (Young, 2021), and the superwoman schema among Black women (i.e., Black women trying to fit a “superwoman” ideal of not displaying or burdening others with their emotions; Woods-Giscombé, 2010; Allen et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAdvance Care Planning for Children With Rare Diseases: A Pilot RCT
Lyon, M. E., Fraser, J. L., Thompkins, J. D., Clark, H. L., Brodie, N., Detwiler, K., Torres, C., Guerrera, M. F., Younge, T., Aoun, S. M., et al. (2024) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-064557 · Cited by 12
Mollard, E. K., Elya, A., Gaines, C., Salahshurian, E., Riordan, E., Moore, T. A., Maloney, S. I., Balas, M. C., Shah, N. T., & Owens, D. C. (2024) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2024.2359384 · Cited by 11
“The SBW schema depicts Black women as exceptionally resilient and self-reliant, often limiting their access to resources and discouraging them from seeking help (Nelson, Cardemil, and Adeoye 2016; Watson and Hunter 2015; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
Husbands, D., Linceviciute, S., & Yetkili, O. (2025) · Race Ethnicity and Education · doi:10.1080/13613324.2024.2386949 · Cited by 11
“Yet, even holding to the ideology of a ‘strong Black woman’ (Woods-Giscombé 2010) creates psychological distress in Black women based on external expectations (Abrams, Hill, and Maxwell 2018).”
Camacho, D., Burnette, D., Aranda, M., Moxley, J. H., Lukens, E. P., Reid, M. C., & Wethington, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1429739 · Cited by 11
“Black individuals may underreport pain if they interpret it as a personal inadequacy or weakness (92, 93), normal part of aging (52), or obligation to be stalwart and limit disclosure or reporting of distress (94).”
BackgroundRobinson-Lane, S. G., Johnson, F. U., Tuyisenge, M., Jackson, J., Qurashi, T., Tripathi, P., & Giordani, B. (2024) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/10748407241288606 · Cited by 10
Development and Validation of a Preliminary Measure of African American Women’s Gender Role Beliefs
Belgrave, F. Z., Abrams, J. A., Hood, K. B., Moore, M., & Nguyen, A. B. (2015) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798415576614 · Cited by 17
“Many women believe that it is these gender role beliefs that have ensured personal, familial, and community survival (Ashcraft & Belgrave, 2005; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialMayer, S. E., Guan, J., Lin, J., Hamlat, E. J., Parker, J. E., Brownell, K., Price, C. A., Mujahid, M. S., Tomiyama, A. J., Slavich, G. M., et al. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291722003397 · Cited by 11
“Another coping mechanism at the intersection of race and gender is the Superwoman Schema, which reflects a desire on the behalf of Black women to present an image of strength, suppress emotions, avoid vulnerability, succeed regardless of resources, and help others (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialLongmire-Avital, B., & Robinson, R. (2017) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2017.1344114 · Cited by 16
“This supports the idea of the “Superwoman Schema,” a perception that some Black women hold of themselves, that they must be outwardly strong, suppress emotion, and not accept help from others (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
ResultFactors Associated With Quality of Life of Family Caregivers of Dialysis Recipients
Starks, S. A., Graff, J. C., & Wicks, M. N. (2019) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945919849816 · Cited by 11
“There are societal expectations and obligations that AAW accept the burden to care for their families (Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundBruck-Segal, D., Schwartz, R. M., Cohen, M. H., Weber, K. M., Burke-Miller, J. K., Kassaye, S., & Brody, L. R. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01086-0 · Cited by 12
“Some research suggests that the SBW schema may result in the minimization or neglect of one’s own needs and concealment of vulnerability even when help or support might be helpful or warranted, behaviors consistent with silencing the self (Abrams et al., 2019; Harrington et al., 2010; Watson & Hunter, 2016; Woods-Gisc…”
BackgroundThe Role of the Strong Black Woman in Black Female Sexual Development
Crooks, N. K., Barrie, R. E., Singer, R. B., & Donenberg, G. R. (2023) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-023-02529-2 · Cited by 14
“The SBW schema is a multidimensional, culturally specific gender stereotype, image, or role underscoring the intersection of race (Black) and gender (women) (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2009; Collins, 2004; Crenshaw, 1990; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialWarren, A., Garrett, K., & Frame, L. A. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057251399009 · Cited by 20
“17 While it can foster a sense of pride and perseverance, this schema is also linked to chronic stress, delayed help-seeking, and increased risk for adverse physical and mental health outcomes.”
Aburizik, A., Brindle, M., Johnson, E. T., Provencio, A., Kivlighan, D. M., & LeBeau, B. C. (2023) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6134 · Cited by 12
“The SBW Schema characterizes Black women as resilient, strong, and unemotional.(26,27) Historically, this stereotypical image of Black women, particularly as unemotional, served to justify Black women's oppression.”
BackgroundAntilla, J. M., & Johnson, T. S. (2024) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984241230670 · Cited by 12
“Both theories highlight the necessity of identifying and scrutinizing various stress-related factors that could potentially lead to adverse pregnancy and health outcomes (Louis et al., 2015; Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundKyalwazi, A. N., Woods-Giscombé, C. L., Johnson, M. P., Jones, C., Hayes, S., Cooper, L. A., Patten, C. A., & Brewer, L. C. (2024) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaae047 · Cited by 9
Self-citationJeffers, N. K., Arrington, L., Marcelle, E., Snowden, E. C., Aslami, L. M., Mensah, C. N., & Marea, C. X. (2025) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2025.100536 · Cited by 14
Harris, C., Goldman, B., Gurkas, P., Butler, C., & Bookman, P. (2022) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053211068974 · Cited by 11
“One such prominent schema among Black women is the Superwoman Schema (SWS) (Woods-Giscombé, 2010), which postulates that the self-schemas of many Black women reflect perceived obligation to (1) present an image of strength, (2) resist displays of vulnerability or dependency, (3) suppress negative emotions, (4) succeed…”
BackgroundInfluentialBridgeman‐Bunyoli, A. M., Cheyney, M. J., Monroe, S., Wiggins, N., & Vedam, S. (2022) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12624 · Cited by 10
Carr, L. T. B., Samuel-Hodge, C., & Tate, D. (2022) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/08901171221092389 · Cited by 8
“The inability to engage in self-care practices in order to care for others is consistent across the literature concerning Black women.(14,16,18) The time required, or lack thereof, to prepare healthy foods combined with fatigue from balancing work and home life were key factors in Black women’s food choices, even in t…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBond, R. M., Phillips, K., Ivy, K. N., Ogueri, V. N., Parapid, B. J., Miller, S. C., & Ansong, A. K. (2022) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-022-00703-0 · Cited by 12
Kalinowski, J., Huang, Y., Rivas, M. A., Barcelona, V., Wright, M. L., Crusto, C. A., Spruill, T. M., Sun, Y. V., & Taylor, J. Y. (2022) · Epigenetics Insights · doi:10.1177/25168657221126314 · Cited by 13
Cupid, S., & Bogues, K. (2023) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057231181017 · Cited by 10
Carney, M. A., Chess, D., Ibarra, D., Dieudonne, K., & Rascón-Canales, M. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116051 · Cited by 12
Carson, T. L., Jackson, B. E., Nolan, T. S., Williams, A. G., & Baskin, M. L. (2016) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-016-0452-2 · Cited by 10
The relationship between housing instability and intimate partner violence: A retrospective study
Wilson, P., Thorpe, R. J., Sharps, P. W., & Laughon, K. (2020) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.12819 · Cited by 10
Manjunath, C., Jenkins, S. M., Phelan, S. M., Breitkopf, C. R., Hayes, S. N., Cooper, L. A., Patten, C. A., & Brewer, L. C. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ajpc.2021.100254 · Cited by 12
Springfield, S., Buscemi, J., Fitzgibbon, M., Stolley, M. R., Zenk, S. N., Schiffer, L. A., Sampson, J., Jones, Q., Murdock, T., Davis, I. F., et al. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.06.006 · Cited by 10
“such as the consideration of traditional foods, faith based programs, social support networks, food insecurity, and food access) [8,12,31] the addition of the CBPR methodology and involvement of community stakeholders in the development of the intervention may further improve weight loss outcomes [12,66].”
MethodHall, N. M., Dickens, D. D., Minor, K. A., Thomas, Z., Mitchell, C., & Johnson, N. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057251335358 · Cited by 25
“17,20,31,35,60 Additionally, this further substantiates the duality of the concept and the probable tension that Black women, of all ages, feel when they think about being an SBW.”
Parnell, R. N., Lacey, K. K., & Wood, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192215343 · Cited by 11
Reeves, A. N., Michaels, E. K., Thomas, M. D., Okoye, U., Price, M. M., Hasson, R. E., Chae, D. H., & Allen, A. M. (2023) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000001255 · Cited by 10
“Thus, racial discrimination could prompt a distinct appraisal, coping, and psychobiologic response (14,60,67), warranting further investigation.”
BackgroundWilliams, T. R., Davis, B. L., Jones, P., Muwele, C., Simpson, I., & Mashburn, R. (2024) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2024.2378320 · Cited by 11
“…many Black American women forced to be readily available to care for others and impervious to adversity while neglecting or dismissing their own needs; and are related to increased anxiety and depression, and greater interpersonal challenges (Anyiwo et al. 2018; Hughes 2021; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
InfluentialErving, C. L., Frazier, C. G., & Davidson-Turner, K. (2024) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057241274923 · Cited by 11
“21,73 In essence, addressing anger suppression among older Black women in mental health care must include cultural sensitivity to their unique racial and gender positionality.”
BackgroundVance, M. M., Wade, J., Gowdy, G., & Dillon, H. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-02076-z · Cited by 11
“Woods-Giscombé [19] created the Superwoman Schema, informed by focus group analyses to understand the gender role of Black women quantitatively.”
“The System isn’t Set up for Us”: Stories of young Black women’s mental health journey
Modeste-James, A., McClain, T., & Hanna, M. D. (2024) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057241297106 · Cited by 19
“18 The relentless pursuit to uphold this persona can predispose some Black women to various psychiatric conditions, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety, eating disorders, and substance abuse.”
Aligned, competing, and blurred: Gender and family attitudes in East Asia
Han, S. W., & Oh, E. (2024) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.13059 · Cited by 12
Examining the Intergenerational Transmission of the Strong Black Woman Narrative
Lee, A. T., & Haskins, N. (2025) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.70008 · Cited by 14
Caregiver Strain, Social Support, and Mental Health Service Use Among Urban African American Mothers
Maríñez‐Lora, A. M., Cua, G., Frazier, S. L., Shernoff, E. S., & Atkins, M. S. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-01964-w · Cited by 10
“This research also points to pressures for African American women to be strong and independent, and to suppress emotion and vulnerability (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2009; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundJohnson, M. E., Lloyd, S. L., Bristol, S. C., Elliott, A. L., & Cottler, L. B. (2022) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-022-00462-6 · Cited by 9
Bernabé, B. P., Maki, P. M., Cunningham, J. L., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Tussing-Humphreys, L. M., Carroll, I. M., Meltzer-Brody, S. E., Gilbert, J. A., & Kimmel, M. (2023) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-022-02276-3 · Cited by 9
“The datadriven Woods-Giscombe’s Superwoman schema explains that Black women feel an obligation to manifest strength and independence, suppress emotions, not express feelings of stress, and succeed despite limited resources; all while helping others [12].”
BackgroundMethodRoggenbaum, L., Wang, D., Dryjańska, L., Holmes, E., Lewis, B. A., & Brown, E. M. (2023) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel14060793 · Cited by 18
Adebayo, C. T. (2023) · Journal of Family Communication · doi:10.1080/15267431.2023.2240763 · Cited by 12
“In fact, being strong for a Black woman is a component of the Black identity – a necessity for survival (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Woods-Giscombé, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,
- Venue
- Qualitative Health Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-02-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 668-683
- ISSN
- 1049-7323 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7557
- PMC
- PMC3072704
- OpenAlex
- W2114868277
- Cited by
- 802
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 34.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Qualitative Health Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- National Institute of Nursing Research (P20NR008369, T32NR007091)
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025747)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD002499)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT004276, T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- Superwoman Schema, Strong Black Woman, African American women, stress, coping, health disparities, conceptual framework, role expectations, relationship strain, women's health beliefs
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Middle Aged, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Focus Groups, Self Efficacy, Young Adult
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