The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 64 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health
Open accessAbstract
Researchers have suggested that health disparities in African American women, including adverse birth outcomes, lupus, obesity, and untreated depression, can be explained by stress and coping. The Strong Black Woman/Superwoman role has been highlighted as a phenomenon influencing African American women’s experiences and reports of stress. The purpose of this study was to develop a preliminary conceptual framework for Superwoman Schema (SWS) by exploring women’s descriptions of the Superwoman role; perceptions of contextual factors, benefits, and liabilities; and beliefs regarding how it influences health. Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors. Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community) and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment). The SWS framework might be used to enhance future research on stress and African American women’s health.
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Claims the paper makes
101 Own result · 26 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 9 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These disparities in health might relate to how African American women experience and cope with stress (Giscombé & Lobel, 2005; Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003; Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993).”
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
“Stress and coping strategies have been found to be significant factors explaining health disparities in African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé & Lobel, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links prenatal stress to disparities in birth outcomes and suggests African American women may be more susceptible to its effects. It also explicitly says the review did not address coping as a contributor to those disparities and calls for further study. The source therefore supports the citing sentence’s tentative link to stress, but not an established role for coping or a general claim about health disparities beyond birth outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Based on this evidence, a Superwoman ideal accompanied by emotional suppression might place the health and well-being of African American women who use this strategy at risk.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links suppression of negative affect to higher blood pressure and diminished immune functioning, and reports that African American women who quietly accepted discrimination were more likely to have hypertension than those who expressed their feelings. This supports the suggested health risk of emotional suppression, but the paper does not address a Superwoman ideal or the risk of combining that ideal with suppression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The demographically diverse sample of African American women reported that the Superwoman role is multifaceted; women discussed how they characterized the Superwoman role, contributing contextual factors, perceived benefits, and perceived liabilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community)”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants shared that they did this because they did not know how to accept help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women across groups discussed how racial or gender stereotyping and oppression contributed to the Superwoman role.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some acknowledged that they believed that they could reach their goals even if they didn’t have everything needed to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the most salient benefits of the Superwoman role was survival despite personal obstacles, perceived inadequacy of resources, and unique life experiences attributed to the double jeopardy of being African American and female.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in all eight groups reported that it was not uncommon for them to “put up my defenses.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women spoke of being in charge in relationships to protect themselves from getting hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 39
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Findings from this study corroborate and extend previous examinations of concepts of strength, perseverance, and self-reliance among African Americans (Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007; James, 1994; James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983; Mullings, 2006; Shambley-Ebron & Boyle, 2006).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007 source
- Supportedcites James, 1994 source
The cited paper is a previous examination of John Henryism among African Americans. Its “John Henryism, African-Americans, and American Culture” section explicitly discusses hard work and self-reliance, while its account of effortful coping and resistance addresses the cited sentence’s broader theme of perseverance. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four contextual factors were identified as contributors to the Superwoman role, including a historical legacy of racial and gender stereotyping or oppression; lessons from foremothers; a past personal history of disappointment, mistreatment, or abuse; and spiritual values.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women expressed that carrying the burdens of others gave their lives a sense of purpose.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The women discussed feeling obligated to meet the needs of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women were the first in their family to attain certain educational and professional achievements and, as a result, expressed that they could not rely on their family members to provide the extra boost of resources that other, more privileged, individuals might have.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others reported that vulnerability or dependence would cause them to get hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others stated that they only felt obliged to present an image of strength at work.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of their desire to resist vulnerability or dependence on others, some of the women expressed that they either preferred to be a leader or that they had difficulty not taking the lead. This was a factor across groups, but more common in the older groups of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how their commitment to helping others led them to take on multiple roles and responsibilities and have difficulty saying no.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported being perceived as “the strong one” by others and that they were expected to be the strength of their families.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women spoke with a sense of pride about manifesting an image of strength, but nevertheless seemed distressed by feeling obligated to do so most of the time.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A clear theme emerged about being resistant to vulnerability.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings resulted in the preliminary development of the Superwoman Schema Conceptual Framework (Figure 1).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I think a lot of people don’t know when black women are stressed because of the superwoman syndrome and especially in the workplace, where other women might be able to show their stress, I think for us, it’s harder for us to acknowledge that stress, especially at the workplace when you’re supposed to be extremely productive.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many, succeeding meant balancing the simultaneous demands of raising their children, completing their education, and working full-time, without the assistance of a husband or their children’s father.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in the focus groups discussed that faith, religion, and spirituality helped them to manifest strength to reach their goals and to help them overcome challenges without the help of other people.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some described it as a need to nurture others and stated that this is a common trait of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how these experiences with abuse created suspicion, fear, apprehension, and mistrust, which led to the development of resistance to depending on others or being placed in a vulnerable position.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported that presenting an image of strength was just part of a woman’s life and, more specifically, an African American woman’s life.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women indicated an obligation to suppress emotions.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others said that they could make it on their own and wanted to prove it to others, or that people had ulterior motives for offering help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant from the group of women between the ages of 25 and 45 years of age who were not college-educated stated: > You have to be strong. . . . Society makes you have to be a strong woman. People in relationships make you have to be a strong woman. Our past makes us have to be a strong woman and it’s really annoying as hell.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants’ characterizations of the Superwoman role were grouped into five major topic areas: obligation to manifest strength, obligation to suppress emotions, resistance to being vulnerable or dependent, determination to succeed despite limited resources, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants discussed that they routinely worked late, neglected taking breaks, sacrificed sleep, and put their health in danger to reach their goals.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some made statements such as, “My family expects me to do more than I have time to do,” and expressed that these expectations were burdensome.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported not asking for help until they felt extremely overwhelmed and admitted that this way of living caused them to go through “unnecessary struggles.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that they have had to do for themselves for so long, and that taking the lead or being in control of situations felt normal for them.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One retired woman felt that she too was expected to volunteer more, because others perceived that she had more free time to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman reflected on how her grandmother’s exterior strength might have been a cause of several undesirable health conditions:”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One young college student in particular discussed that her ambition and drive for success were related to others’ expectations that she would fail in life because she was African American.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group of 25–45 year-old college-educated women stated with group agreement (i.e., heads nodding): “I don’t know how my life would be if I wasn’t like putting out fires all the time, that this just seems like that’s just normal.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The single women in the 25–45 years age group believed that because they didn’t have spouses and families, others expected them to have more time, and they uncomfortably found themselves delegated to more roles and responsibilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported feeling physically drained and that they did not have time for self-care because they are always taking care of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was most prevalent among the group of women aged 25–45 years with college education, but was discussed across groups.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of this study indicate that the Superwoman role is a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing characteristics such as obligation to manifest strength, emotional suppression, resistance to vulnerability and dependence, determination to succeed, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group with terminal or advanced degrees discussed how stereotypes about Black women might limit access to those supportive resources.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These liabilities fell under three major categories: strain in interpersonal relationships, stress-related health behaviors, and embodiment of stress.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These sentiments were discussed most commonly in the older groups and the groups with college education.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It gave these women pride and satisfaction to be helpful to their parents especially; they felt strongly about their responsibility to give back.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Postponement of self-care was particularly relevant for the group of women with terminal or professional degrees, the college-educated women aged 25 to 45 years, and the group of women without a college education who were older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have no doubts about the fact that the stress was toxic to my pregnancy, because when the autopsy was done, there was nothing found but fetal distress, and so I think about that a lot when I get overly stressed out.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These health issues were discussed most explicitly in the focus group of college-educated women 25–45 years of age, but both younger and older participants made connections among stress, coping, strength, and health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was discussed across groups, but discussed in greatest detail by the groups of college-educated women 18–24 years old and women older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they acknowledged that doing this sometimes resulted in challenges to their own financial situations.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that following the advice of their foremothers to be self-sufficient and independent in relationships might cause significant others to either feel frustrated, unneeded, or less motivated to provide support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the weathering framework, Geronimus (2001, 2006) suggests that life experiences of African American women historically have included an accumulation of racial inequality; social, political, and economic exclusion; and medical underservice.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These inequities decrease access to resources and heighten susceptibility to psychological stress and premature stress-related illness (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“that, according to conceptual frameworks such as “weathering” (Geronimus, 2001, 2006) and allostatic load (McEwen, 1998), greatly influence how stress impacts health outcomes in this population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to the Weathering Conceptual Framework, these societal factors provide explanation for the disparities between the health of African American women and European American women (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the indexing stage, a nonexclusive approach was used. The index code categories were broad and general, and pieces of data were appropriate for more than one topic heading or index code. The emphasis at this stage was on including all potentially relevant material, to avoid selective attention to data.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data that appeared to contradict the existing index code categories were embraced, not excluded universally. Deviant cases were used to understand when or under what circumstances African American women display characteristics such as strength or emotional suppression.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, corroboration with experts in the field and the study participants was used to enhance credibility and validity (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The concept of Superwoman developed partially as a result of African American women’s efforts to counteract negative societal characterizations of African American womanhood (such as “Mammy,” “Jezebel,” and “Welfare Queen”) and to highlight unsung attributes that developed and continue to exist despite oppression and adversity (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2003; Harris-Lacewell, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, in the theory of allostatic load, McEwen (1998) suggests that chronic exposure to psychological stress leads to cumulative risk and physiological dysregulation (e.g., impaired cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine functioning), yielding chronic illness and premature mortality.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The author and research assistant then compared the transcript to the audiotaped data to confirm accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Field log notes and memos were maintained to enhance auditability of the study (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Debriefing with the study participants, which included a review of prominent topics that were raised by the participants, was conducted at the end of each focus group session to enhance accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, the focus groups provided a supportive environment for women to discuss sensitive issues related to experiencing and coping with stress (Jarrett, 1993).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarrett, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Each scheduled group was designed to be homogeneous in age and educational background, to bring individuals together who have shared life experiences (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The major thematic categories were shared in writing with the focus group participants, and they were invited to communicate feedback to the research team through written or verbal correspondence (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of women who were diverse in age and educational levels.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in recruitment materials, women were invited to participate in a focus group to discuss issues of stress and coping in African American women. It is likely that this method of recruitment resulted in a sample of women with higher levels of stress compared to the general population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that participants from other regions of the United States might have different experiences that might be used to expand the current framework of SWS.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Verbalization of emotional distress or seeking professional mental health counseling might be interpreted as signs of weakness or as a failure to uphold the image of strength (Amankwaa, 2003; Curphey, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Curphey, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, emotional suppression has been found to influence excessive intake of alcohol (e.g., Ehrmin, 2002) and undesirable physiological processes that result in detrimental changes in immune functioning and illness (Petrie, Booth, & Pennebaker, 1998; Petrie, Fontanilla, Thomas, Booth, & Pennebaker, 2004; Smyth, Stone, Hurewitz, & Kaell, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, for a majority of the women (particularly those in the midst of childrearing and those who served as caretakers for their loved ones), being strong contributed to levels of selflessness, powerlessness, and self-silencing that contributed to psychological distress and heightened risk for depression (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework shares elements of strength and determination postulated by the JHH; however, the SWS framework provides more nuanced details about women’s suppression of negative emotion and difficulty with accepting emotional support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women in this study shared that the exhibition of a strong exterior enabled them to maintain control and withstand otherwise insurmountable challenges (Edge & Rogers, 2005).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Edge & Rogers, 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other important components of the SWS framework not addressed explicitly by the JHH include (a) obligation to help others, which includes difficulty saying no to multiple roles and responsibilities; (b) resistance to being vulnerable or dependent; (c) obligation to suppress emotions; and (d) postponement of self-care.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings of this qualitative focus group study have implications for clinical practice and research and are consistent with research on embodiment and health disparities among African American women (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the focus group environment might have promoted a tendency to express opinions in agreement with the rest of the group, which might have limited discussion of unique, but important, alternative experiences.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“African American women who were not attracted to the study advertisements might have had lower levels of stress and might be less likely to identify with the characteristics of the Superwoman role identified from the analysis of this study.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An embodied approach to investigating health disparities moves beyond rational explanations and incorporates contextual factors emphasizing how an individual’s subjective experience influences health behaviors (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework might enhance existing explanatory models of stress, coping, and physical or mental health among African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“She uncovered several themes, including the cultural mandate of strength, self-silencing, excessive attunement to the needs of others, and denial of one’s own needs; similar to the current study, she identified positive characteristics of showing strength (e.g., enhancing success with goals, assertiveness, and moral character).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in one interview study, 12 African American women with postpartum depression discussed that obligations to exhibit strength, modeled by the women in their families, resulted in disregard for their physical and mental health, dissonance between the their “real self” and “ideal self,” and frustration when they were unable to live up to social expectations to be strong (Amankwaa, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
plaindirectn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a tendency to suppress negative emotions in the context of inadequate resources and responsibilities in multiple life domains might place a woman at greater risk for adverse health compared to a woman who has a great deal of determination to succeed, but also has the ability to express distress as a result of abundant tangible and emotional support from family and friends.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Existing literature suggests that the concept of strength is relevant to women from diverse backgrounds (Hayes, 1986; Herrera & DelCampo, 1995; Lim, 1997; Mensinger, Bonifazi, & LaRosa, 2007; Whitty, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, specific combinations of Superwoman characteristics and varying degrees of available resources might influence a woman’s risk for impaired health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowledge about how stress and health relate in African American women remains incomplete, partly due to scarce information on their stress experiences and coping.
“The relationship between stress and health in African American women is not understood fully, in part because of limited information about African American women’s experiences of stress and their stress-related coping strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
African American women's historical pattern of strength under stress may be linked to their present health disparities.
“The legacy of strength in the face of stress among African American women might have something to do with the current health disparities that African American women face.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
“It is reasonable to assume that an isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role might not be, in and of itself, a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prior evidence suggests that both SWS and John Henryism are adaptive responses to marginalizing experiences associated with being a member of a dually-oppressed group (James et al., 1983;Woods-Giscombe, 2010), in this case African American women.”
From Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism (2023) · cites this paper as Woods-Giscombe, 2010
Citations
Cites
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Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators
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“Similarly, in the theory of allostatic load, McEwen (1998) suggests that chronic exposure to psychological stress leads to cumulative risk and physiological dysregulation (e.g., impaired cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine functioning), yielding chronic illness and premature…”
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“…health; health care African American women experience disproportionately high rates of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular disease (Thom et al., 2006), obesity (Wang & Beydoun, 2007), lupus (Pons-Estel, Alarcon, Scofield, Reinlib, & Cooper, 2009), adverse birth outcomes…”
National Vital Statistics Reports
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“…American women experience disproportionately high rates of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular disease (Thom et al., 2006), obesity (Wang & Beydoun, 2007), lupus (Pons-Estel, Alarcon, Scofield, Reinlib, & Cooper, 2009), adverse birth outcomes (Hamilton, Martin, & Ventura, 2009),…”
The problem of rigor in qualitative research
Sandelowski, M. (1986) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/00012272-198604000-00005 · Cited by 2,772 · cited 2×
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript study (Sandelowski, 1986).”
“Weathering” and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States
Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.060749 · Cited by 2,525
Developing Focus Group Research
Barbour, R. S., & Kitzinger, J. V. (1999) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849208857 · Cited by 1,603
Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art
Morgan, D. (1993) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483349008 · Cited by 1,586
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–200 of 793
The differential impact of discrimination on health among Black and White women
Versey, H. S., & Curtin, N. (2016) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.12.012 · Cited by 41
Knighton, J.-S., Dogan, J., Hargons, C., & Stevens-Watkins, D. (2022) · Ethnicity & Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2020.1818695 · Cited by 38
“Psychological distress can develop despite educational and financial resources asAfricanAmericanwomen encounter societal, career, and cultural pressures in pursuit of success (Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAnderson, B. N., & Martin, J. A. (2018) · Gifted Child Today · doi:10.1177/1076217518768339 · Cited by 37
“…to being strong and resilient, scholarship over the past 30 years have called into question and raised serious concerns about strength in relation to Black women’s physical and mental health (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2003, 2009; Hill, 2009; Jones & Shorter-Gooden, 2003; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundThe Peak of Pleasure: US Southern Black Women’s Definitions of and Feelings Toward Sexual Pleasure
Thorpe, S. Y., Malone, N. J., Hargons, C. N., Dogan, J. N., & Jester, J. K. (2022) · Sexuality & Culture · doi:10.1007/s12119-021-09934-6 · Cited by 36
“Sexual pleasure may provide Black women with the freedom to let their guards down, put down their superwoman capes (Woods-Giscombe, 2010), and enjoy intentional vulnerability.”
BackgroundCarson, T. L., Desmond, R. A., Hardy, S., Townsend, S., Ard, J. D., Meneses, K., Partridge, E. E., & Baskin, M. L. (2015) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2015/203164 · Cited by 35
The wear and tear of racism: Self-silencing from the perspective of young Black women
Scott, J., James, K. F., Méndez, D. D., Johnson, R., & Davis, E. M. (2023) · SSM - Qualitative Research in Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmqr.2023.100268 · Cited by 40
“This construct encompasses the many ways Black women armor themselves to survive the stressors related to being both Black and a woman; an intersection of social identities that situates Black women at the bottom of the social hierarchy (Jordan-Zachery, 2007; Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundConceptualizing Community Mental Health Service Utilization for BIPOC Youth
Metzger, I. W., Turner, E. A., Jernigan, M. M., Fisher, S. D., Nguyen, J. K., Shodiya-Zeumault, S., & Griffith, B. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2023.2202236 · Cited by 39
“, Strong Black Womanhood, John Henryism) may negatively influence help seeking attitudes and service utilization for BIPOC youth and their families (Watson-Singleton, 2017; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundNichols, T. R., Gringle, M. R., & Pulliam, R. M. (2015) · Women Gender and Families of Color · doi:10.5406/womgenfamcol.3.2.0165 · Cited by 38
Vicarious Experiences of Major Discrimination and Psychological Distress among Black Men and Women
Moody, M. D., Tobin, C. S. T., & Erving, C. L. (2022) · Society and Mental Health · doi:10.1177/21568693221116631 · Cited by 44
“…may also be overburdened by certain secondhand exposures to major discrimination because their more common positions in stress-inducing caregiving roles may leave them more vulnerable to its mental health consequences (Beauboeuf-Lafontant 2009; Woods-Giscombé 2010; Woods-Giscombé et al. 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialWaller, B., & Bent‐Goodley, T. B. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221113008 · Cited by 45
“Flyers were also displayed in hair salons and bodegas where African American women are known to frequent (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundHalf the sky: interwoven resilience processes of women political leaders in China
Tian, Z., & Bush, H. (2019) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909882.2019.1704829 · Cited by 41
Pickett, S., Burchenal, C. A., Haber, L., Batten, K., & Phillips, E. (2020) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13010 · Cited by 34
Promoting Caregiver Mastery in Black American Dementia Caregivers
Johnson, K. B., Brewster, G. S., Cicero, E. C., Hepburn, K. W., Clevenger, C. K., Daniel, G. A., Pak, V. M., Paul, S., & Epps, F. R. (2021) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnab147 · Cited by 34
“…Schema identified a cluster of characteristics and beliefs that reinforce a need to provide care for others without considering ones’ own selfcare needs, which may explain why Black American women experience worse physical and mental health (Abrams et al., 2019; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundAfrican American Parents’ Experiences Navigating Breast Cancer While Caring for Their Children
Davey, M. P., Niño, A., Kissil, K., & Ingram, M. (2012) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732312449211 · Cited by 34
“They emphasized the importance of having an attitude of gratitude, faith, positivity, and courage in the face of adversity, similar to African American participants in other studies (e.g., Lende & Lachiondo, 2009; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
ResultBiopsychosocial Mechanisms Linking Discrimination to Health: A Focus on Social Cognition
Brondolo, E. N., Blair, I. V., & Kaur, A. (2017) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.8 · Cited by 42
“By contrast, schemas, such as John Henryism or Super Woman Schema may emerge as a defense against the threat of discrimination to personal agency or control.”
BackgroundMoody, A. T., Lewis, J. A., & Owens, G. P. (2022) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843221143752 · Cited by 45
“…characteristic, though findings from qualitative studies illustrate that Black women are also aware of drawbacks to this characterization (e.g., stress and other negative psychological outcomes as well as relationship strain; Abrams et al., 2014; Watson & Hunter, 2016; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialUnveiling the Strong Black Woman Schema—Evolution and Impact: A Systematic Review
Parks, A. K., & Hayman, L. L. (2024) · Clinical Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/10547738241234425 · Cited by 51
“…Black Woman (SBW) schema emerged as a phenomenon that posits Black women as models of resilience, self-sufficiency, emotional control, and masters of caretaking (Abrams et al., 2014; Anyiwo et al., 2022; Castelin & White, 2022; Thomas et al., 2022; Watson-Singleton, 2017; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialJohnson, E. I., Arditti, J. A., & McGregor, C. M. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1045-0 · Cited by 39
“Invincible Black Women”: Group Therapy for Black College Women
Jones, M. K., & Pritchett-Johnson, B. (2018) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2018.1484536 · Cited by 32
“This is a gendered-racial archetype used to describe Black women who work to display unwavering strength and make themselves available to nurture others, while often neglecting self-care (Abrams,Maxwell, Pope, & Belgrave, 2014; Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2009; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundSpringfield, S., Qin, F., Hedlin, H., Eaton, C. B., Rosal, M. C., Taylor, H. A., Staudinger, U. M., & Stefanick, M. L. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12072107 · Cited by 34
“While maintaining the “Superwoman” identity has been viewed as an asset that has contributed to the resilience of Black women, it has also been linked to decreased emotional support, increased psychological stress and depressive symptoms as well as poor health behaviors, including poor sleep quality and sacrificing sl…”
BackgroundMekawi, Y., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Dixon, H. D., Fani, N., Michopoulos, V., & Powers, A. D. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23036 · Cited by 37
Godbolt, D., Opara, I., & Amutah‐Onukagha, N. (2022) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/00219347221087453 · Cited by 34
“Few studies have explored binge eating among African American women and its relation to combating the effects of societal inequality, which results in experiences of racism and sexism (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2003; Hesse-Biber, 1997; Mowatt et al., 2013; Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSissoko, D. R. G., Lewis, J. A., & Nadal, K. L. Y. (2022) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984221137957 · Cited by 37
“In addition, the Strong BlackWoman (SBW) stereotype is a trope signifying an independent, self-sufficient, career-oriented Black woman who can take care of herself (Watson et al., 2019; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundAnyiwo, N., Ward, L. M., Fletcher, K. D., & Rowley, S. J. (2018) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798418771818 · Cited by 32
“Additionally, researchers (e.g., Abrams et al., 2014; Woods-Giscombé, 2010) have examined Black women’s perceptions of the SBW; however, it is not clear the extent to which Black boys believe that Black women exhibit characteristics of the SBW.”
BackgroundInfluential‘I’m good’: Examining the internalization of the strong Black woman archetype
Geyton, T. A., Johnson, N., & Ross, K. (2020) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2020.1844838 · Cited by 50
“Woods-Giscombé (2010) suggests that the SBW archetype lends itself to obligatory manifestations of strength and suppression of emotions while simultaneously rejecting vulnerability and dependence upon others.”
BackgroundJones, M. K., Hill‐Jarrett, T. G., Latimer, K., Reynolds, A. A., Garrett, N., Harris, I., Joseph, S. S., & Jones, A. L. (2021) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984211021229 · Cited by 33
“Although Black women have highly identified with this schema because of its utility (e.g., enhanced self-esteem and cultural pride; Davis & Jones, 2020; Watson & Hunter, 2016; Woods-Giscombé, 2010), researchers have consistently reported that greater endorsement of the SBW schema is linked to negative mental health ou…”
BackgroundInfluentialLeath, S. C., & Mims, L. (2021) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2021.1987294 · Cited by 37
Avery, L. R., Ward, L. M., Moss, L., & Üsküp, D. K. (2016) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798415627917 · Cited by 31
“Additionally, scholars have suggested that Black women often serve as the matriarch and provider/breadwinner in contemporary family arrangements, and, as a result, Black femininity includes expectations that women consistently appear strong, resilient, independent, self-determined, and display emotional restraint (Bea…”
BackgroundGross, T. T., Story, C. R., Harvey, I. S., Allsopp, M. A. K., & Whitt‐Glover, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-017-0401-x · Cited by 31
“Mindfulness interventions can help in understanding personal strategies and reactions to stress [64].”
BackgroundOshin, L. A., & Milan, S. (2018) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000206 · Cited by 40
“Among African Americans, the SBW is frequently cited as an influential gender image (e.g., Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Hill Collins, 2009; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
InfluentialGendered and racialized social expectations, barriers, and delayed breast cancer diagnosis
Kim, S. J., Glassgow, A. E., Watson, K. S., Molina, Y., & Calhoun, E. A. (2018) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.31636 · Cited by 31
“For one, some scholars have explored how minority women, particularly black women, may be inf luenced by the “superwomen” ideal.(51) The image of a “strong black woman” affects how black women deal with stress, life demands, and health behaviors.”
BackgroundA Landscape of Subjective and Objective Stress in African-American Dementia Family Caregivers
Cothran, F. A., Chang, E., Beckett, L., Bidwell, J. T., Price, C. A., & Gallagher-Thompson, D. (2022) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/01939459211062956 · Cited by 30
“…such as the “Superwoman Schema” archetype, which demonstrate the demand of role expectations at the intersection of race and gender, may influence unacknowledged stress and longterm health effects, necessitating further examination (Borrell et al., 2020; Versey, 2017; Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundA scoping review of the concept of resilience among African American women
Woods‐Giscombé, C. L., Williams, K. P., Conklin, J., Dodd, A., Bravo, L., Anderson, A. M., Frazier, T. A., Bey, G., Robinson, M. N., Warren, B. J., et al. (2023) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2023.04.008 · Cited by 37
Self-citationKim, H. G., Harrison, P. A., Godecker, A. L., & Muzyka, C. N. (2013) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1333-7 · Cited by 30
Miles, A. L. (2018) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243218814820 · Cited by 40
Volpe, V. V., Ross, J. M., Collins, A. N., Spivey, B. N., Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Goode, R. W., Hoggard, L. S., & Giscombé, C. L. W. (2023) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843231182913 · Cited by 37
Wong, J. S. (2017) · Gender & Society · doi:10.1177/0891243217695520 · Cited by 30
“Cultural narratives of “superwomen” (Woods-Giscombe 2010) who are “experts” in work–family balance (Blair-Loy 2003) may also contribute to this gendered division of responsibility.”
BackgroundSuperwoman Schema and self-rated health in black women: Is socioeconomic status a moderator?
Erving, C. L., McKinnon, I. I., Dyke, M. E. V., Murden, R., Udaipuria, S., Vaccarino, V., Moore, R. H., Booker, B., & Lewis, T. T. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116445 · Cited by 32
Proulx, J. A., Croff, R. L., Hebert, M., & Oken, B. (2020) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2020.102455 · Cited by 35
Black African Newcomer Women’s Perception of Postpartum Mental Health Services in Canada
Baiden, D., & Evans, M. K. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0844562120934273 · Cited by 31
Nydegger, L. A., & Claborn, K. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0236247 · Cited by 29
“Participants may have experienced the Superwoman role where Black women tend to internalize stress at the expense of self-care [37].”
BackgroundSuperwomen and Sleep: an Assessment of Black College Women Across the African Diaspora
McLaurin-Jones, T. L., Anderson, A. S., Marshall, V. J., Lashley, M.-B., & Carter-Nolan, P. L. (2020) · International Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12529-020-09930-4 · Cited by 31
Stress interventions and hypertension in Black women
Kalinowski, J., Kaur, K., Newsome-Garcia, V., Langford, A. T., Kalejaiye, A., Vieira, D. L., Izeogu, C., Blanc, J., Taylor, J. Y., Ogedegbe, O., et al. (2021) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455065211009751 · Cited by 35
Breeden, R. L. (2021) · Journal of Women and Gender in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/26379112.2021.1948860 · Cited by 46
“Dr. Lilly discussed how Black women are socialized to embrace the superwoman archetype (Harris-Perry, 2011; Thomas et al., 2004; West et al., 2016; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundCooper, S. M., Guthrie, B. J., Brown, C., & Metzger, I. W. (2011) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-011-0019-0 · Cited by 28
Barajas, C. B., Jones, S. C. T., Milam, A. J., Thorpe, R. J., Gaskin, D. J., LaVeist, T. A., & Furr-Holden, D. (2019) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-019-00650-9 · Cited by 34
Ogunwole, S. M., Oguntade, H. A., Bower, K. M., Cooper, L. A., & Bennett, W. L. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20136283 · Cited by 32
Erving, C. L., McKinnon, I. I., Tobin, C. S. T., Dyke, M. E. V., Murden, R., Moore, R. H., Booker, B., Vaccarino, V., & Lewis, T. T. (2024) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spae007 · Cited by 33
Petrocchi, V., Visintini, E., Marchi, G. D., Quartuccio, L., & Palese, A. (2021) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24639 · Cited by 29
“…C1, C2, C3, C4, C7, C8, C14 41.2 Robinson et al, 2010 (32) C1, C4, C5, C6, C7, C9, C10 41.2 Connolly et al, 2014 (47) C1, C2, C4, C11, C14, C16 35.3 Woods-Giscombé, 2010 (31) C1, C5, C6, C8, C11, C14 35.3 Kier et al, 2016 (37) C1, C11, C12, C13, C14, C16 35.3 Williams et al, 2017 (33) C1, C2, C6,…”
InfluentialErving, C. L., & Smith, M. V. (2021) · Social Problems · doi:10.1093/socpro/spab022 · Cited by 36
“I’m Still Here:” Black Female Undergraduates’ Self-definition Narratives
Robinson, S. J., Esquibel, E., & Rich, M. D. (2013) · World Journal of Education · doi:10.5430/wje.v3n5p57 · Cited by 34
“, emotional, psychological, and physical), strained relationships, and hinders career advancements (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2003, 2007, 2009; Collins, 2005; Woods-Giscombre, 2010; Wyatt, 2006).”
Burton, W. M., Paschal, A. M., Jaiswal, J., Leeper, J. D., & Birch, D. A. (2022) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2022.2133567 · Cited by 31
“46 The super-human strength manifests as a reluctance or inability to ask for help.”
Growing Up Too “Fast”: Black Girls’ Sexual Development
Crooks, N. K., King, B., Donenberg, G. R., & Sales, J. M. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01390-w · Cited by 31
“Additionally, racism and sexualized stereotype messaging of Black women perpetuated by Black culture, history, and the media contribute to elevated HIV/STI risk among Black girls, as they often emulate those messages (Crooks et al., 2019; Rosenthal & Lobel, 2016; Townsend et al., 2010; Woods-Giscombé, 2010; Woods-Jaeg…”
InfluentialLeath, S. C., Billingsley, J. T., Jones, M. K., Johnson, K., Taliaferro, J., & Gaskin‐Cole, G. (2023) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-023-01417-2 · Cited by 31
“…image of strength aligned with prior evidence that certain forms of strength embodiment can negatively affect Black women’s physical and psychological health (Liao et al., 2020; Nelson et al., 2016) and put a strain on their interpersonal relationships (Thorpe et al., 2023; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGarza, R. H., Williams, M. Y., Ntiri, S. O., Hampton, M. D., & Yan, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191912807 · Cited by 30
Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Black Women’s Sleep Health
Erving, C. L., Zajdel, R. A., McKinnon, I. I., Dyke, M. E. V., Murden, R., Johnson, D. A., Moore, R. H., & Lewis, T. T. (2023) · Social Psychology Quarterly · doi:10.1177/01902725221136139 · Cited by 32
“It is interesting that adopting a ‘‘strong Black woman’’ self-orientation could have negative implications for sleep health given that many Black women view this characterization as desirable and necessary (Beauboeuf-Lafontant 2009; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundBellinger, J. D., Millegan, W., & Abdalla, A. E. A. (2014) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2014.10.006 · Cited by 27
Keefe, R. H., Brownstein-Evans, C., & Polmanteer, R. S. R. (2016) · Social Work in Health Care · doi:10.1080/00981389.2015.1101045 · Cited by 27
“Many mothers of color desire to be “the strong Black woman/superwoman” (Woods-Giscombe, 2010) and the “marianiso,” or “the strong Latina woman” (Melendez, 2005) and believe that seeking professional help is a sign of failure.”
BackgroundMichaels, E. K., Reeves, A. N., Thomas, M. D., Price, M. M., Hasson, R. E., Chae, D. H., & Allen, A. M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16234759 · Cited by 29
A Qualitative Assessment of Gender- and Race-Related Stress Among Black Women
Tipre, M., & Carson, T. L. (2022) · Women s Health Reports · doi:10.1089/whr.2021.0041 · Cited by 26
Predicting Prenatal Depression and Assessing Model Bias Using Machine Learning Models
Huang, Y., Alvernaz, S. A., Kim, S. J., Maki, P. M., Dai, Y., & Bernabé, B. P. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2024.100376 · Cited by 30
The Meaning of Survivorship as Defined by African American Breast Cancer Survivors
Davis, C. M., Myers, H. F., Nyamathi, A., Lewis, M., & Brecht, M. (2014) · Journal of Transcultural Nursing · doi:10.1177/1043659614561678 · Cited by 26
“Specifically, Woods-Giscombe (2010) posits that the AA women may exhibit tenacity, strength, and a willingness to help others.”
BackgroundYan, Q., Stevens, P. E., Holt, C. L., Walker, A. P., Ng, A. V., McManus, P., Basen‐Enguist, K., Weinhardt, L. S., Underwood, S. M., Asan, O., et al. (2019) · European Journal of Cancer Care · doi:10.1111/ecc.13013 · Cited by 27
Harper, S. B. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605211005150 · Cited by 34
Omowale, S. S., Casas, A. D., Lai, Y., Sanders, S. A., Hill, A. V., Wallace, M. L., Rathbun, S. L., Gary‐Webb, T. L., Burke, L. E., Davis, E. M., et al. (2021) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/30422 · Cited by 25
Platt, L. F., & Fanning, S. C. (2022) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984221096211 · Cited by 27
“The authors of the the Giscombe Superwoman Schema Questionnaire (G-SWS-Q; Woods-Giscombé et al., 2019) designed this instrument to operationalize the characteristics attributed to stereotype of a SBW. Woods-Giscombé (2010) conceptualized Black women’s cultural expectations expressed in the SBW concept by introducing…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCertified nursing assistants’ experiences with self-compassion training in the nursing home setting
Lathren, C., Sheffield-Abdullah, K. M., Sloane, P. D., Bluth, K., Hickey, J. V. T. S., Wretman, C. J., Phillips, L. P., & Zimmerman, S. I. (2021) · Geriatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.gerinurse.2021.08.013 · Cited by 25
Weiner, J. M., Garrett-Walker, W. L., Strickland, T., & Burton, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.925510 · Cited by 28
Shouldering the load yet again: Black women's experiences of stress during COVID-19
Kalinowski, J., Wurtz, H. M., Baird, M., & Willen, S. S. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100140 · Cited by 34
“…(Nelson et al., 2016), and to respond to discrimination with exhibitions of strength and power (S. M. Davis and Jones, 2021), in various ways, including the Superwoman Schema (Woods-Giscomb e, 2010), the Strong Black Woman Syndrome, (Nelson et al., 2016), and Sojourner's Syndrome (Lekan, 2009).”
Explanations of resilience in women and girls: How applicable to black South African girls
Jefferis, T. C., & Theron, L. C. (2018) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2018.03.006 · Cited by 30
“For example, in the face of racial inequality and oppression, African-American women were socialised to be strong enough to take on multiple financial and care burdens (Abrams et al., 2014; Brody et al., 2014; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundSuperwoman Schema, Racial Identity, and Cellular Aging Among African American Women
Thomas, M. D., Mendez, R., Zhang, Y., Wang, Y., Sohail, S., Chae, D. H., Márquez-Magaña, L. M., Sellers, R. M., Woods‐Giscombé, C. L., & Allen, A. M. (2022) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnac005 · Cited by 30
“In previous research, when asked about the perceived benefits of the Superwoman role, African American women described it as a form of self-preservation, for themselves and for their families and African American community more broadly (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe construction of racial stereotypes and how they serve as racial propaganda
Melson-Silimon, A. T., Spivey, B. N., & Skinner, A. L. (2023) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12862 · Cited by 45
Barnado, A., Wheless, L., Meyer, A., et al. (2011) · Lupus · doi:10.1177/0961203311426154 · Cited by 23
Perceptions of Superwoman Schema and Stress Among African American Women with Pre-Diabetes
Sheffield-Abdullah, K., & Woods-Giscombé, C. L. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.09.011 · Cited by 20
“The most salient sentiments regarding the perception of the Superwoman role that emerged across all three focus groups are encompassed by three of the five characteristics of the Superwoman Conceptual Framework, namely; 1) obligation to manifest strength, 2) obligation to suppress emotions and 3) obligation to help ot…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationWatson‐Singleton, N. N., Pennefather, J. T., & Trusty, T. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01534-9 · Cited by 31
“This is especially important for African Americans who may engage in strategies, like emotion suppression, to forego appearing “weak” or angry (Abrams, Hill, & Maxwell, 2018; Hammond, 2012; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundAnyiwo, N., Stanton, A. G., Avery, L. R., Bernard, D. L., Abrams, J. A., & Golden, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12707 · Cited by 40
Cousin, L., Johnson-Mallard, V., & Booker, S. (2022) · ANS. Advances in nursing science · doi:10.1097/ans.0000000000000416 · Cited by 18
Leath, S. C., Ball, P. J., Mims, L., Butler‐Barnes, S. T., & Quiles, T. (2022) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984211016943 · Cited by 23
“…demonstrates that Black women who internalize ideals of strength (independence and emotional restraint) reap some psychosocial benefits (e.g., Woods-Giscombé, 2010), an excessive expectation of strength is linked to several negative psychological consequences (M. K. Jones & Day, 2018; M. K.…”
BackgroundRacial and gender differences in discrimination and psychological distress among young adults
Smith, I. Z., & Read, J. G. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.117070 · Cited by 29
Experiences of African American Women with Multiple Sclerosis
Stuifbergen, A. M., Becker, H., Phillips, C., et al. (2020) · International Journal of MS Care · doi:10.7224/1537-2073.2019-068 · Cited by 21
Adaptive Parenting Among Low-Income Black Mothers and Toddlers’ Regulation of Distress
Bocknek, E. L., Richardson, P. A., McGoron, L., Raveau, H. A., & Iruka, I. U. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13461 · Cited by 21
McCall, T., Foster, M. L., & Schwartz, T. A. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/45766 · Cited by 22
“Empowering archetypes deeply held by Black American women such as the Superwoman Schema [10] and Strong Black Woman Schema [11] can both positively and adversely influence attitudes toward seeking professional psychological services and result in harmful coping mechanisms, such as suppressed…”
Keaton, A. C. I. (2023) · Journal of Sport Management · doi:10.1123/jsm.2022-0004 · Cited by 23
Gilliam, S. M., Hylick, K., Taylor, E. N., Barrie, D. L. L., Hatchett, E. E., Finch, M. Y., & Kavalakuntla, Y. (2024) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13609 · Cited by 27
Capturing the Social Location of African American Mothers Living With HIV
Caiola, C. E., Barroso, J. V., & Docherty, S. L. (2017) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000213 · Cited by 21
“…from the negative social characterizations associated with their race, class, gender, and HIV status might be likened to the Superwoman Schema or the Sojourner syndrome suggested in the literature focused on health disparities in African American women (Mullings, 2005; Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
InfluentialDodgen, L., & Spence-Almaguer, E. (2017) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd14.160573 · Cited by 26
Psychometric properties of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS) in an African American clinical sample
Zhang, H., Dong, L., Watson-Singleton, N. N., Tarantino, N., Carr, E. R., Niles-Carnes, L. V., Patterson, B., & Kaslow, N. J. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01099-6 · Cited by 21
“This is concerning given that self-compassion increasingly has been assessed in this population (Brion et al. 2014; Eicher et al. 2013; Woods-Giscombé 2010; Wren et al. 2012).”
BackgroundA Wholistic View of Black Women on Scripted TV: A Content Analysis
Cox, V. O., & Ward, L. M. (2019) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798419887072 · Cited by 21
“Indeed, the feminine ideal that has emerged is the strong Black woman (SBW), which expects Black women to be resilient, emotionally strong, and self-sufficient, and also nurturing and self-sacrificing (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Romero, 2000; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundGoode, R. W., Webster, C. K., & Gwira, R. (2022) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-022-01383-8 · Cited by 20
Spears, E. C., Allen, A. M., Chung, K. W., Martz, C. D., Hunter, E. A., Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., Lim, S. S., Drenkard, C., & Chae, D. H. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-021-00235-9 · Cited by 22
“Among African American women, racism has been described as part of “everyday life” (Nuru-Jeter et al., 2009) and as a salient form of psychosocial stress (Jackson et al., 2001; Nuru-Jeter et al., 2009; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundMalone, N. J., Thorpe, S. Y., Jester, J. K., Dogan, J. N., Stevens-Watkins, D. J., & Hargons, C. N. (2021) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2021.2012309 · Cited by 22
“Social supports such as partners or other Black women may buffer against Black women’s engagement in proactive coping to the point of endorsing Superwoman Schema or other cultural scripts.”
BackgroundInfluentialArrhythmias and Heart Failure in Pregnancy: A Dialogue on Multidisciplinary Collaboration
Tamirisa, K. P., Dye, C. A., Bond, R. M., Hollier, L. M., Marinescu, K. K., Vaseghi, M., Russo, A. M., Gulati, M., & Volgman, A. S. (2022) · Journal of Cardiovascular Development and Disease · doi:10.3390/jcdd9070199 · Cited by 23
“These disparities persist even among college-educated Black women and are greatly driven by psychosocial stressors including structural racism through the conceptual framework of the “superwoman schema [79]”.”
BackgroundReasons for Suicide in Black Young Adults: A Latent Class Analysis
Goodwill, J. R. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01530-8 · Cited by 25
“…to withstand the pressures of caring for others’ emotional and material needs at the expense of their own well-being aligns with concepts presented in the Strong Black Woman ideal or schema [70, 71], and the weight of these social expectations can be costly to their mental health [72–76].”
A Study of Black Female Principals Leading through Twin Pandemics
Weiner, J. M., Cyr, D., & Burton, L. (2021) · Journal of Education Human Resources · doi:10.3138/jehr-2021-0008 · Cited by 22
Watson‐Singleton, N. N., Spivey, B. N., Harrison, E., Nelson, T., & Lewis, J. A. (2024) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-024-01503-z · Cited by 21
“Theoretical work has posited that the SBW schema is an intersectional and multidimensional dispositional style that promotes certain cognitive characteristics and stress-coping behaviors (Black & Peacock, 2011; Black & Woods-Giscombé, 2012; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
InfluentialComparing Genetic and Socioenvironmental Contributions to Ethnic Differences in C-Reactive Protein
Nagar, S. D., Conley, A. B., Sharma, S., Rishishwar, L., Jordan, I. K., & Mariño‐Ramírez, L. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.738485 · Cited by 21
“This finding is consistent with previous studies showing that Black women can experience worse health outcomes than Black men,White women, orWhite men owing to their relatively subordinate position in both ethnic and gender hierarchies (Woods-Giscombe 2010; Farmer et al., 2021).”
ResultUsing Black Feminist Theory and Methods to Uncover Best Practices in Health Promotion Programming
Wade, J., Alexander, R., Giscombé, C. L. W., Keegan, D., Parker, S., Jackson, K., Gibbs, J., McElroy, A., & Ferguson, J. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323211061108 · Cited by 30
“To elicit responses, thirteen open-ended questions were developed by the principal investigators based on previous literature regarding the Superwomen Schema and diet and physical activity (see: Hargreaves et al., 2002; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
MethodThe unique contribution of gendered racial stress to depressive symptoms among pregnant Black women
Clarke, L. S., Riley, H. E. M., Corwin, E. J., Dunlop, A. L., & HOGUE, C. J. R. (2022) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057221104657 · Cited by 21
Wurtz, H. M., Willen, S. S., & Mason, K. A. (2022) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2022.100141 · Cited by 19
Pham, T. V., Doorley, J. D., Kenney, M. O., Joo, J. H., Shallcross, A. J., Kincade, M., Jackson, J., & Vranceanu, A. (2023) · Pain Management · doi:10.2217/pmt-2023-0032 · Cited by 22
Metadata
- Authors
- Woods-Giscombé, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,
- Venue
- Qualitative Health Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-02-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 668-683
- ISSN
- 1049-7323 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7557
- PMC
- PMC3072704
- OpenAlex
- W2114868277
- Cited by
- 802
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 34.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Qualitative Health Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- National Institute of Nursing Research (P20NR008369, T32NR007091)
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025747)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD002499)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT004276, T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- Superwoman Schema, Strong Black Woman, African American women, stress, coping, health disparities, conceptual framework, role expectations, relationship strain, women's health beliefs
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Middle Aged, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Focus Groups, Self Efficacy, Young Adult
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