The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 64 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health
Open accessAbstract
Researchers have suggested that health disparities in African American women, including adverse birth outcomes, lupus, obesity, and untreated depression, can be explained by stress and coping. The Strong Black Woman/Superwoman role has been highlighted as a phenomenon influencing African American women’s experiences and reports of stress. The purpose of this study was to develop a preliminary conceptual framework for Superwoman Schema (SWS) by exploring women’s descriptions of the Superwoman role; perceptions of contextual factors, benefits, and liabilities; and beliefs regarding how it influences health. Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors. Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community) and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment). The SWS framework might be used to enhance future research on stress and African American women’s health.
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Claims the paper makes
101 Own result · 26 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 9 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These disparities in health might relate to how African American women experience and cope with stress (Giscombé & Lobel, 2005; Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003; Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993).”
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
“Stress and coping strategies have been found to be significant factors explaining health disparities in African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé & Lobel, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links prenatal stress to disparities in birth outcomes and suggests African American women may be more susceptible to its effects. It also explicitly says the review did not address coping as a contributor to those disparities and calls for further study. The source therefore supports the citing sentence’s tentative link to stress, but not an established role for coping or a general claim about health disparities beyond birth outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Based on this evidence, a Superwoman ideal accompanied by emotional suppression might place the health and well-being of African American women who use this strategy at risk.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links suppression of negative affect to higher blood pressure and diminished immune functioning, and reports that African American women who quietly accepted discrimination were more likely to have hypertension than those who expressed their feelings. This supports the suggested health risk of emotional suppression, but the paper does not address a Superwoman ideal or the risk of combining that ideal with suppression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The demographically diverse sample of African American women reported that the Superwoman role is multifaceted; women discussed how they characterized the Superwoman role, contributing contextual factors, perceived benefits, and perceived liabilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community)”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants shared that they did this because they did not know how to accept help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women across groups discussed how racial or gender stereotyping and oppression contributed to the Superwoman role.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some acknowledged that they believed that they could reach their goals even if they didn’t have everything needed to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the most salient benefits of the Superwoman role was survival despite personal obstacles, perceived inadequacy of resources, and unique life experiences attributed to the double jeopardy of being African American and female.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in all eight groups reported that it was not uncommon for them to “put up my defenses.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women spoke of being in charge in relationships to protect themselves from getting hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 39
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Findings from this study corroborate and extend previous examinations of concepts of strength, perseverance, and self-reliance among African Americans (Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007; James, 1994; James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983; Mullings, 2006; Shambley-Ebron & Boyle, 2006).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007 source
- Supportedcites James, 1994 source
The cited paper is a previous examination of John Henryism among African Americans. Its “John Henryism, African-Americans, and American Culture” section explicitly discusses hard work and self-reliance, while its account of effortful coping and resistance addresses the cited sentence’s broader theme of perseverance. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four contextual factors were identified as contributors to the Superwoman role, including a historical legacy of racial and gender stereotyping or oppression; lessons from foremothers; a past personal history of disappointment, mistreatment, or abuse; and spiritual values.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women expressed that carrying the burdens of others gave their lives a sense of purpose.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The women discussed feeling obligated to meet the needs of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women were the first in their family to attain certain educational and professional achievements and, as a result, expressed that they could not rely on their family members to provide the extra boost of resources that other, more privileged, individuals might have.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others reported that vulnerability or dependence would cause them to get hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others stated that they only felt obliged to present an image of strength at work.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of their desire to resist vulnerability or dependence on others, some of the women expressed that they either preferred to be a leader or that they had difficulty not taking the lead. This was a factor across groups, but more common in the older groups of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how their commitment to helping others led them to take on multiple roles and responsibilities and have difficulty saying no.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported being perceived as “the strong one” by others and that they were expected to be the strength of their families.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women spoke with a sense of pride about manifesting an image of strength, but nevertheless seemed distressed by feeling obligated to do so most of the time.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A clear theme emerged about being resistant to vulnerability.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings resulted in the preliminary development of the Superwoman Schema Conceptual Framework (Figure 1).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I think a lot of people don’t know when black women are stressed because of the superwoman syndrome and especially in the workplace, where other women might be able to show their stress, I think for us, it’s harder for us to acknowledge that stress, especially at the workplace when you’re supposed to be extremely productive.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many, succeeding meant balancing the simultaneous demands of raising their children, completing their education, and working full-time, without the assistance of a husband or their children’s father.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in the focus groups discussed that faith, religion, and spirituality helped them to manifest strength to reach their goals and to help them overcome challenges without the help of other people.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some described it as a need to nurture others and stated that this is a common trait of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how these experiences with abuse created suspicion, fear, apprehension, and mistrust, which led to the development of resistance to depending on others or being placed in a vulnerable position.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported that presenting an image of strength was just part of a woman’s life and, more specifically, an African American woman’s life.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women indicated an obligation to suppress emotions.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others said that they could make it on their own and wanted to prove it to others, or that people had ulterior motives for offering help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant from the group of women between the ages of 25 and 45 years of age who were not college-educated stated: > You have to be strong. . . . Society makes you have to be a strong woman. People in relationships make you have to be a strong woman. Our past makes us have to be a strong woman and it’s really annoying as hell.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants’ characterizations of the Superwoman role were grouped into five major topic areas: obligation to manifest strength, obligation to suppress emotions, resistance to being vulnerable or dependent, determination to succeed despite limited resources, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants discussed that they routinely worked late, neglected taking breaks, sacrificed sleep, and put their health in danger to reach their goals.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some made statements such as, “My family expects me to do more than I have time to do,” and expressed that these expectations were burdensome.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported not asking for help until they felt extremely overwhelmed and admitted that this way of living caused them to go through “unnecessary struggles.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that they have had to do for themselves for so long, and that taking the lead or being in control of situations felt normal for them.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One retired woman felt that she too was expected to volunteer more, because others perceived that she had more free time to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman reflected on how her grandmother’s exterior strength might have been a cause of several undesirable health conditions:”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One young college student in particular discussed that her ambition and drive for success were related to others’ expectations that she would fail in life because she was African American.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group of 25–45 year-old college-educated women stated with group agreement (i.e., heads nodding): “I don’t know how my life would be if I wasn’t like putting out fires all the time, that this just seems like that’s just normal.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The single women in the 25–45 years age group believed that because they didn’t have spouses and families, others expected them to have more time, and they uncomfortably found themselves delegated to more roles and responsibilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported feeling physically drained and that they did not have time for self-care because they are always taking care of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was most prevalent among the group of women aged 25–45 years with college education, but was discussed across groups.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of this study indicate that the Superwoman role is a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing characteristics such as obligation to manifest strength, emotional suppression, resistance to vulnerability and dependence, determination to succeed, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group with terminal or advanced degrees discussed how stereotypes about Black women might limit access to those supportive resources.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These liabilities fell under three major categories: strain in interpersonal relationships, stress-related health behaviors, and embodiment of stress.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These sentiments were discussed most commonly in the older groups and the groups with college education.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It gave these women pride and satisfaction to be helpful to their parents especially; they felt strongly about their responsibility to give back.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Postponement of self-care was particularly relevant for the group of women with terminal or professional degrees, the college-educated women aged 25 to 45 years, and the group of women without a college education who were older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have no doubts about the fact that the stress was toxic to my pregnancy, because when the autopsy was done, there was nothing found but fetal distress, and so I think about that a lot when I get overly stressed out.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These health issues were discussed most explicitly in the focus group of college-educated women 25–45 years of age, but both younger and older participants made connections among stress, coping, strength, and health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was discussed across groups, but discussed in greatest detail by the groups of college-educated women 18–24 years old and women older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they acknowledged that doing this sometimes resulted in challenges to their own financial situations.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that following the advice of their foremothers to be self-sufficient and independent in relationships might cause significant others to either feel frustrated, unneeded, or less motivated to provide support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the weathering framework, Geronimus (2001, 2006) suggests that life experiences of African American women historically have included an accumulation of racial inequality; social, political, and economic exclusion; and medical underservice.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These inequities decrease access to resources and heighten susceptibility to psychological stress and premature stress-related illness (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“that, according to conceptual frameworks such as “weathering” (Geronimus, 2001, 2006) and allostatic load (McEwen, 1998), greatly influence how stress impacts health outcomes in this population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to the Weathering Conceptual Framework, these societal factors provide explanation for the disparities between the health of African American women and European American women (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the indexing stage, a nonexclusive approach was used. The index code categories were broad and general, and pieces of data were appropriate for more than one topic heading or index code. The emphasis at this stage was on including all potentially relevant material, to avoid selective attention to data.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data that appeared to contradict the existing index code categories were embraced, not excluded universally. Deviant cases were used to understand when or under what circumstances African American women display characteristics such as strength or emotional suppression.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, corroboration with experts in the field and the study participants was used to enhance credibility and validity (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The concept of Superwoman developed partially as a result of African American women’s efforts to counteract negative societal characterizations of African American womanhood (such as “Mammy,” “Jezebel,” and “Welfare Queen”) and to highlight unsung attributes that developed and continue to exist despite oppression and adversity (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2003; Harris-Lacewell, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, in the theory of allostatic load, McEwen (1998) suggests that chronic exposure to psychological stress leads to cumulative risk and physiological dysregulation (e.g., impaired cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine functioning), yielding chronic illness and premature mortality.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The author and research assistant then compared the transcript to the audiotaped data to confirm accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Field log notes and memos were maintained to enhance auditability of the study (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Debriefing with the study participants, which included a review of prominent topics that were raised by the participants, was conducted at the end of each focus group session to enhance accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, the focus groups provided a supportive environment for women to discuss sensitive issues related to experiencing and coping with stress (Jarrett, 1993).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarrett, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Each scheduled group was designed to be homogeneous in age and educational background, to bring individuals together who have shared life experiences (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The major thematic categories were shared in writing with the focus group participants, and they were invited to communicate feedback to the research team through written or verbal correspondence (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of women who were diverse in age and educational levels.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in recruitment materials, women were invited to participate in a focus group to discuss issues of stress and coping in African American women. It is likely that this method of recruitment resulted in a sample of women with higher levels of stress compared to the general population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that participants from other regions of the United States might have different experiences that might be used to expand the current framework of SWS.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Verbalization of emotional distress or seeking professional mental health counseling might be interpreted as signs of weakness or as a failure to uphold the image of strength (Amankwaa, 2003; Curphey, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Curphey, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, emotional suppression has been found to influence excessive intake of alcohol (e.g., Ehrmin, 2002) and undesirable physiological processes that result in detrimental changes in immune functioning and illness (Petrie, Booth, & Pennebaker, 1998; Petrie, Fontanilla, Thomas, Booth, & Pennebaker, 2004; Smyth, Stone, Hurewitz, & Kaell, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, for a majority of the women (particularly those in the midst of childrearing and those who served as caretakers for their loved ones), being strong contributed to levels of selflessness, powerlessness, and self-silencing that contributed to psychological distress and heightened risk for depression (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework shares elements of strength and determination postulated by the JHH; however, the SWS framework provides more nuanced details about women’s suppression of negative emotion and difficulty with accepting emotional support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women in this study shared that the exhibition of a strong exterior enabled them to maintain control and withstand otherwise insurmountable challenges (Edge & Rogers, 2005).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Edge & Rogers, 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other important components of the SWS framework not addressed explicitly by the JHH include (a) obligation to help others, which includes difficulty saying no to multiple roles and responsibilities; (b) resistance to being vulnerable or dependent; (c) obligation to suppress emotions; and (d) postponement of self-care.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings of this qualitative focus group study have implications for clinical practice and research and are consistent with research on embodiment and health disparities among African American women (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the focus group environment might have promoted a tendency to express opinions in agreement with the rest of the group, which might have limited discussion of unique, but important, alternative experiences.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“African American women who were not attracted to the study advertisements might have had lower levels of stress and might be less likely to identify with the characteristics of the Superwoman role identified from the analysis of this study.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An embodied approach to investigating health disparities moves beyond rational explanations and incorporates contextual factors emphasizing how an individual’s subjective experience influences health behaviors (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework might enhance existing explanatory models of stress, coping, and physical or mental health among African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“She uncovered several themes, including the cultural mandate of strength, self-silencing, excessive attunement to the needs of others, and denial of one’s own needs; similar to the current study, she identified positive characteristics of showing strength (e.g., enhancing success with goals, assertiveness, and moral character).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in one interview study, 12 African American women with postpartum depression discussed that obligations to exhibit strength, modeled by the women in their families, resulted in disregard for their physical and mental health, dissonance between the their “real self” and “ideal self,” and frustration when they were unable to live up to social expectations to be strong (Amankwaa, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
plaindirectn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a tendency to suppress negative emotions in the context of inadequate resources and responsibilities in multiple life domains might place a woman at greater risk for adverse health compared to a woman who has a great deal of determination to succeed, but also has the ability to express distress as a result of abundant tangible and emotional support from family and friends.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Existing literature suggests that the concept of strength is relevant to women from diverse backgrounds (Hayes, 1986; Herrera & DelCampo, 1995; Lim, 1997; Mensinger, Bonifazi, & LaRosa, 2007; Whitty, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, specific combinations of Superwoman characteristics and varying degrees of available resources might influence a woman’s risk for impaired health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowledge about how stress and health relate in African American women remains incomplete, partly due to scarce information on their stress experiences and coping.
“The relationship between stress and health in African American women is not understood fully, in part because of limited information about African American women’s experiences of stress and their stress-related coping strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
African American women's historical pattern of strength under stress may be linked to their present health disparities.
“The legacy of strength in the face of stress among African American women might have something to do with the current health disparities that African American women face.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
“It is reasonable to assume that an isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role might not be, in and of itself, a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prior evidence suggests that both SWS and John Henryism are adaptive responses to marginalizing experiences associated with being a member of a dually-oppressed group (James et al., 1983;Woods-Giscombe, 2010), in this case African American women.”
From Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism (2023) · cites this paper as Woods-Giscombe, 2010
Citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Construction and initial validation of the Gendered Racial Microaggressions Scale for Black women.
Lewis, J. A., & Neville, H. A. (2015) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000062 · Cited by 468
Coping with Gendered Racial Microaggressions among Black Women College Students
Lewis, J. A., Mendenhall, R. M., Harwood, S. A., & Huntt, M. B. (2012) · Journal of African American Studies · doi:10.1007/s12111-012-9219-0 · Cited by 430
“…strategies that can serve as a buffer to racism, there is a dearth of research exploring the coping strategies that Black women use to deal with the negative effects of the intersection of racism and sexism (for exceptions, see Barnett et al. 1987; Beauboeuf-Lafontant 2007 and Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialCarrying the World With the Grace of a Lady and the Grit of a Warrior
Abrams, J. A., Maxwell, M. L., Pope, M., & Belgrave, F. Z. (2014) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684314541418 · Cited by 360
“Sociohistorical factors leading to the endorsement of characteristics associated with the SBW Schema were identified by Woods-Giscombé (2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDonovan, R. A., & West, L. M. (2014) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798414543014 · Cited by 356
“This likelihood, however, is somewhat mitigated by previous qualitative findings suggesting that SBW is highly internalized among Black women (BeauboeufLafontant, 2009; Romero, 2000; Shorter-Gooden & Washington, 1996; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAbrams, J. A., Hill, A., & Maxwell, M. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-018-0956-y · Cited by 267
“In qualitative studies, Black women have described being overwhelmed by pressures to embody strength and be resilient for their families and communities (Abrams et al., 2014; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWatson, N. N., & Hunter, C. D. (2015) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/cdp0000015 · Cited by 251
“Specifically, research findings have suggested that the SBW race–gender schema led African American women to inhibit emotions and appear emotionally unaffected by stress or hardships (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Black & Peacock, 2011; Mitchell & Herring, 1998; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialMetzger, I. W., Anderson, R. E., Are, F., & Ritchwood, T. (2021) · Child Maltreatment · doi:10.1177/1077559520921457 · Cited by 189
“The idea of the “strong Black woman” or “superwoman,” for example, is used to describe women who have the belief that it is their responsibility to bear certain burdens without complaining (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundAllen, A. M., Wang, Y., Chae, D. H., Price, M. M., Powell, W. A., Steed, T. C., Black, A. R., Dhabhar, F. S., Márquez-Magaña, L. M., & Woods‐Giscombé, C. L. (2019) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.14188 · Cited by 211
“40 In response to questions about experiencing and coping with stress, participants commented on the need to be strong indicating that it was “just part of a woman’s life, and more specifically, an African American woman’s life.””
InfluentialSelf-citationWatson, N. N., & Hunter, C. D. (2015) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798415597093 · Cited by 227
“Email: watson26@illinois.edu common terms have been used to describe the SBW: mask (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2003; Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007), ideology (Harrington, Crowther, & Shipherd, 2010), schema (Woods-Giscombé, 2010), and script (Black & Peacock, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSzymanski, D. M., & Lewis, J. A. (2015) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684315616113 · Cited by 167
“Specifically, African American women are often socialized to be strong, resilient, and self-sufficient in the face of adversity due to the stereotypes of the strong Black woman (Lewis & Neville, 2015; Thomas et al., 2008; Woods-Giscombé, 2010; Woods-Giscombé & Black, 2010).”
BackgroundNelson, T., Cardemil, E. V., & Adeoye, C. T. (2016) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684316646716 · Cited by 197
“One alternative, well-known image that has received widespread attention is the strong Black woman (SBW) or superwoman role (BeauboeufLafontant, 2005, 2007, 2009; Gillespie, 1984; Wallace, 1990; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundWoods‐Giscombé, C. L., & Black, A. R. (2010) · Complementary health practice review · doi:10.1177/1533210110386776 · Cited by 167
“…feelings of resentment, anger, and guilt that transferred into potentially debilitating self-reliance, self-shielding from future experiences of vulnerability, and isolation resulting from fear of getting hurt or disappointed by the broken promises or mistreatment of others (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationWatson‐Singleton, N. N. (2017) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798417732414 · Cited by 187
“SBW schema encompasses both cognitive characteristics and stress-coping behaviors, like emotional suppression, self-reliance, and caregiving (Nelson, Cardemil, & Adeoye, 2016; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundControlling images: How awareness of group stereotypes affects Black women’s well-being.
Jerald, M. C., Cole, E. R., Ward, L. M., & Avery, L. R. (2017) · Journal of Counseling Psychology · doi:10.1037/cou0000233 · Cited by 153
Liao, K. Y., Wei, M., & Yin, M. (2019) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684319883198 · Cited by 206
“The majority of extant studies that support the link between the SBW schema and negative health outcomes are qualitative studies (e.g., Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2009; Romero, 2000; Woods-Giscombé, 2010), which can offer unique contributions.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Price of Strength: Black College Women’s Perspectives on the Strong Black Woman Stereotype
West, L. M., Donovan, R. A., & Daniel, A. R. (2016) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2016.1116871 · Cited by 164
Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Traumatic Stress Symptoms Among Black Women
Moody, A. T., & Lewis, J. A. (2019) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684319828288 · Cited by 161
Theories of Intimate Partner Violence
Kelly, U. A. (2011) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0b013e3182272388 · Cited by 151
Waller, B., Harris, J., & Quinn, C. R. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838021991303 · Cited by 140
“…and qualitative research have found positive relationships between adherence to the SBW archetype and stress-related disorders, maladaptive coping patterns, and depression and poor self-esteem (BeauboeufLafontant, 2007; Donovan &West, 2014; Green, 2011; Hamin, 2008; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundWoods-Giscombe, C. L., Allen, A. M., Black, A. R., Steed, T. C., Li, Y., & Lackey, C. (2019) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2019.1584654 · Cited by 120
“It may be used to assess associations with various other social determinants of health, including psychological stress and health behaviors, and eventually health outcomes among African American women (Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationChance, N. L. (2021) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/00221678211003000 · Cited by 168
“…stems from discrimination, marginalization, and oppression, as it refers to the practice of including a limited number of minorities to give the appearance of equality instead of true equality and diversity (Bower & Wolverton, 2009; Bright, 2010; Kanter, 1977; Sobers, 2014; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInheriting Racist Disparities in Health
Sullivan, S. (2013) · Critical Philosophy of Race · doi:10.5325/critphilrace.1.2.0190 · Cited by 136
Marked Personas: Using Natural Language Prompts to Measure Stereotypes in Language Models
Cheng, M., Durmus, E., & Jurafsky, D. (2023) · Proceedings of the conference - Association for Computational Linguistics. Meeting · doi:10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.84 · Cited by 235
Suslovic, B. J., & Lett, E. (2023) · Community Health Equity Research & Policy · doi:10.1177/2752535x231159721 · Cited by 103
Davis, S. M. (2014) · Women s Studies in Communication · doi:10.1080/07491409.2014.953714 · Cited by 120
“Although this image is glorified, its strict expectations encourage many Black American women to maintain a pretense of fortitude in several dimensions of their lives (e.g., Romero, 2000; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Social Media Contributions to Strong Black Woman Ideal Endorsement and Black Women’s Mental Health
Stanton, A. G., Jerald, M. C., Ward, L. M., & Avery, L. R. (2017) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684317732330 · Cited by 96
“First, therapists and counselors should be mindful of our finding that, consistent with past studies, personally endorsing the SBW ideal is associated with negative mental health symptoms among young Black women (e.g., BeauboeufLafontant, 2007; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAfrican American Women’s Maternal Healthcare Experiences: A Critical Race Theory Perspective
Adebayo, C. T., Parcell, E. S., Mkandawire‐Valhmu, L., & Olukotun, O. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1888453 · Cited by 115
“This discourse has been found to work to the disadvantage of African American women especially in the healthcare setting (Ashley, 2014; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundShavers, M. C., & Moore, J. L. (2014) · Journal of college student development · doi:10.1353/csd.2014.0040 · Cited by 106
“Woods-Giscombé (2010) explored the May 2014 ◆ vol 55 no 4 393 perception of African American women on the benefits and limitations of this cultural notion.”
BackgroundMartz, C. D., Allen, A. M., Fuller‐Rowell, T. E., Spears, E. C., Lim, S. S., Drenkard, C., Chung, K. W., Hunter, E. A., & Chae, D. H. (2019) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-019-00606-8 · Cited by 90
Smith, S. M., & Landor, A. M. (2018) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12260 · Cited by 98
Jerald, M. C., Ward, L. M., Moss, L., Thomas, K. A., & Fletcher, K. D. (2016) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798416665967 · Cited by 107
“Because adherence to the SBW ideal is often considered a positive coping strategy among Black women (Woods-Giscombé, 2010), students who feel a strong sense of belonging to their ethnic group may laud the SBW image as a historically indispensable tool for survival among Black women in response to perpetual oppression…”
BackgroundStress and the Multiple-Role Woman: Taking a Closer Look at the “Superwoman”
Sumra, M. K., & Schillaci, M. A. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0120952 · Cited by 92
Do I Really Need to Go and See Somebody? Black Women’s Perceptions of Help-Seeking for Depression
Nelson, T., Shahid, N. N., & Cardemil, E. V. (2020) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/0095798420931644 · Cited by 111
Subramanyam, M. A., James, S. A., Diez-Roux, A. V., Hickson, D. A., Sarpong, D., Sims, M., Taylor, H. A., & Wyatt, S. B. (2013) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2013.06.016 · Cited by 85
Black Women's experiences of sexual assault and disclosure: Insights from the margins
Slatton, B. C., & Richard, A. L. (2020) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12792 · Cited by 90
Black, A. R., & Peacock, N. R. (2010) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2009.167817 · Cited by 95
Spates, K. S., Evans, N. M., Watts, B. C., Abubakar, N., & James, T. (2019) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01077-1 · Cited by 117
“Specifically, Black women’s unique daily life experiences, stressors, and coping strategies suggest that they disproportionately face discrimination in their daily lives (Everett et al. 2010; Lewis and Neville 2015; West et al. 2010; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundIn Their Own Words: The Meaning of the Strong Black Woman Schema among Black U.S. College Women
Jones, M. K., Harris, K. J., & Reynolds, A. A. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-020-01170-w · Cited by 80
“In fact, research indicates strength enhances Black women’s selfesteem and sense of self-efficacy to challenge societal oppression and manage life’s stressors (Davis and Afifi 2019; Watson and Hunter 2016; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInitial Development of a Gendered-Racial Socialization Scale for African American College Women
Brown, D. L., Blackmon, S. M., Rosnick, C. B., Griffin-Fennell, F. D., & White-Johnson, R. L. (2016) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0707-x · Cited by 91
Perez, A. D., Dufault, S. M., Spears, E. C., Chae, D. H., Woods-Giscombe, C. L., & Allen, A. M. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115070 · Cited by 76
Self-citationCarthon, D., Robinson, M. N., Woods‐Giscombé, C. L., Corbie-Smith, G. M., & Devane-Johnson, S. (2025) · PubMed · doi:10.17615/adpv-j054 · Cited by 74
Self-citationRaisi‐Estabragh, Z., Kobo, O. M., Mieres, J. H., Bullock-Palmer, R. P., Spall, H. G. C. V., Breathett, K. K., & Mamas, M. A. (2023) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.122.028409 · Cited by 75
Taking It One Day at a Time: African American Women Aging with HIV and Co-Morbidities
Warren-Jeanpiere, L., Dillaway, H. E., Hamilton, P., Young, M., & Goparaju, L. (2014) · AIDS Patient Care and STDs · doi:10.1089/apc.2014.0024 · Cited by 70
“A prevalent racialized gender norm for African American women includes the Strong Black Woman/Superwoman role.(18) This role dictates that women place the needs of others in front of their own and that they cannot show any signs of weakness or of needing help.”
Cultural conceptions of Women's labor pain and labor pain management: A mixed-method analysis
Mathur, V. A., Morris, T., & McNamara, K. (2020) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113240 · Cited by 76
Developing a Conceptual Framework of Black Women’s Gendered Racial Identity Development
Williams, M. G., & Lewis, J. A. (2021) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0361684320988602 · Cited by 82
“, increasing self-efficacy), many studies have demonstrated the Strong Black Woman paradox, which suggests that being strong can also be maladaptive (i.e., exacerbating negative mental health due to pressures to never show weakness; Abrams et al., 2014; Donovan & West, 2015; Nelson et al., 2016; Thomas & King, 2007; N…”
BackgroundApplying the Stress and ‘Strength’ Hypothesis to Black Women's Breast Cancer Screening Delays
Black, A. R., & Woods‐Giscombé, C. L. (2012) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2464 · Cited by 73
“…in other groups of women (Jack, 1993; Jack & Ali, 2010; Hochschild & Machung, 1989; Newell, 1996; Shaevitz, 1984), it is important to note that for Black women, there may be distinct antecedents and characteristics that influence the manifestation of these behaviours (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEmotion regulation and coping with racial stressors among African Americans across the lifespan
Wilson, T. K., & Gentzler, A. L. (2021) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2021.100967 · Cited by 74
Brondolo, E. N., Monge, A., Agosta, J., Tobin, J. N., Cassells, A. N., Stanton, C. A., & Schwartz, J. E. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9645-2 · Cited by 64
“Further research is needed to understand gender differences in the development of coping responses to discrimination (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundBentley‐Edwards, K. L., Carr, L. T. B., Robbins, P. A., Conde, E., Zaw, K., & Darity, W. A. J. (2019) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-019-00888-6 · Cited by 64
“Perhaps a factor in our findings is the superwoman role, a liability and asset-laden phenomenon describing black women’s stress-coping response and its connection to adverse health outcomes like obesity (Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundWillie, T. C., Monger, M. L., Nunn, A. S., Kershaw, T., Stockman, J. K., Mayer, K. H., Chan, P. A., Adimora, A. A., Mena, L. A., Knight, D., et al. (2021) · BMC Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1186/s12879-021-06786-1 · Cited by 64
“While women’s awareness of these potential risk factors can encourage their PrEP adherence, it can also be psychologically burdensome for Black cisgender women to assume sole responsibility for preventing HIV in their relationships [65] in addition to managing sociocultural expectations of racialized gender roles such…”
BackgroundKothari, C., Paul, R., Dormitorio, B. P., Ospina, F., James, A., Lenz, D., Baker, K. M., Curtis, A. B., & Wiley, J. A. (2016) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.09.011 · Cited by 66
“…Eurocentric standards (Brondolo, Gallo, & Myers, 2009; Cross Jr., 2012; Lewis, Cogburn, & Williams, 2015; Sue et al., 2009), and some stress-inducing, such as becoming desensitized and overcompensating (becoming Black superwoman) (Aneshensel, 2015; Holzman et al., 2009; Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundA Broader Conceptualization of Sexism: The Case of Poland
Mikołajczak, M., & Pietrzak, J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14005-6_9 · Cited by 63
Samuel, C. A., Pinheiro, L. C., Reeder-Hayes, K. E., Walker, J. S., Corbie-Smith, G., Fashaw, S. A., Woods-Giscombe, C., & Wheeler, S. B. (2016) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-016-3963-0 · Cited by 62
“Moreover, because experiences of Superwoman Schema and Network Stress are well documented in Black women [35, 36], approaches that simultaneously promote stress management, effective coping with multiple demands, and the importance of self-compassion and self-care may be Breast Cancer Res Treat (2016) 160:1–15 11”
BackgroundSibling relationships of youth in foster care: A predictor of resilience
Wojciak, A. S., McWey, L. M., & Waid, J. (2017) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.11.030 · Cited by 65
Lobel, M., & Dunkel Schetter, C. (2016) · Encyclopedia of Mental Health · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00164-6 · Cited by 61
“In addition, African American women have been shown to feel personally responsible for the well-being of their African American communities (Woods-Giscombé et al., 2014) which can elevate their distress (Woods-Giscombé, 2010; Woods-Giscombé and Lobel, 2008).”
Religious Attendance and Body Mass: An Examination of Variations by Race and Gender
Godbolt, D., Vaghela, P., Burdette, A. M., & Hill, T. D. (2017) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-017-0490-1 · Cited by 60
“Research demonstrates that obesity is a consistent risk factor for arthritis, joint problems, and cardiovascular disease (Ford et al. 1997; Sowers 1998; Wadsworth and Pendergast 2014; Woods-Giscombe 2010).”
BackgroundDeclercq, E., Feinberg, E., & Belanoff, C. (2022) · Birth · doi:10.1111/birt.12584 · Cited by 62
Sullivan, S. (2013) · Project Muse (Johns Hopkins University) · Cited by 59
Taylor, D., & Richards, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2019.00043 · Cited by 72
“Instead of asking for help, considering personal needs, or speaking out against injustice, the expectation that they will overcome renders Black women silent about emotional distress, which leads to the damage of their self-esteem, personal and intimate relationships, and physical and mental health (Clarke, 2010; Wood…”
BackgroundInfluentialI too, am America: a review of research on systemic lupus erythematosus in African-Americans
Williams, E. M., Bruner, L., Adkins, A., Vrana, C., Logan, A., Kamen, D., & Oates, J. C. (2016) · Lupus Science & Medicine · doi:10.1136/lupus-2015-000144 · Cited by 58
Gendered microaggressions towards the “only” women coaches in high-performance sport
Norman, L., & Simpson, R. A. C. (2022) · Sports Coaching Review · doi:10.1080/21640629.2021.2021031 · Cited by 69
“To cope with their everyday microag-gressions, the participants discussed the need to prove themselves, inter-nalising a form of coaching “superwoman” schema (Woods-Giscombé, 2010): self-reliant, and more qualified and knowledgeable than their male counterparts.”
BackgroundPinheiro, L. C., Samuel, C. A., Reeder-Hayes, K. E., Wheeler, S. B., Olshan, A. F., & Reeve, B. B. (2016) · Breast Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.1007/s10549-016-3965-y · Cited by 56
“The Superwoman role, a theory stating Black women feel they must exude strength, suppress emotions, and demonstrate perseverance when faced with adversity, may partially explain this [38].”
Sex Differences in the Impact of Racial Discrimination on Mental Health Among Black Americans
Brownlow, B. N., Sosoo, E. E., Long, R. N., Hoggard, L. S., Burford, T. I., & Hill, L. K. (2019) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-019-1098-9 · Cited by 67
Black Women at War: A Comprehensive Framework for Research on the Strong Black Woman
Davis, S. M., & Jones, M. K. (2021) · Women s Studies in Communication · doi:10.1080/07491409.2020.1838020 · Cited by 63
“…to Black women, is linked to several benefits, including enhanced esteem, increased ability to navigate life and family stressors with limited resources, and an adaptive capacity to defy stereotypes and other forms of oppression (Davis & Afifi, 2019; Watson & Hunter, 2015; Woods-Giscomb e, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialWorking Agenda for Black Mothers
Bond, R. M., Gaither, K., Nasser, S. A., Albert, M. A., Ferdinand, K. C., Njoroge, J. N., Parapid, B. J., Hayes, S. N., Pegus, C., Sogade, B., et al. (2021) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.120.007643 · Cited by 62
Hines, A. L., Albert, M. A., Blair, J. P., Crews, D. C., Cooper, L. A., Long, D. L., & Carson, A. P. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.36207 · Cited by 57
The gendered experience of smoking stigma: implications for tobacco control
Antin, T. M. J., Annechino, R., Hunt, G. P., Lipperman‐Kreda, S., & Young, M. (2016) · Critical Public Health · doi:10.1080/09581596.2016.1249825 · Cited by 57
“Nefarious’ quote above is supported by the literature on the Superwoman role – a notion of Black womanhood defined by strength, a duty to assist others and to suppress one’s own emotions, independence and imperviousness, and success in spite of a lack of resources (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundErving, C. L., Satcher, L. A., & Chen, Y. (2020) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/2332649219900284 · Cited by 56
Denominational and Gender Differences in Hypertension Among African American Christian Young Adults
Robbins, P. A., Scott, M. J., Conde, E., Daniel, Y., Darity, W. A. J., & Bentley‐Edwards, K. L. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00895-4 · Cited by 54
“Additionally, cultural norms may dictate that those who are highly religious are expected to display the strength of their faith by increasing their commitment to supporting others, while silently and exclusively relying on religious coping if they become overwhelmed [36, 57, 58].”
BackgroundResult“Unbroken, but Bent”: Gendered Racism in School Leadership
Burton, L., Cyr, D., & Weiner, J. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2020.00052 · Cited by 72
“Further, we also take into consideration whether our participants’ experiences of coping align with the “Strong Black Woman” race-gender schema (Woods-Giscombé, 2010), a “set of cognitive and behavioral expectations for African-American women, notably standing up for oneself, exhibiting…”
ResultCastelin, S., & White, G. (2022) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843211067501 · Cited by 89
“Findings from previous research suggest that mothers who have embraced the schema contribute to its promotion in Black girls through implicit and explicit socialization (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluential25 years of psychology research on the “strong black woman”
Thomas, Z., Banks, J., Eaton, A., & Ward, L. M. (2022) · Social & Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12705 · Cited by 50
“One reason Black women are believed to accept the SBW schema and use it as a tool for coping is that it reflects their experiences at the intersections of racism and sexism (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundRunkle, J. D., Risley, K., Roy, M., & Sugg, M. M. (2022) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2022.12.001 · Cited by 62
WIC Peer Counselors’ Perceptions of Breastfeeding in African American Women with Lower Incomes
Gross, T. T., Powell, R., Anderson, A. K., Hall, J. N., Davis, M. A., & Hilyard, K. M. (2014) · Journal of Human Lactation · doi:10.1177/0890334414561061 · Cited by 53
“the superwoman role as a survival mechanism for African American women.(44)”
BackgroundFarmer, H. R., Wray, L. A., & Haas, S. A. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa027 · Cited by 50
“Consequently, upward social mobility may result in greater stress and poorer health for Black women compared with Black men (Allen et al., 2019; Nuru-Jeter et al., 2018; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialBody Image and Eating Disorders Among South Asian American Women: What Are We Missing?
Goel, N. J., Thomas, B., Boutté, R. L., Kaur, B., & Mazzeo, S. E. (2021) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323211036896 · Cited by 53
“Other women of color, including Black and Latinx women, describe a similar “Superwoman” pressure, which leads them to sacrifice their own needs to protect their families (Miville & Ferguson, 2014; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundWhose Stress is Making Me Sick? Network-stress and Emotional Distress in African-American Women
Woods‐Giscombé, C. L., Lobel, M., Zimmer, C., Cené, C. W., & Corbie-Smith, G. M. (2015) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.3109/01612840.2015.1011759 · Cited by 53
“The research evidence on African-American women’s caregiving roles within their families and communities and their potential for prioritizing caregiving over self-care, may place them at greater risk for detrimental health effects related to the life experiences of members of their social network (Black & Peacock, 201…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationMissing the Mark: The Complexity of African American Dementia Family Caregiving
Brewster, G. S., Johnson, K. B., McLennon, S. M., Moss, K. O., Epps, F. R., & Lopez, R. P. (2020) · Journal of Family Nursing · doi:10.1177/1074840720945329 · Cited by 49
“Benefits included self-survival and preserving the African American family and community (Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialAssari, S., & Lankarani, M. M. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00140 · Cited by 48
Appropriated racial oppression: Implications for mental health in Whites and Blacks
Versey, H. S., Cogburn, C. D., Wilkins, C. L., & Joseph, N. (2019) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.03.014 · Cited by 57
“For example, research on racialized gender effects suggests that women of color, particularly Black women, adopt roles of strength, resilience and silence regarding oppression that compromise health and well-being (Bowleg et al., 2003; Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2009; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Vance, M. M., Wade, J., Brandy, M., & Webster, A. E. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01198-y · Cited by 47
“For example, Black women face stereotypes of ignorance and biological inferiority in medical settings [41] and they seek counsel from mental health professionals who have often been trained using racist practices [40, 42].”
BackgroundProspective associations between depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction in Black couples.
Jenkins, A. I. C., Fredman, S. J., Le, Y., Sun, X., Brick, T. R., Skinner, O. D., & McHale, S. M. (2019) · Journal of Family Psychology · doi:10.1037/fam0000573 · Cited by 44
Reframing the narrative: Black maternal mental health and culturally meaningful support for wellness
Parker, A. (2021) · Infant Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1002/imhj.21910 · Cited by 50
Stressors, Resources, and Stress Responses in Pregnant African American Women
Giurgescu, C., Kavanaugh, K. L., Norr, K. F., Dancy, B. L., Twigg, N. M., McFarlin, B. L., Engeland, C. G., Koenig, M. D., & White‐Traut, R. C. (2013) · The Journal of Perinatal & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1097/jpn.0b013e31828363c3 · Cited by 48
“” African American women feel they must produce a self-reliant persona to the world, contributing to increased strain in interpersonal relationships, increased stress related behaviors, and embodiment of stress.(67) Posttraumatic slave syndrome, a disorder experienced by African Americans, is closely related to racial…”
BackgroundMiles, M. S., Isler, M. R., Banks, B., Sengupta, S., & Corbie-Smith, G. M. (2010) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732310387935 · Cited by 43
Authentically Me: Examining Expectations That Are Placed Upon Black Women in College
Winkle-Wagner, R., Kelly, B. T., Luedke, C. L., & Reavis, T. B. (2018) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831218798326 · Cited by 49
Bey, G., Ulbricht, C. M., & Person, S. D. (2018) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-018-0507-9 · Cited by 43
Cognitive Linguistic Studies in Cultural Contexts
(2013) · Cognitive linguistic studies in cultural contexts · doi:10.1075/clscc · Cited by 42
A Qualitative Study of Black Women’s Experiences in Drug Abuse and Mental Health Services
Jones, L. V., Hopson, L. M., Warner, L., Hardiman, E. R., & James, T. (2014) · Affilia · doi:10.1177/0886109914531957 · Cited by 49
“The impact of culture on recovery continues to be a necessary future direction for practice (Comas-Dı́az & Greene, 1994; Greene, 1997; Jones & Warner, 2011; Williams, 1999; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundCarter, L. M., & Rossi, A. (2019) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2019.1622911 · Cited by 64
“Woods-Giscombe (2010) found that women reported feeling guilty when placing a personal commitment above a family or community need.”
BackgroundInfluentialFelix, A. S., Shisler, R., Nolan, T. S., Warren, B. J., Rhoades, J., Barnett, K. S., & Williams, K. P. (2019) · Journal of Urban Health · doi:10.1007/s11524-018-00333-1 · Cited by 40
Black women’s mental health matters: Theoretical perspectives and future directions
Erving, C. L., Patterson, E. J., & Boone, J. (2021) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12919 · Cited by 44
Waller, B., Joyce, P. A., Quinn, C. R., Shaari, A. A. H., & Boyd, D. T. (2022) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/08862605221084340 · Cited by 57
“…recruit respondents: (1) active and intentional engagement with service providers, (2) announcements at partner agencies and churches, and (3) flyer postings in areas where African American women are known to frequent (Anyikwa, 2015; Johnson et al., 2010; Lucea et al., 2013; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundLeath, S. C., Jones, M. K., & Butler-Barnes, S. T. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2021.1989113 · Cited by 36
“The findings corroborate evidence that Black women may struggle with accepting help even when they feel overwhelmed or burdened by life responsibilities, which in turn, undermines their mental health and wellness (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialNelson, T., Brown, M. J., Garcia‐Rodriguez, I., & Moreno, O. (2021) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2021.2002826 · Cited by 50
“…may adhere to Strong Black Woman/Superwoman (SBW/SWS) Schema, a gendered and racialized role that includes displaying strength, emotional restriction, motivation to succeed, and resistance to vulnerability (Nelson, Cardemil, and Adeoye 2016; Beauboeuf-Lafontant 2007, 2009; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundJackson, A. J., Colson‐Fearon, B., & Versey, H. S. (2022) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843221106087 · Cited by 46
“Identity shifting refers to a range of behaviors, presentations, and practices that WOC, particularly Black women, adopt to manage experiences of gendered racism and achieve success in spaces that prioritize a mainstream dominant culture (Jones & Shorter-Gooden, 2003; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundBrownlow, B. N. (2022) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916221113762 · Cited by 50
“Likewise, research has shown that in an effort to be and appear strong many Black women appear stoic and emotionally detached (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialEffective Self-Management Interventions for Patients With Lupus: Potential Impact of Peer Mentoring
Williams, E. M., Egede, L. E., Faith, T. D., & Oates, J. C. (2017) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2017.01.011 · Cited by 39
“AAs and women are still disproportionately affected by lupus.(1,2,68,72-77,139,140) Persistent disparities may be due to the nonresponsiveness of existing programs to the unique needs of AAs and women with lupus.”
Bey, G., Jesdale, B. M., Ulbricht, C. M., Mick, E. O., & Person, S. D. (2018) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare6030105 · Cited by 43
Nightingale, M. A., Awosan, C. I., & Stavrianopoulos, K. (2019) · International Journal of Systemic Therapy · doi:10.1080/08975353.2019.1666497 · Cited by 38
“Racial stressors magnify in couples ’ destructive communication (Kelly & Floyd, 2006), leading to network/relational stress for Black women (Woods-Giscombé, 2010) and anger in Black men (Kogan, Yu, & Brown, 2016).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Woods-Giscombé, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,
- Venue
- Qualitative Health Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-02-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 668-683
- ISSN
- 1049-7323 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7557
- PMC
- PMC3072704
- OpenAlex
- W2114868277
- Cited by
- 802
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 34.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Qualitative Health Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- National Institute of Nursing Research (P20NR008369, T32NR007091)
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025747)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD002499)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT004276, T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- Superwoman Schema, Strong Black Woman, African American women, stress, coping, health disparities, conceptual framework, role expectations, relationship strain, women's health beliefs
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Middle Aged, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Focus Groups, Self Efficacy, Young Adult
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