The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 64 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health
Open accessAbstract
Researchers have suggested that health disparities in African American women, including adverse birth outcomes, lupus, obesity, and untreated depression, can be explained by stress and coping. The Strong Black Woman/Superwoman role has been highlighted as a phenomenon influencing African American women’s experiences and reports of stress. The purpose of this study was to develop a preliminary conceptual framework for Superwoman Schema (SWS) by exploring women’s descriptions of the Superwoman role; perceptions of contextual factors, benefits, and liabilities; and beliefs regarding how it influences health. Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors. Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community) and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment). The SWS framework might be used to enhance future research on stress and African American women’s health.
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Claims the paper makes
101 Own result · 26 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 9 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These disparities in health might relate to how African American women experience and cope with stress (Giscombé & Lobel, 2005; Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003; Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993).”
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
“Stress and coping strategies have been found to be significant factors explaining health disparities in African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé & Lobel, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links prenatal stress to disparities in birth outcomes and suggests African American women may be more susceptible to its effects. It also explicitly says the review did not address coping as a contributor to those disparities and calls for further study. The source therefore supports the citing sentence’s tentative link to stress, but not an established role for coping or a general claim about health disparities beyond birth outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Based on this evidence, a Superwoman ideal accompanied by emotional suppression might place the health and well-being of African American women who use this strategy at risk.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links suppression of negative affect to higher blood pressure and diminished immune functioning, and reports that African American women who quietly accepted discrimination were more likely to have hypertension than those who expressed their feelings. This supports the suggested health risk of emotional suppression, but the paper does not address a Superwoman ideal or the risk of combining that ideal with suppression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The demographically diverse sample of African American women reported that the Superwoman role is multifaceted; women discussed how they characterized the Superwoman role, contributing contextual factors, perceived benefits, and perceived liabilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community)”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants shared that they did this because they did not know how to accept help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women across groups discussed how racial or gender stereotyping and oppression contributed to the Superwoman role.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some acknowledged that they believed that they could reach their goals even if they didn’t have everything needed to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the most salient benefits of the Superwoman role was survival despite personal obstacles, perceived inadequacy of resources, and unique life experiences attributed to the double jeopardy of being African American and female.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in all eight groups reported that it was not uncommon for them to “put up my defenses.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women spoke of being in charge in relationships to protect themselves from getting hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 39
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Findings from this study corroborate and extend previous examinations of concepts of strength, perseverance, and self-reliance among African Americans (Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007; James, 1994; James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983; Mullings, 2006; Shambley-Ebron & Boyle, 2006).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007 source
- Supportedcites James, 1994 source
The cited paper is a previous examination of John Henryism among African Americans. Its “John Henryism, African-Americans, and American Culture” section explicitly discusses hard work and self-reliance, while its account of effortful coping and resistance addresses the cited sentence’s broader theme of perseverance. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four contextual factors were identified as contributors to the Superwoman role, including a historical legacy of racial and gender stereotyping or oppression; lessons from foremothers; a past personal history of disappointment, mistreatment, or abuse; and spiritual values.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women expressed that carrying the burdens of others gave their lives a sense of purpose.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The women discussed feeling obligated to meet the needs of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women were the first in their family to attain certain educational and professional achievements and, as a result, expressed that they could not rely on their family members to provide the extra boost of resources that other, more privileged, individuals might have.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others reported that vulnerability or dependence would cause them to get hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others stated that they only felt obliged to present an image of strength at work.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of their desire to resist vulnerability or dependence on others, some of the women expressed that they either preferred to be a leader or that they had difficulty not taking the lead. This was a factor across groups, but more common in the older groups of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how their commitment to helping others led them to take on multiple roles and responsibilities and have difficulty saying no.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported being perceived as “the strong one” by others and that they were expected to be the strength of their families.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women spoke with a sense of pride about manifesting an image of strength, but nevertheless seemed distressed by feeling obligated to do so most of the time.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A clear theme emerged about being resistant to vulnerability.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings resulted in the preliminary development of the Superwoman Schema Conceptual Framework (Figure 1).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I think a lot of people don’t know when black women are stressed because of the superwoman syndrome and especially in the workplace, where other women might be able to show their stress, I think for us, it’s harder for us to acknowledge that stress, especially at the workplace when you’re supposed to be extremely productive.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many, succeeding meant balancing the simultaneous demands of raising their children, completing their education, and working full-time, without the assistance of a husband or their children’s father.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in the focus groups discussed that faith, religion, and spirituality helped them to manifest strength to reach their goals and to help them overcome challenges without the help of other people.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some described it as a need to nurture others and stated that this is a common trait of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how these experiences with abuse created suspicion, fear, apprehension, and mistrust, which led to the development of resistance to depending on others or being placed in a vulnerable position.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported that presenting an image of strength was just part of a woman’s life and, more specifically, an African American woman’s life.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women indicated an obligation to suppress emotions.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others said that they could make it on their own and wanted to prove it to others, or that people had ulterior motives for offering help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant from the group of women between the ages of 25 and 45 years of age who were not college-educated stated: > You have to be strong. . . . Society makes you have to be a strong woman. People in relationships make you have to be a strong woman. Our past makes us have to be a strong woman and it’s really annoying as hell.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants’ characterizations of the Superwoman role were grouped into five major topic areas: obligation to manifest strength, obligation to suppress emotions, resistance to being vulnerable or dependent, determination to succeed despite limited resources, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants discussed that they routinely worked late, neglected taking breaks, sacrificed sleep, and put their health in danger to reach their goals.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some made statements such as, “My family expects me to do more than I have time to do,” and expressed that these expectations were burdensome.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported not asking for help until they felt extremely overwhelmed and admitted that this way of living caused them to go through “unnecessary struggles.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that they have had to do for themselves for so long, and that taking the lead or being in control of situations felt normal for them.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One retired woman felt that she too was expected to volunteer more, because others perceived that she had more free time to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman reflected on how her grandmother’s exterior strength might have been a cause of several undesirable health conditions:”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One young college student in particular discussed that her ambition and drive for success were related to others’ expectations that she would fail in life because she was African American.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group of 25–45 year-old college-educated women stated with group agreement (i.e., heads nodding): “I don’t know how my life would be if I wasn’t like putting out fires all the time, that this just seems like that’s just normal.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The single women in the 25–45 years age group believed that because they didn’t have spouses and families, others expected them to have more time, and they uncomfortably found themselves delegated to more roles and responsibilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported feeling physically drained and that they did not have time for self-care because they are always taking care of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was most prevalent among the group of women aged 25–45 years with college education, but was discussed across groups.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of this study indicate that the Superwoman role is a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing characteristics such as obligation to manifest strength, emotional suppression, resistance to vulnerability and dependence, determination to succeed, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group with terminal or advanced degrees discussed how stereotypes about Black women might limit access to those supportive resources.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These liabilities fell under three major categories: strain in interpersonal relationships, stress-related health behaviors, and embodiment of stress.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These sentiments were discussed most commonly in the older groups and the groups with college education.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It gave these women pride and satisfaction to be helpful to their parents especially; they felt strongly about their responsibility to give back.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Postponement of self-care was particularly relevant for the group of women with terminal or professional degrees, the college-educated women aged 25 to 45 years, and the group of women without a college education who were older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have no doubts about the fact that the stress was toxic to my pregnancy, because when the autopsy was done, there was nothing found but fetal distress, and so I think about that a lot when I get overly stressed out.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These health issues were discussed most explicitly in the focus group of college-educated women 25–45 years of age, but both younger and older participants made connections among stress, coping, strength, and health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was discussed across groups, but discussed in greatest detail by the groups of college-educated women 18–24 years old and women older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they acknowledged that doing this sometimes resulted in challenges to their own financial situations.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that following the advice of their foremothers to be self-sufficient and independent in relationships might cause significant others to either feel frustrated, unneeded, or less motivated to provide support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the weathering framework, Geronimus (2001, 2006) suggests that life experiences of African American women historically have included an accumulation of racial inequality; social, political, and economic exclusion; and medical underservice.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These inequities decrease access to resources and heighten susceptibility to psychological stress and premature stress-related illness (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“that, according to conceptual frameworks such as “weathering” (Geronimus, 2001, 2006) and allostatic load (McEwen, 1998), greatly influence how stress impacts health outcomes in this population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to the Weathering Conceptual Framework, these societal factors provide explanation for the disparities between the health of African American women and European American women (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the indexing stage, a nonexclusive approach was used. The index code categories were broad and general, and pieces of data were appropriate for more than one topic heading or index code. The emphasis at this stage was on including all potentially relevant material, to avoid selective attention to data.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data that appeared to contradict the existing index code categories were embraced, not excluded universally. Deviant cases were used to understand when or under what circumstances African American women display characteristics such as strength or emotional suppression.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, corroboration with experts in the field and the study participants was used to enhance credibility and validity (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The concept of Superwoman developed partially as a result of African American women’s efforts to counteract negative societal characterizations of African American womanhood (such as “Mammy,” “Jezebel,” and “Welfare Queen”) and to highlight unsung attributes that developed and continue to exist despite oppression and adversity (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2003; Harris-Lacewell, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, in the theory of allostatic load, McEwen (1998) suggests that chronic exposure to psychological stress leads to cumulative risk and physiological dysregulation (e.g., impaired cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine functioning), yielding chronic illness and premature mortality.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The author and research assistant then compared the transcript to the audiotaped data to confirm accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Field log notes and memos were maintained to enhance auditability of the study (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Debriefing with the study participants, which included a review of prominent topics that were raised by the participants, was conducted at the end of each focus group session to enhance accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, the focus groups provided a supportive environment for women to discuss sensitive issues related to experiencing and coping with stress (Jarrett, 1993).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarrett, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Each scheduled group was designed to be homogeneous in age and educational background, to bring individuals together who have shared life experiences (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The major thematic categories were shared in writing with the focus group participants, and they were invited to communicate feedback to the research team through written or verbal correspondence (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of women who were diverse in age and educational levels.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in recruitment materials, women were invited to participate in a focus group to discuss issues of stress and coping in African American women. It is likely that this method of recruitment resulted in a sample of women with higher levels of stress compared to the general population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that participants from other regions of the United States might have different experiences that might be used to expand the current framework of SWS.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Verbalization of emotional distress or seeking professional mental health counseling might be interpreted as signs of weakness or as a failure to uphold the image of strength (Amankwaa, 2003; Curphey, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Curphey, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, emotional suppression has been found to influence excessive intake of alcohol (e.g., Ehrmin, 2002) and undesirable physiological processes that result in detrimental changes in immune functioning and illness (Petrie, Booth, & Pennebaker, 1998; Petrie, Fontanilla, Thomas, Booth, & Pennebaker, 2004; Smyth, Stone, Hurewitz, & Kaell, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, for a majority of the women (particularly those in the midst of childrearing and those who served as caretakers for their loved ones), being strong contributed to levels of selflessness, powerlessness, and self-silencing that contributed to psychological distress and heightened risk for depression (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework shares elements of strength and determination postulated by the JHH; however, the SWS framework provides more nuanced details about women’s suppression of negative emotion and difficulty with accepting emotional support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women in this study shared that the exhibition of a strong exterior enabled them to maintain control and withstand otherwise insurmountable challenges (Edge & Rogers, 2005).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Edge & Rogers, 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other important components of the SWS framework not addressed explicitly by the JHH include (a) obligation to help others, which includes difficulty saying no to multiple roles and responsibilities; (b) resistance to being vulnerable or dependent; (c) obligation to suppress emotions; and (d) postponement of self-care.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings of this qualitative focus group study have implications for clinical practice and research and are consistent with research on embodiment and health disparities among African American women (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the focus group environment might have promoted a tendency to express opinions in agreement with the rest of the group, which might have limited discussion of unique, but important, alternative experiences.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“African American women who were not attracted to the study advertisements might have had lower levels of stress and might be less likely to identify with the characteristics of the Superwoman role identified from the analysis of this study.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An embodied approach to investigating health disparities moves beyond rational explanations and incorporates contextual factors emphasizing how an individual’s subjective experience influences health behaviors (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework might enhance existing explanatory models of stress, coping, and physical or mental health among African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“She uncovered several themes, including the cultural mandate of strength, self-silencing, excessive attunement to the needs of others, and denial of one’s own needs; similar to the current study, she identified positive characteristics of showing strength (e.g., enhancing success with goals, assertiveness, and moral character).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in one interview study, 12 African American women with postpartum depression discussed that obligations to exhibit strength, modeled by the women in their families, resulted in disregard for their physical and mental health, dissonance between the their “real self” and “ideal self,” and frustration when they were unable to live up to social expectations to be strong (Amankwaa, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
plaindirectn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a tendency to suppress negative emotions in the context of inadequate resources and responsibilities in multiple life domains might place a woman at greater risk for adverse health compared to a woman who has a great deal of determination to succeed, but also has the ability to express distress as a result of abundant tangible and emotional support from family and friends.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Existing literature suggests that the concept of strength is relevant to women from diverse backgrounds (Hayes, 1986; Herrera & DelCampo, 1995; Lim, 1997; Mensinger, Bonifazi, & LaRosa, 2007; Whitty, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, specific combinations of Superwoman characteristics and varying degrees of available resources might influence a woman’s risk for impaired health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowledge about how stress and health relate in African American women remains incomplete, partly due to scarce information on their stress experiences and coping.
“The relationship between stress and health in African American women is not understood fully, in part because of limited information about African American women’s experiences of stress and their stress-related coping strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
African American women's historical pattern of strength under stress may be linked to their present health disparities.
“The legacy of strength in the face of stress among African American women might have something to do with the current health disparities that African American women face.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
“It is reasonable to assume that an isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role might not be, in and of itself, a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prior evidence suggests that both SWS and John Henryism are adaptive responses to marginalizing experiences associated with being a member of a dually-oppressed group (James et al., 1983;Woods-Giscombe, 2010), in this case African American women.”
From Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism (2023) · cites this paper as Woods-Giscombe, 2010
Citations
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“…health; health care African American women experience disproportionately high rates of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular disease (Thom et al., 2006), obesity (Wang & Beydoun, 2007), lupus (Pons-Estel, Alarcon, Scofield, Reinlib, & Cooper, 2009), adverse birth outcomes…”
National Vital Statistics Reports
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Wang, Y., & Beydoun, M. A. (2007) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm007 · Cited by 2,854 · cited 2×
“…American women experience disproportionately high rates of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular disease (Thom et al., 2006), obesity (Wang & Beydoun, 2007), lupus (Pons-Estel, Alarcon, Scofield, Reinlib, & Cooper, 2009), adverse birth outcomes (Hamilton, Martin, & Ventura, 2009),…”
The problem of rigor in qualitative research
Sandelowski, M. (1986) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/00012272-198604000-00005 · Cited by 2,772 · cited 2×
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript study (Sandelowski, 1986).”
“Weathering” and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States
Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.060749 · Cited by 2,525
Developing Focus Group Research
Barbour, R. S., & Kitzinger, J. V. (1999) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849208857 · Cited by 1,603
Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art
Morgan, D. (1993) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483349008 · Cited by 1,586
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 793
Min, S. H., Whittemore, R., Kennedy, H. P., & Nam, S. (2021) · Journal of Women & Aging · doi:10.1080/08952841.2021.1974268 · Cited by 5
“For example, in the AA community, “The Strong Black Woman or Superwoman” refers to the idea of being a strong, independent, perfect, emotionless, and sacrificing woman who is expected to fulfill countless domestic and social demands (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialResilience: Cultural Values and Support Resources
Flaskerud, J. H. (2022) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2021.2018896 · Cited by 5
“African American women’s efforts to counteract negative societal characterizations of African American womanhood and to highlight unsung attributes that developed and continue to exist despite oppression and adversity (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialLetters to My Sisters: Advice From Black Women Alumnae About How to Thrive and Survive in College
Reavis, T., Winkle-Wagner, R., Kelly, B., Luedke, C. L., & Mccallum, C. M. (2022) · Teachers College Record · doi:10.1177/01614681221096798 · Cited by 4
“The lack of attention to the experiences of Black women in higher education indicates that their contributions to society have been ignored (Patton & Croom, 2017), at times reinforcing the stereotype that Black women are superwomen (Woods-Giscombé, 2010) and would not benefit from support structures (Watson & Hunter,…”
BackgroundInfluentialGendered Racism: A Call for an Intersectional Approach
Burton, W. M. (2022) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20221109-01 · Cited by 7
Efird, C. R., Matthews, D. D., Muessig, K., Barrington, C., Metzl, J., & Lightfoot, A. (2023) · SSM - Mental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmmh.2023.100199 · Cited by 5
Rehbein, E., Levinson, A. R., Preis, H., Mahaffey, B., & Lobel, M. (2024) · International Perspectives in Psychology · doi:10.1027/2157-3891/a000104 · Cited by 5
When It All Gets to Be Too Much
Akindana, A., Owens-Gary, M. D., & Williams, A. (2016) · AADE in Practice · doi:10.1177/2325160316654671 · Cited by 5
“When looking at cultural nuances, African American women often feel they are expected to project a “superwoman” image and demonstrate strength in the midst of societal and personal challenges (Woods-Giscombe 2010).”
BackgroundNorman, R., & Tang, M. (2016) · Journal of Employment Counseling · doi:10.1002/joec.12024 · Cited by 9
The Construction of Racial Stereotypes and How They Serve as Racial PropagandaPreprint
Melson-Silimon, A. T., Spivey, B. N., & Skinner, A. L. (2023) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/a2m84 · Cited by 5
Johnson, T. W., Toms, O. M., Gaines, A. M., & Timmons, A. (2025) · Journal of African American Studies · doi:10.1007/s12111-025-09713-9 · Cited by 9
“…patterns are sustained by several mechanisms that limit advancement at key career junctures, such as exclusion from informal networks and the enduring effects of racialized and gendered stereotypes about who is seen as “fit” to lead (Benson & Boatwright, 2020; Davis, 2012; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Petty, R. D., & Ward, L. (2023) · Journal of African American Women and Girls in Education · doi:10.21423/jaawge-v3i1a143 · Cited by 5
“Historical stereotypes and tropes about Blackwomxn (e.g. strong Black woman/superwoman schema) present Blackwomxn as matriarchs or caretakers who take on extra responsibility to support their family and community with little to no support (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundRobinson, M. N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192013460 · Cited by 4
Scott, J. K., Simons, C., & Harden, B. J. (2023) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12821 · Cited by 4
Work Schedule Patterns and Health over Thirty-Years of Working Lives: NLSY79 Cohort
Han, W.-J. (2023) · Population: Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-023-09768-0 · Cited by 4
“…experience more traumatic stress than Whites, some research suggests that, shaped by their experiences and cultures, Blacks may be more resilient than Whites (Hoffman et al., 2016; Woods-Giscombé, 2010); trauma worsens mental health while resilience benefits mental health (Louie & Wheaton, 2019).”
BackgroundDebnam, K. J., Avery, L. R., & Lynch, K. (2024) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380241308881 · Cited by 7
“…been the term used to describe the sociocultural expectation for Black women to enact a selfless willingness to meet the needs of family members and intimate partners despite any obstacles or personal costs (Abrams et al., 2014; Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; West et al., 2016; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
InfluentialWomen Under Pressure: Sex‐Specific Cardiovascular Consequences of Childhood Trauma in Black Adults
Maki, K. A., Farmer, N. M., & Wallen, G. R. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.124.039825 · Cited by 4
“15 Finally, heterogeneity in external and internal psychological responses to systemic oppression or disparities within Black women may inform pathways that increase risk for CVD. 16 These factors support the necessity of incorporating biobehavioral research frameworks that consider environmental…”
Leath, S. C., Latimer, A., Inniss‐Thompson, M. N., Seward, M. D., & Ball, P. J. (2025) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843251329013 · Cited by 6
“…in the sociopolitical historical context to uncover pull factors for Black women ’ s embodiment of perfectionism, and continuing to investigate the harms of controlling images as well as the ways in which they have been co-opted (e.g., Strong Black woman; Jerald et al., 2017; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Black Women’s Recommendations for Developing Effective Type 2 Diabetes Programming
Hurt, T. R., Seawell, A. H., Cutrona, C. E., O’Connor, M. C., Camp, R. D., Duran, R., Elderts, R., Green, C., Hara, V., & Pattee, J. C. (2017) · Global Qualitative Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/2333393617715335 · Cited by 4
Race-specific associations between psychological distress and obesity: the role of social cohesion
Fields, N. D., Whitcomb, B. W., Bertone‐Johnson, E. R., Martínez, A. D., & VanKim, N. A. (2022) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2022.2052713 · Cited by 4
“…and racism as well as the ‘strong Black woman’ phenomena which requires Black women to not only minimize any possibility of mental illness but continue to persevere through hard times and challenges while exuding strength and selflessness (Beauboeuf-Lafontant 2003; 2005; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundScott, M. J., Robbins, P. A., Conde, E., & Bentley‐Edwards, K. L. (2022) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-022-01528-2 · Cited by 8
“Empirical findings have demonstrated that endorsement of the SBW intersectional race-gender identity was associated with emotion dysregulation, increased distress, and obesity (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Giscombé & Lobel, 2005; Harrington et al., 2010; Romero, 2000; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundWilson, K. B. (2022) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/10497323221091929 · Cited by 7
“One framework aligns with a concept introduced by Woods-Giscombé (2010) in her work on mental health and black women.”
BackgroundMethodReid, H., Selvan, B., de Oca, M. K. M., Falkovic, M., Malone, S., Fish, L. J., Wheeler, S. M., & Davidson, B. A. (2022) · Gynecologic Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.ygyno.2022.11.008 · Cited by 4
Racial discrimination, depressive symptoms, and parenting in African American families
Armah, A. E., Lavner, J. A., Varner, F. A., & Beach, S. R. H. (2023) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12846 · Cited by 6
Disadvantaged Status and Health Matters Networks among Low-Income African American Women
Pullen, E. L., & Oser, C. B. (2017) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci6030108 · Cited by 4
Social Adversity, Sleep Characteristics, and Elevated Blood Pressure Among Young Adult Black Females
Scott, J., Silva, S. G., & Simmons, L. A. (2020) · Health Equity · doi:10.1089/heq.2020.0033 · Cited by 4
“Consequently, for some black women, the internalization of the ‘‘Strong Black Woman’’ ideology includes a relentless obligation to care for others, sometimes to the detriment of their own health.(43,44) Understanding how social networks and family life affect young black women is a critical future area for study.”
BackgroundTHE HEART OF STRENGTH: THE STRONG BLACK WOMAN SCHEMA AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK
Abrams, J. A. (2015) · VCU Scholars Compass (Virginia Commonwealth University) · doi:10.25772/zsdp-0x86 · Cited by 4
“Other unmeasured characteristics include self/ethnic pride, spirituality/religiosity, determination to succeed, postponement of self-care, and the embodiment of multiple roles (Abrams et al., 2014; Woods-Giscombé, 2010; Black & Woods-Giscombé, 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn Intersectional Approach to Testing Explanations of the Black-White Mental Health Paradox
LaMotte, M. E., Elliott, M., & Mouzon, D. M. (2024) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/23326492241304724 · Cited by 4
O’Leary, T. K., Batti, V., Dhindsa, S., Krishnan, V. H., Wilcox, L. G., Woods‐Giscombé, C. L., Bellamy, C. D., & McCall, T. (2025) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/3706599.3720056 · Cited by 4
“These cards were theoretically driven, leveraging concepts and dimensions from cultural schemas and frameworks that identify unique racialized gender norms (e.g., Black Superwoman Schema [45]) and manifestations of symptoms of anxiety and depression described by Black women [16].”
Self-citationNyembwe, A., Zhao, Y., Caceres, B. A., Belsky, D. W., Ryan, C. P., Taylor, B., Morrison, M. T., Prescott, L., Potts‐Thompson, S., Aziz, A., et al. (2025) · Epigenomes · doi:10.3390/epigenomes9020014 · Cited by 3
“One framework which analyzes stress and coping among African American women is the Superwoman Schema [77].”
Gormley, M., Lawrence, W. R., Plascak, J. J., Paskett, E. D., Omene, C. O., & Llanos, A. A. M. (2025) · npj Breast Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41523-025-00812-0 · Cited by 4
Radical Healing Approaches For Black Maternal Health: A Critical Review
Cooper, H. M., Brown, J. R., & Gil-Rivas, V. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02639-8 · Cited by 3
Chadambuka, C., Arruda-Caycho, I., Juandó‐Prats, C., Perez‐Brumer, A., Meisami, T., Quiñonez, C., Powell, M., Singhal, S., Ratto, M., Haddadi, G., et al. (2025) · Dental Traumatology · doi:10.1111/edt.70026 · Cited by 4
Winkle-Wagner, R., Goosby, B. J., Kelly, B. T., & Pemberton, B. (2025) · Higher education · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-86738-5_8-1 · Cited by 4
Harb, A., Souza‐Talarico, J. N., Abad, P. B., Lawrence, K. A., Lee, J., Capuano, A. W., Barnes, L. L., & DeBerg, J. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107714 · Cited by 3
“For example, Allen et al. (2019) found that racial discrimination across domains was associated with lower AL among individuals who reported coping strategies aligned with the Super-woman Schema (Woods-Giscomb ´ e, 2010).”
Diminished Returns: The Hidden Health Costs of Upward Social Mobility for Black Americans
Hudson, D., Collins-Anderson, A., Nixon, A. J., & Sacks, T. K. (2026) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-081424-035408 · Cited by 4
Impostor Phenomenon, Group Stereotype Endorsement, and Black College Women’s Mental Health
Hill, L., & Vera, E. M. (2024) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984241287251 · Cited by 4
“…support the scant literature on Black college women ’ s mental health and corroborate aforementioned scholarship on the impact of stereo-type endorsement on mental health outcomes for Black women (Ashley, 2014; Jerald et al., 2017; Walley-Jean, 2009; Watson & Hunter, 2015; Woods-Giscomb´e, 2010).”
Othermothering: A Black Feminist History of Communal Early Childhood Education in America
Turner, C. R. (2024) · Journal of African American Women and Girls in Education · doi:10.21423/jaawge-v4i2a112 · Cited by 3
Jeffers, K. S., Jones, F., & Duru, O. K. (2024) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2024.11.002 · Cited by 4
The Labor of Survival: Homicide Victims and the Black Women They Leave Behind
Posey, B. M. (2024) · Homicide Studies · doi:10.1177/10887679241305356 · Cited by 3
McCall, T., Foster, M. L., Tomlin, H., Adepoju, B., Bolton-Johnson, M., & Bellamy, C. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1469950 · Cited by 3
“The Superwoman role is characterized by the “obligation to manifest strength, obligation to suppress emotions, resistance to being vulnerable or dependent, determination to succeed despite limited resources, and obligation to help others” (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Blevins, K. M., Fields, N. D., Pressman, S. D., Erving, C. L., Martin, Z. T., Moore, R. H., Murden, R., Parker, R., Udaipuria, S., Booker, B., et al. (2025) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaaf035 · Cited by 3
Of Madness and Murder: A Gothic Black Feminist Autoethnography of Mental Illness in Academia
Kerney, M. A. (2025) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843251372182 · Cited by 3
“This dearth of literature likely re fl ects larger sociohistorical notions of Black womxn ’ s strength (Woods-Giscombé, 2010) and endurance of pain (Collins, 2022) as well as the suicide paradox (Spates & Slatton, 2017).”
Barriers to Group Psychotherapy for African-American College Students
Harris, A. L. (2012) · Journal of Bioresource Management · Cited by 3
Focus Group Becomes Support Group: Women in Educational Leadership
Martin, J. L., Sharp-Grier, M. L., & Bortmas, C. E. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-72182-8_5 · Cited by 3
Washington, J., & Hoxmeier, J. C. (2021) · International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities · doi:10.7710/2168-0620.0278 · Cited by 6
A Womanist Supervision Framework for Promoting Anti-Racist Therapy with Black Women
Green, C. V., & Burton, D. E. (2021) · Teaching and Supervision in Counseling · doi:10.7290/tsc030209 · Cited by 3
“Black women have described being overwhelmed by pressures to embody strength and resiliency for their families and communities while integrating collective cultural values into their own identities (Abrams et al. 2019; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Sturgis, M. L., & Joseph, R. L. (2022) · Women s Studies in Communication · doi:10.1080/07491409.2021.2020193 · Cited by 3
Resoulience: Reimagining Resilience (and Ourselves)
Sattarzadeh, S. D. (2022) · Journal of Critical Thought and Praxis · doi:10.31274/jctp.13026 · Cited by 4
Winston‐Proctor, C. E. (2022) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12779 · Cited by 4
Jenkins, A. I. C., Fredman, S. J., Gamaldo, A. A., King, V., & Almeida, D. M. (2023) · Journal of Psychopathology and Clinical Science · doi:10.1037/abn0000821 · Cited by 3
“This may be due, at least in part, to the cultural and societal pressure Black women face that can make it harder for them to capitalize on the psychological benefits of relationship adjustment (Woods-Giscombé, 2010), even in higher quality neighborhoods.”
BackgroundGender differences in self-efficacy partially explain the female underprediction effect
Minnigh, T. L., & Coyle, T. R. (2023) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2023.104385 · Cited by 5
Black Women Acting Against the Extremes of Visibility in the Academy
Roberts, L., Nkrumah, T., Valcarlos, M. M., et al. (2022) · Journal of African American Women and Girls in Education · doi:10.21423/jaawge-v2i2a118 · Cited by 3
“Woods-Giscombé (2010) identified elements of what she called a superwoman schema from her study of stress among Black (African American) women, which included obligations to manifest strength, suppress emotions, and help others.”
BackgroundRuffin, N. M., & Blake, J. J. (2023) · Theory Into Practice · doi:10.1080/00405841.2023.2256621 · Cited by 4
“Often considered a positive attribute and a powerful component in resiliency, the Strong Black Woman is an idealized trope of Black femininity that involves self-reliance, independence, emotional strength, and the caretaking of others (Anyiwo et al., 2022; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Background“Black Women Saved my Life”: A Case Study on Healing Intersectional Racial Trauma
Hargons, C. N., Dogan, J. N., Malone, N. J., & Sanchez, A. (2023) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2023.2275939 · Cited by 3
Reflections of Black Married Working Mothers Managing Occupational Roles and Racism
Parnell, R. N. (2023) · OTJR Occupational Therapy Journal of Research · doi:10.1177/15394492231209681 · Cited by 3
“…phenomenon of Black women taking on multiple roles as they carry the dual burdens of race and gender discrimination, identifies benefits associated with that role, for example, preservation of self and family, as well as liabilities, such as dysfunctional stress behaviors (Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundAn evolutionary concept analysis of depression in Black mothers
Taylor, B., Scharp, D., Jones‐Patten, A., & Creber, R. M. (2024) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2024.08.001 · Cited by 3
The Uterus Keeps the Score: Black Women Academics’ Insights and Coping with Uterine Fibroids
Goosby, B. J., Winkle-Wagner, R., & Zhang, A. (2024) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/00221465241268434 · Cited by 3
“Woods-Giscombé (2010) found that Black women, particularly those who were highly educated, reported excessive work habits, having to postpone their medical care, and feelings of fatigue that they knew were consequential for their health.”
InfluentialDortch, D., Pagán, M., Dollar, J., & Zheng, Z. (2024) · Review of Education · doi:10.1002/rev3.70012 · Cited by 4
Dutra, A. D. F. C., Cordova, W., & Avant, F. L. (2018) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2018.1454868 · Cited by 3
Women's Stories of Breast Cancer: Sharing Information Thr ough YouTube Video Blogs
Kressler, J. (2014) · Scholarship@Western (Western University) · Cited by 3
Internet Stroke Preparedness for African American Women
Beal, C. C. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Nursing · doi:10.1097/jnn.0000000000000294 · Cited by 3
Morris, A., & Kahlor, L. A. (2018) · Sex Education · doi:10.1080/14681811.2018.1448772 · Cited by 3
“Individual responsibility messages are particularly burdensome in the USA for Black women, who are commonly viewed as the ‘caretakers’ of the Black community, and pressured to assume responsibility for improving its circumstances (Gaines 1996; Higginbotham 1993; Snorton 2014; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundThe Battlefield Of The Academy: The Resilience And Resistance Of Black Women Faculty
Hester, J. (2020) · ISU Red - Research and eData (Illinois State University) · doi:10.30707/etd2020.hester.j · Cited by 3
Development of the racial and ethnic discrimination stress model
Wilkins‐Clark, R. E., Gray, C. N., & Ferraro, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Family Theory & Review · doi:10.1111/jftr.12550 · Cited by 3
A Care-Based Approach for Dismantling the Strong Black Woman Schema
Nortey, A. N., & Dowtin, L. L. (2024) · Women & Therapy · doi:10.1080/02703149.2024.2380170 · Cited by 2
“…a badge of honor as Black women are encouraged by their community and society-at-large to both withstand and ignore centuries of hurt and harm while trying to lead lives of value that lays a better foundation for future generations (Nelson et al., 2022; Platt & Fanning, 2023; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
InfluentialWing, S., Caiquo, J., Butler, C., Giza, C. C., & Babikian, T. (2024) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2024.2387186 · Cited by 4
“…physical, emotional and cognitive limits and over-exerting themselves to prove worth and disprove negative stereotypes – in what scholars have coined as the ‘Superwoman Schema’ for Black women and girls, and ‘John Henryism’ for boys and men (Bennett et al., 2004; James, 1994; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Travers, J. L., Shenoy, S., Tague‐LaCrone, J., & Leger, H. (2024) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Translational Research & Clinical Interventions · doi:10.1002/trc2.70012 · Cited by 2
Hill‐Jarrett, T. G., Jackson, A. J., Amuiri, A. N., & Aguirre, G. A. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22060875 · Cited by 3
“…source of pride for many Black women [98], but these characteristics are also associated with emotional suppression [99], high drive to succeed, self-reliance, and the tendency to put the needs of others before oneself [100], which negatively impact both physical and psychological health [99–104].”
Malekzadeh, A. N., Zota, A. R., Lyons, M., & Taggart, T. (2025) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2025.05.005 · Cited by 2
Superwoman schema and metabolic syndrome in Black adolescent girls
Chen, E., Kim, J.-W., Law, J., Obi, V., Gallivan, S. U., & Hayen, R. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-025-00584-9 · Cited by 2
“The perceived benefits of adopting a Superwoman schema have been described by Black women as survival-related—that is, seeking to preserve one’s sense of self-worth while also helping one’s family and one’s community to thrive (Woods-Giscombe, 2010; Sheffield-Abdullah & Woods-Giscombe, 2021).”
Samuel, D., & Lyness, K. P. (2025) · Journal of Feminist Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/08952833.2025.2572173 · Cited by 3
“The downfalls of this include the self-silencing (Pierce-Baker, 2000) and silencing of other victims, and the strain on coping, health, and relationships (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2009; Collins, 2000; hooks, 2015; Jones et al., 2022; Wallace, 1999; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Akyirem, S., Sarkar, S., Thompson, S., & Nam, S. (2025) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2025.2602624 · Cited by 2
“A recent scientometric review linking childhood trauma to adult sleep patterns concluded that these traumatic experiences often persist into adulthood and can cause several sleep disturbances (Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
Gendered Racial Microaggressions and Black Women’s Mental Health: Does Life Course Stage Matter?
Erving, C. L., Williams, C., Davidson-Turner, K., Coats, J. V., & Williams, T. R. (2026) · Sociology of Race and Ethnicity · doi:10.1177/23326492251408466 · Cited by 4
“…marginalization and promoted both self-worth and a collective pride in Black womanhood (Davis 2015; Thomas et al. 2022) These qualities may bode well in the work environment for established women who are at critical professional junc-tures (Thomas and Eaton 2025; Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
Johnson, C. C., & Taylor, A. G. (2011) · Journal of Yoga & Physical Therapy · doi:10.4172/2157-7595.1000e101 · Cited by 2
“Issues such as how Black women understand the significance of their weight, body image, and lifetime history of physical disease; how they negotiate competing family responsibilities, how they demonstrate strength in face of multiple stressors; how they respond to perceived racism; and a historical legacy of forced la…”
BackgroundUsing Photovoice to Understand Survivors' Healthcare Experiences and Strategies
Tomlinson, E., & Humphreys, J. C. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1795762 · Cited by 2
Heberle, A. E., & Chazan‐Cohen, R. (2022) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2022.2045461 · Cited by 2
“…culturally relevant and meaningful strengths, including hope and optimism (Odom & Vernon-Feagans, 2010); independence and determination (Woods-Giscombe, 2010); cultural pride and connection (McWayne et al., 2017); and the ability to analyze the impacts of racism in their own lives and…”
Background“I'm prepared for this moment”: The role of mindfulness in the psychosocial health of women of color
Sebastian, B., & Slaten, C. D. (2022) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12259 · Cited by 4
Rasmussen, N. D., DeSantiago-Fjelstad, B., & Bell-Duncan, C. (2022) · Journal of Equity and Social Justice in Higher Education · doi:10.56816/2771-1803.1005 · Cited by 2
Contextualizing race and sex-related health disparities: doing difference and sexual risk behaviors
Wade, J. (2022) · Social Theory & Health · doi:10.1057/s41285-022-00189-1 · Cited by 2
“Having sex is an exercise in doing masculinity for these men (Grazian 2007).”
BackgroundPsychotherapy Expectations and Preferences Among Black and White Undergraduate Women
Rodriguez, T. R., Woodling, C. M., O’Dell, C. C., Charles, N. E., Finn, J. A., & Anestis, J. C. (2024) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/28367138.2024.2303076 · Cited by 2
“Prior research with a sample including 40% college students found that Black women’s gender ideology differs from ideology based on research with mostly White participants and includes more of a focus on strength and resilience in the conceptualization of femininity (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Woods‐Giscombé, C. L., Gaylord, S. A., Bradford, A. B., Vines, S., Eason, K. M., Smith, R., Addo‐Mensah, D., Lackey, C., Dsouza, V. F., Sheffield-Abdullah, K. M., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107604 · Cited by 2
Self-citationIdentity Shifting as Resilience for Black Women in STEM
Dickens, D. D., & Hall, N. M. (2024) · Nebraska Symposium on Motivation/The Nebraska symposium on motivation · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-61969-4_2 · Cited by 3
Malone, N. J., Thorpe, S., Iyiewuare, P. O., et al. (2024) · Journal of black sexuality and relationships · doi:10.1353/bsr.2024.a931228 · Cited by 2
“As part of the Superwoman Schema (Woods-Giscombé, 2010) and Strong Black Woman stereotype (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2009), Black women may endorse emotional suppression, embodying strength and persistence despite limited resources.”
BackgroundTime and Flesh: Exploring the Embodied Experiences of Black Mothers
Tucker, A. (2024) · Violence Against Women · doi:10.1177/10778012241283044 · Cited by 4
Gendered Racial Identity, Positive Health Practices, and Mental Health Among Black Adult Women
Leath, S. C., Johnson, K., Regis, D. R., Onuoha, A. C., & Butler‐Barnes, S. T. (2025) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968251315202 · Cited by 2
“…women have discussed how caring for others is a form of collective responsibility that adds meaning and purpose to their lives (Jones & Day, 2018; Woods-Giscomb´e, 2010); however, when Black women stress self-reliance in the ways they show care for others, it may harm their psychological…”
Burton, S. D., Paun, O., Ruppar, T. M., Mohr, L. D., Emezue, C., & Szanton, S. L. (2025) · Research in Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/19404921-20241211-04 · Cited by 2
Heavy Hunger—Managing Weight and Obesity in Black American Communities
Carson, T. L. (2019) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2019.15184 · Cited by 2
Rest Among African American Women
Harris, E. H., Messias, D. K. H., Timmons, S. M., Felder, T. M., & Estrada, R. D. (2018) · Holistic Nursing Practice · doi:10.1097/hnp.0000000000000262 · Cited by 2
Understanding HIV Prevention With College‐Going Black Women: An NIMH‐Funded Pilot Study
Buckley, T. R., & Awais, Y. J. (2019) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12123 · Cited by 2
Household Composition, Income, and Body Mass Index Among Adults by Race/Ethnicity and Sex
Bell, C. N., Carr, L. T. B., Chaparro, M. P., Tobin, C. S. T., & Theall, K. P. (2021) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-021-01087-4 · Cited by 2
“In the study by Woods-Giscombe (2010), Black women discussed the role of the superwoman schema in child-rearing, and Dow (2015) analyzed middle-class Black women invested in framing themselves as “strong Black women.””
BackgroundBeasley, M., Tunstall, J. D., Blackmon, S., & Smith, M. (2021) · Advances in marketing, customer relationship management, and e-services book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8463-7.ch001 · Cited by 2
Black children matter too: Disrupting systemic oppression in education
Conner, C. (2022) · The Journal of Humanistic Counseling · doi:10.1002/johc.12178 · Cited by 2
de Lisenko, N. R., Gray, H. L., & Bohn, J. (2022) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-022-03503-5 · Cited by 4
“The phenomenon of the “superwoman schema,” “strong black women,” or super strong Black mother is prevalent among B/AA women as an adverse psychological coping mechanism used for survival (Elliott & Reid, 2016; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundSabik, N. J. (2012) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan) · Cited by 2
Anagnostopoulos, V., Carter, M. M., & Weissbrod, C. S. (2015) · The Sport Journal · Cited by 2
Braithwaite-Hall, M. A. (2011) · ProQuest Demo Repository · Cited by 2
Mental Health Mass Communication
Yzer, M. C., & Siegel, J. T. (2025) · doi:10.1002/9781394179909.ch1 · Cited by 2
Mitchell, S., Woods-Giscombé, C. L., Kneipp, S., Beeber, L., & Kulbok, P. (2020) · Archives of Psychiatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.apnu.2020.09.015 · Cited by 1
“These concepts, which are consistent with a concept referred to as Superwoman Schema (Woods-Giscombe, 2010; Woods-Giscombe et al., 2019), may be beneficial to explore in future research that aims to better understand and address stress and other contextual influencers of smoking behavior in women…”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Woods-Giscombé, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,
- Venue
- Qualitative Health Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-02-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 668-683
- ISSN
- 1049-7323 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7557
- PMC
- PMC3072704
- OpenAlex
- W2114868277
- Cited by
- 802
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 34.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Qualitative Health Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- National Institute of Nursing Research (P20NR008369, T32NR007091)
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025747)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD002499)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT004276, T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- Superwoman Schema, Strong Black Woman, African American women, stress, coping, health disparities, conceptual framework, role expectations, relationship strain, women's health beliefs
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Middle Aged, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Focus Groups, Self Efficacy, Young Adult
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