The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 64 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health
Open accessAbstract
Researchers have suggested that health disparities in African American women, including adverse birth outcomes, lupus, obesity, and untreated depression, can be explained by stress and coping. The Strong Black Woman/Superwoman role has been highlighted as a phenomenon influencing African American women’s experiences and reports of stress. The purpose of this study was to develop a preliminary conceptual framework for Superwoman Schema (SWS) by exploring women’s descriptions of the Superwoman role; perceptions of contextual factors, benefits, and liabilities; and beliefs regarding how it influences health. Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors. Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community) and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment). The SWS framework might be used to enhance future research on stress and African American women’s health.
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Claims the paper makes
101 Own result · 26 No full text of the sources · 9 Sources not found · 9 Own method · 5 Not checked yet · 4 Own interpretation · 2 Partly supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 No basis given · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“These disparities in health might relate to how African American women experience and cope with stress (Giscombé & Lobel, 2005; Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003; Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993).”
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
“Stress and coping strategies have been found to be significant factors explaining health disparities in African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé & Lobel, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion links prenatal stress to disparities in birth outcomes and suggests African American women may be more susceptible to its effects. It also explicitly says the review did not address coping as a contributor to those disparities and calls for further study. The source therefore supports the citing sentence’s tentative link to stress, but not an established role for coping or a general claim about health disparities beyond birth outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kwate, Valdimarsdottir, Guevarra, & Bovbjerg, 2003
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Nyamathi, Wayment, & Dunkel-Schetter, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § The Current Study · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Based on this evidence, a Superwoman ideal accompanied by emotional suppression might place the health and well-being of African American women who use this strategy at risk.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Giscombé, 2005 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) links suppression of negative affect to higher blood pressure and diminished immune functioning, and reports that African American women who quietly accepted discrimination were more likely to have hypertension than those who expressed their feelings. This supports the suggested health risk of emotional suppression, but the paper does not address a Superwoman ideal or the risk of combining that ideal with suppression. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of eight focus group discussions with demographically diverse African American women yielded themes characterizing the Superwoman role and personal or sociohistorical contextual factors.”
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
“The demographically diverse sample of African American women reported that the Superwoman role is multifaceted; women discussed how they characterized the Superwoman role, contributing contextual factors, perceived benefits, and perceived liabilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Results · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported that the Superwoman role had benefits (preservation of self and family or community)”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants shared that they did this because they did not know how to accept help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women across groups discussed how racial or gender stereotyping and oppression contributed to the Superwoman role.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some acknowledged that they believed that they could reach their goals even if they didn’t have everything needed to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One of the most salient benefits of the Superwoman role was survival despite personal obstacles, perceived inadequacy of resources, and unique life experiences attributed to the double jeopardy of being African American and female.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in all eight groups reported that it was not uncommon for them to “put up my defenses.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A number of women spoke of being in charge in relationships to protect themselves from getting hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 46
- The quote only partly states this claim. 5
- Probably not a substantial claim. 39
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Findings from this study corroborate and extend previous examinations of concepts of strength, perseverance, and self-reliance among African Americans (Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007; James, 1994; James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983; Mullings, 2006; Shambley-Ebron & Boyle, 2006).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-LaFontant, 2007 source
- Supportedcites James, 1994 source
The cited paper is a previous examination of John Henryism among African Americans. Its “John Henryism, African-Americans, and American Culture” section explicitly discusses hard work and self-reliance, while its account of effortful coping and resistance addresses the cited sentence’s broader theme of perseverance. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James, Hartnett, & Kalsbeek, 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and liabilities (relationship strain, stress-related health behaviors, and stress embodiment).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Four contextual factors were identified as contributors to the Superwoman role, including a historical legacy of racial and gender stereotyping or oppression; lessons from foremothers; a past personal history of disappointment, mistreatment, or abuse; and spiritual values.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women expressed that carrying the burdens of others gave their lives a sense of purpose.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The women discussed feeling obligated to meet the needs of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women were the first in their family to attain certain educational and professional achievements and, as a result, expressed that they could not rely on their family members to provide the extra boost of resources that other, more privileged, individuals might have.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others reported that vulnerability or dependence would cause them to get hurt.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others stated that they only felt obliged to present an image of strength at work.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because of their desire to resist vulnerability or dependence on others, some of the women expressed that they either preferred to be a leader or that they had difficulty not taking the lead. This was a factor across groups, but more common in the older groups of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how their commitment to helping others led them to take on multiple roles and responsibilities and have difficulty saying no.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported being perceived as “the strong one” by others and that they were expected to be the strength of their families.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women spoke with a sense of pride about manifesting an image of strength, but nevertheless seemed distressed by feeling obligated to do so most of the time.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A clear theme emerged about being resistant to vulnerability.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings resulted in the preliminary development of the Superwoman Schema Conceptual Framework (Figure 1).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I think a lot of people don’t know when black women are stressed because of the superwoman syndrome and especially in the workplace, where other women might be able to show their stress, I think for us, it’s harder for us to acknowledge that stress, especially at the workplace when you’re supposed to be extremely productive.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgeddirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For many, succeeding meant balancing the simultaneous demands of raising their children, completing their education, and working full-time, without the assistance of a husband or their children’s father.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women in the focus groups discussed that faith, religion, and spirituality helped them to manifest strength to reach their goals and to help them overcome challenges without the help of other people.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some described it as a need to nurture others and stated that this is a common trait of women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women discussed how these experiences with abuse created suspicion, fear, apprehension, and mistrust, which led to the development of resistance to depending on others or being placed in a vulnerable position.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some reported that presenting an image of strength was just part of a woman’s life and, more specifically, an African American woman’s life.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Women indicated an obligation to suppress emotions.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The quote only partly states this claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others said that they could make it on their own and wanted to prove it to others, or that people had ulterior motives for offering help.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant from the group of women between the ages of 25 and 45 years of age who were not college-educated stated: > You have to be strong. . . . Society makes you have to be a strong woman. People in relationships make you have to be a strong woman. Our past makes us have to be a strong woman and it’s really annoying as hell.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants’ characterizations of the Superwoman role were grouped into five major topic areas: obligation to manifest strength, obligation to suppress emotions, resistance to being vulnerable or dependent, determination to succeed despite limited resources, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants discussed that they routinely worked late, neglected taking breaks, sacrificed sleep, and put their health in danger to reach their goals.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some made statements such as, “My family expects me to do more than I have time to do,” and expressed that these expectations were burdensome.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported not asking for help until they felt extremely overwhelmed and admitted that this way of living caused them to go through “unnecessary struggles.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that they have had to do for themselves for so long, and that taking the lead or being in control of situations felt normal for them.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One retired woman felt that she too was expected to volunteer more, because others perceived that she had more free time to do so.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman reflected on how her grandmother’s exterior strength might have been a cause of several undesirable health conditions:”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One young college student in particular discussed that her ambition and drive for success were related to others’ expectations that she would fail in life because she was African American.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
plaincorrelationalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group of 25–45 year-old college-educated women stated with group agreement (i.e., heads nodding): “I don’t know how my life would be if I wasn’t like putting out fires all the time, that this just seems like that’s just normal.””
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The single women in the 25–45 years age group believed that because they didn’t have spouses and families, others expected them to have more time, and they uncomfortably found themselves delegated to more roles and responsibilities.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some women reported feeling physically drained and that they did not have time for self-care because they are always taking care of others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was most prevalent among the group of women aged 25–45 years with college education, but was discussed across groups.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results of this study indicate that the Superwoman role is a multidimensional phenomenon encompassing characteristics such as obligation to manifest strength, emotional suppression, resistance to vulnerability and dependence, determination to succeed, and obligation to help others.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One woman in the group with terminal or advanced degrees discussed how stereotypes about Black women might limit access to those supportive resources.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Contributing Contextual Factors
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These liabilities fell under three major categories: strain in interpersonal relationships, stress-related health behaviors, and embodiment of stress.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These sentiments were discussed most commonly in the older groups and the groups with college education.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It gave these women pride and satisfaction to be helpful to their parents especially; they felt strongly about their responsibility to give back.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Postponement of self-care was particularly relevant for the group of women with terminal or professional degrees, the college-educated women aged 25 to 45 years, and the group of women without a college education who were older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“I have no doubts about the fact that the stress was toxic to my pregnancy, because when the autopsy was done, there was nothing found but fetal distress, and so I think about that a lot when I get overly stressed out.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaindirectSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These health issues were discussed most explicitly in the focus group of college-educated women 25–45 years of age, but both younger and older participants made connections among stress, coping, strength, and health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This was discussed across groups, but discussed in greatest detail by the groups of college-educated women 18–24 years old and women older than 45 years.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Benefits of the Superwoman Role
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, they acknowledged that doing this sometimes resulted in challenges to their own financial situations.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Characterization of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some stated that following the advice of their foremothers to be self-sufficient and independent in relationships might cause significant others to either feel frustrated, unneeded, or less motivated to provide support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Results > Perceived Liabilities of the Superwoman Role
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In the weathering framework, Geronimus (2001, 2006) suggests that life experiences of African American women historically have included an accumulation of racial inequality; social, political, and economic exclusion; and medical underservice.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“These inequities decrease access to resources and heighten susceptibility to psychological stress and premature stress-related illness (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“that, according to conceptual frameworks such as “weathering” (Geronimus, 2001, 2006) and allostatic load (McEwen, 1998), greatly influence how stress impacts health outcomes in this population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Geronimus, 2001, 2006
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“According to the Weathering Conceptual Framework, these societal factors provide explanation for the disparities between the health of African American women and European American women (Geronimus, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Geronimus, 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the indexing stage, a nonexclusive approach was used. The index code categories were broad and general, and pieces of data were appropriate for more than one topic heading or index code. The emphasis at this stage was on including all potentially relevant material, to avoid selective attention to data.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The data that appeared to contradict the existing index code categories were embraced, not excluded universally. Deviant cases were used to understand when or under what circumstances African American women display characteristics such as strength or emotional suppression.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, corroboration with experts in the field and the study participants was used to enhance credibility and validity (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The concept of Superwoman developed partially as a result of African American women’s efforts to counteract negative societal characterizations of African American womanhood (such as “Mammy,” “Jezebel,” and “Welfare Queen”) and to highlight unsung attributes that developed and continue to exist despite oppression and adversity (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2003; Harris-Lacewell, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, in the theory of allostatic load, McEwen (1998) suggests that chronic exposure to psychological stress leads to cumulative risk and physiological dysregulation (e.g., impaired cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and neuroendocrine functioning), yielding chronic illness and premature mortality.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites McEwen, 1998 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The author and research assistant then compared the transcript to the audiotaped data to confirm accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Field log notes and memos were maintained to enhance auditability of the study (Sandelowski, 1986).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sandelowski, 1986 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Debriefing with the study participants, which included a review of prominent topics that were raised by the participants, was conducted at the end of each focus group session to enhance accuracy.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Additionally, the focus groups provided a supportive environment for women to discuss sensitive issues related to experiencing and coping with stress (Jarrett, 1993).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jarrett, 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Each scheduled group was designed to be homogeneous in age and educational background, to bring individuals together who have shared life experiences (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The major thematic categories were shared in writing with the focus group participants, and they were invited to communicate feedback to the research team through written or verbal correspondence (Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kitzinger & Barbour, 1999 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Purposive sampling was used to obtain a sample of women who were diverse in age and educational levels.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Methods > Sample and Setting
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in recruitment materials, women were invited to participate in a focus group to discuss issues of stress and coping in African American women. It is likely that this method of recruitment resulted in a sample of women with higher levels of stress compared to the general population.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible that participants from other regions of the United States might have different experiences that might be used to expand the current framework of SWS.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Verbalization of emotional distress or seeking professional mental health counseling might be interpreted as signs of weakness or as a failure to uphold the image of strength (Amankwaa, 2003; Curphey, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
- Not matchedcites Curphey, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, emotional suppression has been found to influence excessive intake of alcohol (e.g., Ehrmin, 2002) and undesirable physiological processes that result in detrimental changes in immune functioning and illness (Petrie, Booth, & Pennebaker, 1998; Petrie, Fontanilla, Thomas, Booth, & Pennebaker, 2004; Smyth, Stone, Hurewitz, & Kaell, 1999).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, for a majority of the women (particularly those in the midst of childrearing and those who served as caretakers for their loved ones), being strong contributed to levels of selflessness, powerlessness, and self-silencing that contributed to psychological distress and heightened risk for depression (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework shares elements of strength and determination postulated by the JHH; however, the SWS framework provides more nuanced details about women’s suppression of negative emotion and difficulty with accepting emotional support.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Women in this study shared that the exhibition of a strong exterior enabled them to maintain control and withstand otherwise insurmountable challenges (Edge & Rogers, 2005).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Edge & Rogers, 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Other important components of the SWS framework not addressed explicitly by the JHH include (a) obligation to help others, which includes difficulty saying no to multiple roles and responsibilities; (b) resistance to being vulnerable or dependent; (c) obligation to suppress emotions; and (d) postponement of self-care.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites James et al., 1983 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Findings of this qualitative focus group study have implications for clinical practice and research and are consistent with research on embodiment and health disparities among African American women (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the focus group environment might have promoted a tendency to express opinions in agreement with the rest of the group, which might have limited discussion of unique, but important, alternative experiences.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“African American women who were not attracted to the study advertisements might have had lower levels of stress and might be less likely to identify with the characteristics of the Superwoman role identified from the analysis of this study.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Limitations
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An embodied approach to investigating health disparities moves beyond rational explanations and incorporates contextual factors emphasizing how an individual’s subjective experience influences health behaviors (Lende & Lachiondo, 2009).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Lende & Lachiondo, 2009 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The preliminary SWS framework might enhance existing explanatory models of stress, coping, and physical or mental health among African American women.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“She uncovered several themes, including the cultural mandate of strength, self-silencing, excessive attunement to the needs of others, and denial of one’s own needs; similar to the current study, she identified positive characteristics of showing strength (e.g., enhancing success with goals, assertiveness, and moral character).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“in one interview study, 12 African American women with postpartum depression discussed that obligations to exhibit strength, modeled by the women in their families, resulted in disregard for their physical and mental health, dissonance between the their “real self” and “ideal self,” and frustration when they were unable to live up to social expectations to be strong (Amankwaa, 2003).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Summary of Findings
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Amankwaa, 2003 source
plaindirectn = 12- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, a tendency to suppress negative emotions in the context of inadequate resources and responsibilities in multiple life domains might place a woman at greater risk for adverse health compared to a woman who has a great deal of determination to succeed, but also has the ability to express distress as a result of abundant tangible and emotional support from family and friends.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Existing literature suggests that the concept of strength is relevant to women from diverse backgrounds (Hayes, 1986; Herrera & DelCampo, 1995; Lim, 1997; Mensinger, Bonifazi, & LaRosa, 2007; Whitty, 2001).”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, specific combinations of Superwoman characteristics and varying degrees of available resources might influence a woman’s risk for impaired health.”
§ Superwoman Schema: African American Women’s Views on Stress, Strength, and Health > Discussion > Implications for Clinical Practice and Future Research
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowledge about how stress and health relate in African American women remains incomplete, partly due to scarce information on their stress experiences and coping.
“The relationship between stress and health in African American women is not understood fully, in part because of limited information about African American women’s experiences of stress and their stress-related coping strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
African American women's historical pattern of strength under stress may be linked to their present health disparities.
“The legacy of strength in the face of stress among African American women might have something to do with the current health disparities that African American women face.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
An isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role is not by itself a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.
“It is reasonable to assume that an isolated characteristic of the Superwoman role might not be, in and of itself, a risk factor for undesirable health outcomes.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prior evidence suggests that both SWS and John Henryism are adaptive responses to marginalizing experiences associated with being a member of a dually-oppressed group (James et al., 1983;Woods-Giscombe, 2010), in this case African American women.”
From Superwoman Schema and John Henryism among African American women: An intersectional perspective on coping with racism (2023) · cites this paper as Woods-Giscombe, 2010
Citations
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“…health; health care African American women experience disproportionately high rates of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular disease (Thom et al., 2006), obesity (Wang & Beydoun, 2007), lupus (Pons-Estel, Alarcon, Scofield, Reinlib, & Cooper, 2009), adverse birth outcomes…”
National Vital Statistics Reports
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“…American women experience disproportionately high rates of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular disease (Thom et al., 2006), obesity (Wang & Beydoun, 2007), lupus (Pons-Estel, Alarcon, Scofield, Reinlib, & Cooper, 2009), adverse birth outcomes (Hamilton, Martin, & Ventura, 2009),…”
The problem of rigor in qualitative research
Sandelowski, M. (1986) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/00012272-198604000-00005 · Cited by 2,772 · cited 2×
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript study (Sandelowski, 1986).”
“Weathering” and Age Patterns of Allostatic Load Scores Among Blacks and Whites in the United States
Geronimus, A. T., Hicken, M., Keene, D., & Bound, J. (2006) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.060749 · Cited by 2,525
Developing Focus Group Research
Barbour, R. S., & Kitzinger, J. V. (1999) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781849208857 · Cited by 1,603
Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art
Morgan, D. (1993) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781483349008 · Cited by 1,586
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 793
Women of Color in Marriage and Family Therapy Programs
Harris‐McKoy, D., Gutierrez, D., Strachan, T. B. C., & Winley, D. M. (2017) · Journal of Feminist Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/08952833.2016.1272170 · Cited by 11
“Part of “doing it all” is the “obligation to manifest strength, obligation to suppress emotions, resistance to being vulnerable or dependent, determination to succeed despite limited resources, and obligation to help others” (Woods-Giscombé, 2010, p. 672).”
BackgroundBey, G. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115495 · Cited by 11
Unmasking My Truth: Autoethnography of Psychological Stress as a Black Woman in the Academy
Slay, Z. M. (2022) · Journal of Black Studies · doi:10.1177/00219347221134280 · Cited by 9
“The Superwoman role, as defined by Woods-Giscombé (2010) has perceived benefits of preservation of self and survival, preservation of the African American family, and preservation of the African American community.”
BackgroundOccupational imbalance in hurried African American working mothers
Parnell, R. (2022) · Journal of Occupational Science · doi:10.1080/14427591.2020.1839785 · Cited by 8
“Both schema refer to the expectation that African American mothers should be able to manage multiple roles and juggle countless responsibilities, time constraints, and even social slights while appearing undaunted (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2009; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundStructural Violence and Stress Experiences of Young Pregnant Black People
Koenig, M. D., Crooks, N. K., Burton, T. C. J., Li, Y., Hemphill, N. O., Erbe, K., Rutherford, J. N., Liese, K. L., Pearson, P., Stewart, K., et al. (2023) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-023-01661-y · Cited by 12
“Strength is characterized by the determination to succeed, self-control, independence, and work ethic, while caregiving is exhibited by prioritizing others’ needs, being self-sacrific-ing, and supporting families/communities [77].”
Thompson, T., Coats, J. V., Croston, M. A., Motley, R., Thompson, V. L. S., James, A. S., & Johnson, L. P. (2023) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2023.116528 · Cited by 9
Cervical cancer prevention behaviors in young Black women
Johnson, A. J., Johnson, M. J., Williams, J. B., Muscari, E. C., Palmo, L., Ruiz, M., Bush, B., & Campbell, L. C. (2025) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057251326008 · Cited by 10
“…corroborated findings in the current literature in which identifying as an SBW can serve as a protective factor, increasing self-efficacy and self-pres-ervation, 43,44 in that participants discussed increased health self-advocacy in the form of research and asking questions of providers.”
“Anger, embarrassment, less than a woman”: the emotional impact of Black women’s sexual pain
Malone, N. J., Thorpe, S. Y., Jester, J. K., Dogan, J. N., Stevens-Watkins, D. J., & Hargons, C. N. (2022) · Women & Health · doi:10.1080/03630242.2022.2155899 · Cited by 8
“When Black women endorse gendered racial stereotypes and schemas (e.g., Strong Black Woman or Superwoman Schema), they may persist through adverse experiences like sexual pain to appear strong, suppress their emotions, and put their partners’ needs before their own (Beauboeuf-Lafontant 2007; Collins 2002; Woods-Giscom…”
BackgroundInfluentialThorpe, S. Y., Hargons, C. N., Malone, N. J., Iyiewuare, P. O., Jester, J. K., & Stevens-Watkins, D. J. (2022) · The Journal of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/00224499.2022.2156449 · Cited by 10
Coping among Black college women: A transformative study of gendered racism
Burton, W. M., Ezemenaka, C. J., Jaiswal, J., Guyotte, K. W., & Sanders, A. M. (2023) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.22352 · Cited by 9
Njoroge, J. N., & Parikh, N. I. (2020) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-020-00641-9 · Cited by 9
Carr, L. T. B., Nezami, B. T., & Leone, L. A. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00788-6 · Cited by 8
African American Professional and Managerial Women’s Journeys Through Caregiving for Elderly Parents
Thorne, C. (2020) · Journal of African American Studies · doi:10.1007/s12111-020-09480-9 · Cited by 8
Bey, G. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.92248 · Cited by 14
“In addition to the structural racism and sexism that concentrates economic deprivation and limits the capacity for health-promoting behaviors within black female populations [10, 82, 85], black female identity paradigms demand what could be argued as a pathological minimization of self-care in efforts to be valued as…”
BackgroundKang, A. W. C., Dulin, A., & Risica, P. M. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105320967105 · Cited by 15
“perceived obligation to present an image of strength and suppress emotions (Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundBarriers to Pain Management: Incongruence in Black Cancer Caregiving Dyads
Johnson, K. B., Bai, J., Waldrop‐Valverde, D., Paul, S., Lee, H., Lyons, K. S., & Yeager, K. A. (2022) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.12.033 · Cited by 8
Racial discrimination and health among two generations of African American couples
Barr, A. B., Simons, R. L., Beach, S. R. H., & Simons, L. G. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114768 · Cited by 10
Maternal Stress and Excessive Weight Gain in Infancy
Fox, K., Vadiveloo, M. K., McCurdy, K., Benjamin‐Neelon, S. E., Østbye, T., & Tovar, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095743 · Cited by 8
Denyse, T., Martin, K. J., & Stanton, A. L. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115452 · Cited by 10
Social Disconnection in African American Women With Breast Cancer
Heiney, S. P. (2013) · Oncology nursing forum · doi:10.1188/14.onf.e28-e34 · Cited by 8
“The superwoman schema, commonly called the strong black woman role (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Hamilton-Mason, Hall, & Everett, 2009; Woods-Giscombé, 2010), has a predominant influence on African Ameri-”
BackgroundVaughn, L. M., Jacquez, F., & Suarez-Cano, G. (2019) · Translational Issues in Psychological Science · doi:10.1037/tps0000172 · Cited by 11
Hong, S., Satyshur, M. D., & Burnett-Zeigler, I. (2023) · Transcultural Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13634615221076709 · Cited by 7
“Women who more closely identify with the SBW schema are less likely to acknowledge depressive symptoms and are less likely to seek treatment for depression (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Watson & Hunter, 2015; Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundNelson, T., Gebretensay, S. B., Sellers, A. M., & Moreno, O. (2024) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-024-02075-0 · Cited by 13
“In addition, understanding the potential salience of Superwoman Schema in Black women's lives might aid clinicians in decreasing internalized stigma toward help-seeking, normalizing vulnerability, and facilitating self-care [19, 20, 24, 54].”
InfluentialWashington, L. F. (2024) · International Journal of Qualitative Methods · doi:10.1177/16094069241299662 · Cited by 8
“Previous theories have spoken to Black women ’ s pejorative racial tropes (e.g., Collins, 2000; White, 1985) and their ability to be ‘ superwomen ’ who persevere despite societal odds (Woods-Giscombe ’ , 2010).”
Nguyen, N. D., & Lin, Z. (2025) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaf066 · Cited by 9
Exum, A. C., Templin, J. L., & Fazzino, T. L. (2022) · Eating Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101600 · Cited by 7
Stress, coping, and the Strong Black Woman: An empirical analysis
Graham, J., Welfare, L. E., Day‐Vines, N. L., & Ghoston, M. R. (2022) · Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development · doi:10.1002/jmcd.12235 · Cited by 13
Denyse, T., Martin, K. J., Kim, J. H. J., Pageot, Y. K., Owoyemi, P., deLuz, K. D., & Stanton, A. (2023) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaad029 · Cited by 8
Bravo, L., Ledford, A., Adynski, G. I., Ikharo, E., Emmanuel, C. J., Harris, L. K., Garcia, S., Rodgers, S., & Woods-Giscombé, C. L. (2023) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2023.2228893 · Cited by 7
“The Superwoman Schema posits that African American/Black women may adopt certain behaviors and thought patterns, such as preserving their image of strength and suppressing emotions to achieve goals, to manage racial- and gendered-stressors (Woods-Giscombé, 2010; Woods-Giscombe et al., 2020).”
BackgroundSelf-citationObstetric Racism, Education, and Racial Concordance
Major-Kincade, T. L. (2023) · MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · doi:10.1097/nmc.0000000000000982 · Cited by 7
Malcome, M. (2024) · Psychology of Women Quarterly · doi:10.1177/03616843241233286 · Cited by 8
“…2022; Donovan & West, 2015; Jones & Shorter-Gooden, 2003) while others have found that the SBW stereotype has a positive impact on notions of strength, strong leadership abilities, family preservation, and increased self-reliance (Oshin & Milan, 2019; Watson & Hunter, 2015; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Lalika, M., McCoy, C. R., Jones, C., Bancos, I., Cooper, L. A., Hayes, S. N., Johnson, M. P., Kullo, I. J., Kumbamu, A., Noseworthy, P. A., et al. (2024) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2024.107600 · Cited by 8
Antrum, C. J., Atoloye, A. T., Ajayi, O., Holter, D., Singerman, D., & Stowers, K. C. (2024) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2024.2355141 · Cited by 7
“This particular element of access and accommodation has not been researched extensively, but the evidence does suggest that the lack of in-store accommodations is associated with a poorer diet (Thornton et al., 2009, 2010).”
Central Hemodynamics in African American Women: Examining the Role of Superwoman Schema Endorsement
Martin, Z. T., Fields, N. D., Erving, C. L., Udaipuria, S., Moore, R. H., Blevins, K. M., Murden, R. J., Booker, B., Culler, L., Swanson, S., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.033587 · Cited by 4
Barber, L. E., Smith-Ireland, D., Enun, B., & Johnson, D. A. (2025) · Sleep Health · doi:10.1016/j.sleh.2025.02.007 · Cited by 8
Framing Black women: The utility of knowledge
Slatton, B. C. (2018) · Sociology Compass · doi:10.1111/soc4.12575 · Cited by 10
Normalized Chaos: Black Feminism, Womanism, and the (Re)definition of Trauma and Healing
Ricks, S. A. (2018) · Meridians · doi:10.2979/meridians.16.2.15 · Cited by 11
“When Black women do seek mental health services, they tend to be in more severe mental distress than their counterparts and have exhausted MERIDIANS 16:2346 all traditional coping methods (Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
BackgroundFactor Structure for Chronic Stress Before and During Pregnancy by Racial/Ethnic Group
Kim, S., Im, E., Liu, J., & Ulrich, C. M. (2018) · Western Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/0193945918788852 · Cited by 8
Haynes, C. S. (2019) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2019.1635281 · Cited by 14
Adkins‐Jackson, P. B. (2020) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2020.101155 · Cited by 7
“Additionally, much of literature on the Superwoman Schema, and other related experiences, describe vulnerability as difficult for Black women for a myriad of reasons often related to SES (Woods-Giscombe, 2010; Shanklin-Flowers, 2012).”
BackgroundPhysical and Psychological Health of African American Women Caregivers: Unmasking the Paradox
Rhodes, S. L. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1827100 · Cited by 9
“According to results from a qualitative study on the culturally-derived Superwomen archetype, the participants revealed the use of suppressing their emotions, or masking, as a protective mechanism to conform to intra-cultural expectations of being strong (Woods-Giscomb e, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWiley, C. R., Blevins, K. M., Cohen, S., & Pressman, S. D. (2022) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976221083322 · Cited by 7
“Related to this is the superwoman schema, which posits that African American women are naturally strong and resilient (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialMcDaniel, G., Akinwunmi, S., Brenya, V., Kidane, H., & Nydegger, L. A. (2023) · Ethnicity and Health · doi:10.1080/13557858.2023.2179570 · Cited by 8
“These perceptions decreased the likelihood of Black women verbalizing their emotional distress and seeking mental counsel (Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
InfluentialThorpe, S. Y., Malone, N. J., Vigil, K. E., Duroseau, B., Iyiewuare, P. O., & Palomino, K. A. (2024) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2024.2303071 · Cited by 10
“It is well understood that socio-cultural and historical contexts inform how Black women appraise and cope with stress (Woods-Giscombé 2010; Woods-Giscobmbé et al., 2019).”
Kipp, C., Wilson, D. K., Brown, A., Quattlebaum, M. J., Loncar, H., Sweeney, A. M., & Abshire, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-024-00477-3 · Cited by 7
“Specifically, African American women often hold various roles as caregivers and activists within their family system and larger community (Geronimus et al., 2006; Thomas et al., 2022; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Antecedents and Mediators of Community Connection in African American Women With Breast Cancer
Heiney, S. P., Hazlett, L. J., Weinrich, S., Wells, L. M., Adams, S. A., Underwood, S. M., & Parrish, R. S. (2011) · Research and theory for nursing practice · doi:10.1891/1541-6577.25.4.252 · Cited by 7
“The African American culture expects African American women to be “strong” and to carry burdens and stresses without complaint (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
Significados do adoecer para pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico: revisão da literatura
Alves, V. L. P., Carniel, A. Q., Costallat, L. T. L., et al. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia · doi:10.1016/j.rbr.2014.08.011 · Cited by 7
A Black feminist approach for caseworkers intervening with Black female caregivers
Jones, L. V., Mountz, S. E., Trant, J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Public Child Welfare · doi:10.1080/15548732.2019.1621234 · Cited by 7
“The prominence of religion among Black families also plays a factor in hiding or ignoring familial problems (Camphina-Bacote, 2008; Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
BackgroundIranian superwomen's career experiences: a qualitative study
Beigzadeh, M. N., Givi, H. G., Sharif, A. R., Sheykholeslami, A., Reisy, L., & Hassankhani, H. (2021) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-021-01369-3 · Cited by 8
“"Superwoman" is a metaphor that refers to the identity of a woman who performs multiple important roles within marriage, motherhood, employment, and household responsibilities simultaneously and full-time [11].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRemember, Me: An Interlocking Narrative of Black Women’s Past and Present
Ferdinand, R. H. (2017) · Culture Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/1532708617744575 · Cited by 9
“…the staggering statistics regarding Black women’s health, noting that they “experience disproportionate high rates of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, lupus, adverse birth outcomes, and untreated or mistreated psychological conditions” (Giscombe, 2010, p. 668).”
BackgroundGoode, R. W., Kalarchian, M. A., Craighead, L. W., Conroy, M. B., Gary‐Webb, T. L., Bennett, E., Cowell, M. M., & Burke, L. E. (2018) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-018-0577-z · Cited by 7
Erving, C. L., Williams, T. R., Sánchez, D., & Hill, A. (2024) · Sociological Perspectives · doi:10.1177/07311214241264830 · Cited by 10
“…burden to be strong, invincible, superwomen by espousing character traits such as caring for others to the point of self-neglect, self-sacrificing, and bearing the burdens of family members, friends, church members, and coworkers (Beauboeuf-Lafontant 2009; Dow 2015; Woods-Giscombe 2010).”
Baseman, C. M., Dembure, S. M., & Arriaga, R. I. (2025) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3706598.3713617 · Cited by 10
“For example, in their work with pregnant and pospartum Black women [93], Oguamanam et al. connected views of mental health care with dimensions of the Superwoman Schema framework [130], such as resistance to vulnerability.”
Ornelas, M. D., Harley, K. G., Davis, D., Gruver, A., de Santana, D. L. P., Hayes, K., Tesfalul, M. A., & Wren, J. (2025) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13761 · Cited by 9
Henry, C. J., Kelly, U. A., Dunlop, A. L., Paul, S., Chandler, R. D., Christiansen‐Lindquist, L., & Song, M. (2023) · Journal of Midwifery & Women s Health · doi:10.1111/jmwh.13576 · Cited by 6
Relationships Among Endorsement of the Superwoman Schema and Health Outcomes
Farr, A. M., Carter, J. S., & Webber‐Ritchey, K. J. (2024) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2024.07.005 · Cited by 7
Malone, N. J., Palomino, K. A., Verty, V. P. A., Goggins, M. K. M., Jester, J. K., Miller-Roenigk, B. D., Wheeler, P. B., Dogan, J. N., Keeling, M., McCleod, K. A., et al. (2024) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057241299213 · Cited by 8
Dieujuste, N., Petri, J. M., Mekawi, Y., Lathan, E. C., Carter, S. E., Bradley, B., Fani, N., & Powers, A. D. (2025) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2025.02.044 · Cited by 7
African American Women, Psychological Well-being, Religiosity, and Stress
Glass, Y. N. (2014) · OhioLink ETD Center (Ohio Library and Information Network) · Cited by 6
Williams, R. S., Stetten, N. E., Cook, C. L., Cook, R. L., Ezenwa, M. O., & Lucero, R. J. (2021) · Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care · doi:10.1097/jnc.0000000000000252 · Cited by 6
“Previous research supports thatAfricanAmericanwomenare acclaimed for their strength in the face of societal and personal challenges (Woods-Giscombe, 2010).”
MethodWilliams, A. C., Jelsma, E. B., & Varner, F. A. (2021) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000540 · Cited by 6
Sweeney, A. M., Wilson, D. K., Zarrett, N. R., Brown, A., Quattlebaum, M. J., Gorman, B., & Loncar, H. (2021) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/10901981211039148 · Cited by 7
“While this schema may buffer against some stressors, endorsement of this schema is associated with maladaptive coping, including emotional suppression, self-reliance, and self-silencing (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSubhan, B. A., & Johnson, V. E. (2022) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-022-01472-7 · Cited by 6
“…of the SBWA reveal that the historical method of survival and esteem for Black women is also linked to poor mental and physical health outcomes (e.g., depression, cardiovascular disease; (Abrams et al. 2014; Debnam et al. 2022; Donovan and West 2015; Watson-Singleton 2017; Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodMasks Off: A Community-Based Psychoeducational Group Intervention with Black Women
Jones, M. K., Gaskin‐Cole, G., & Reynolds, A. A. (2023) · The Journal for Specialists in Group Work · doi:10.1080/01933922.2023.2170506 · Cited by 7
Godoy, S. M., Dukes, L., Chapman, M. V., Day, S. H., & Goode, R. W. (2023) · Qualitative Social Work · doi:10.1177/14733250231167822 · Cited by 9
“…as a woman who, because of the necessity of survival, must suppress emotions, resist vulnerability, and manifest strength while embodying a determination to succeed and an obligation to serve others as breadwinners, caretakers, and nurturers (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007; Woods-Giscomb´e, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialUse of the Strong Black Woman Construct in Research
Henry, C. J., & Song, M. (2023) · Advances in Nursing Science · doi:10.1097/ans.0000000000000501 · Cited by 7
“1,10,13 This finding also highlights the need to talk with Black women to elicit their perspective on how SBW belief may be both helping and harming them in their own lives; the SBW construct is not simple to categorize as harmful or helpful.”
Nelson, T., Tomi, C. L., & Gebretensay, S. B. (2023) · Women s Health Issues · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2023.05.003 · Cited by 8
Walton, Q. L., Coats, J. V., Jeffers, K. S., Blakey, J. M., Hood, A. N., & Washington, T. (2023) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1080/17482631.2023.2278288 · Cited by 9
“In fact, managing mentally shows up in Black women as the Strong Black Woman (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2007) or Superwoman Schema (Woods-Giscombé, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialMediators of the Daily Hassles–Suicidal Ideation Link in African American Women
Lamis, D. A., & Kaslow, N. J. (2014) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12099 · Cited by 6
Umwelt-Sein. Mutterschaft, Entwicklung und Psychologie, 1930–1990
Schmidt, S. (2020) · NTM Zeitschrift für Geschichte der Wissenschaften Technik und Medizin · doi:10.1007/s00048-020-00277-1 · Cited by 6
Josiah, N., Starks, S. A., Wilson, P., Rodney, T. W., Arscott, J., Commodore-Mensah, Y. Y., Turkson‐Ocran, R., Mauney, K., Ogungbe, O., Akomah, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.15632 · Cited by 8
Buro, A. W., Baskin, M. L., Miller, D. R., Ward, T., West, D. S., Gore, L. R., Gwede, C. K., Epel, E. S., & Carson, T. L. (2022) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12519-z · Cited by 6
Longmire-Avital, B., & Finkelstein, J. R. J. (2022) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2022.2043979 · Cited by 6
“Original research by Woods-Giscombé (2010) on the SBW, specifically the superwoman sub-type, found clear relationships with maladaptive health behaviors like emotional eating.”
BackgroundMethodYoung, G. N., Gamst, G. C., Meyers, L. S., Der‐Karabetian, A., & Grills, C. T. (2019) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260519872300 · Cited by 6
Omowale, S. S., Mangum, L. C., Joseph, A., Cottrell‐Daniels, C., Farris, K. A., King, R., & Slatton, B. C. (2024) · Women s Health · doi:10.1177/17455057241304842 · Cited by 8
Beyond motherhood: Childless Black women and compulsory mothering
Lee, A. C. G. (2025) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/jomf.13073 · Cited by 5
Gendered racial microaggressions, self-silencing, and disordered eating in Black women
Parker, J. E., Enders, C. K., Tomiyama, A. J., & Hunger, J. M. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101901 · Cited by 7
Multiple psychosocial stressors and coping strategies in relation to sleep health
Alhasan, D. M., LaPorte, F. B., Gaston, S. A., Harmon, Q. E., Vines, A. I., McGrath, J. A., Jackson, W. B., Cosenzo, L. G., & Jackson, C. L. (2025) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaf190 · Cited by 5
“27 Study limitations include potential reverse causation, given that this is a cross-sectional study where participants with current poor sleep may report higher levels of psychosocial stressors and lower levels of coping strategies due to poor sleep.”
InfluentialCook, S., & Mishra, A. A. (2025) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2025.107739 · Cited by 5
Hong, S. H. (2023) · Social Work · doi:10.1093/sw/swad045 · Cited by 5
James, K. F., Bravo, L., Jeffers, K. S., Nguyen, M. H., Elliott, T., Ojukwu, K., Ndagire, C., Jennings, K., Arnault, D. S., & Canty, L. (2024) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1155/ppc/8674117 · Cited by 6
Beyond Strength: The Paradox of the Strong Black Woman in Nursing and Leadership
Iheduru-Anderson, K. C., Akanegbu, C. O., Ugorji, J. U., & Agomoh, C. J. (2025) · Nursing Inquiry · doi:10.1111/nin.70033 · Cited by 8
“From slavery to contemporary workplaces, Black women have been expected to provide both emotional and physical care, often under extreme adversity (Beauboeuf ‐ Lafontant 2005; Woods ‐ Giscombé 2010).”
InfluentialIt’s like a black woman’s Charlie Brown moment: An autoethnography of being diagnosed with lupus
Ferdinand, R. H. (2016) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105316664128 · Cited by 5
“Giscombe (2010) reminds me that “African American women experience disproportionate high rates of adverse health conditions, including cardiovascular disease, obesity, lupus, adverse birth outcomes, and untreated or mistreated psychological conditions” (p. 668).”
Background“Am I Telling the Story Right?” Poetry, Community, and Trauma
Koelsch, L. E., Goldberg, S. G., & Bennett, E. (2020) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2020.4328 · Cited by 5
Denominational Differences in Obesity Among Black Christian Adults: Why Gender and Life Stage Matter
Bentley‐Edwards, K. L., Robbins, P. A., Carr, L. T. B., Smith, I. Z., Conde, E., & Darity, W. A. J. (2021) · Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion · doi:10.1111/jssr.12722 · Cited by 5
Vable, A. M., Duarte, C., Wannier, R., Chan‐Golston, A. M., Cohen, A. K., Glymour, M. M., Ream, R. K., & Yen, I. H. (2021) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbab147 · Cited by 5
Sherman, A. D. F., Cimino, A. N., Balthazar, M. S., Johnson, K. B., Burns, D. D., Verissimo, A. D. O., Campbell, J. C., Tsuyuki, K., & Stockman, J. K. (2023) · Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved · doi:10.1353/hpu.2023.0004 · Cited by 5
Black Women’s Sexual Assertiveness and Satisfaction: The Role of the Superwoman Schema
Perkins, T. R., Aleibar, D., Leath, S. C., & Pittman, J. C. (2022) · The Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984221147796 · Cited by 4
“The present study examined the ways in which Black women ’ s endorsement of the Superwoman Schema (SWS) in fl uenced the association between sexual assertiveness and sexual satisfaction.”
BackgroundInfluentialCotton, C. R. B., Davis, J. L., & Collins, K. H. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10378-0_12 · Cited by 5
Conveying strength in emerging adulthood and during a pandemic
Wade, J., Alexander, R., Gibbs, J., Giscombé, C. L. W., Jackson, K., McElroy, A., & Ferguson, J. (2023) · Women s Studies International Forum · doi:10.1016/j.wsif.2023.102794 · Cited by 5
Wallace, D. D., Limberg, D., & Linich, K. (2023) · Journal of Mental Health Counseling · doi:10.17744/mehc.45.4.02 · Cited by 8
Jenkins, A. I. C., Surachman, A., & Armendariz, M. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116763 · Cited by 8
Azim, K. A., Lewis, A. A., Happel‐Parkins, A., Johnson-Benson, C., Kraemer, M. B., & Diallo, H. (2024) · Culture Health & Sexuality · doi:10.1080/13691058.2024.2399292 · Cited by 5
“Another stereotype, described as the Strong Black Woman/Superwoman Schema (SBWSS), depicts Black women as exceptionally resilient or strong (Hoffman et al. 2016) or even superhumanises them (Woods-Giscombé 2010).”
Erving, C. L., Williams, T. R., Holt, A. J., & Taylor, A. (2024) · Sociological Inquiry · doi:10.1111/soin.12626 · Cited by 7
Cousin, L., Braithwaite, D., Anton, S. D., Zhang, Z., Lee, J., Leewenburgh, C., & Lyon, D. (2024) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-024-06362-2 · Cited by 11
The Strong Black Woman Schema and Mental Health: Examining the Role of Personal Mastery
Jones, M. K., Hill-Jarrett, T., & Jean-Ceide, C. (2025) · The Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984241308778 · Cited by 8
“Previous studies show women who strongly endorse the SBW schema tend to report more negative mental health outcomes (e.g., Donovan & West, 2015; Watson & Hunter, 2015), and this was mirrored in our current study, thereby conferring the negative implications of the SBW schema.”
InfluentialSocial Support and Survival Strategies of Older African American Grandmother Caregivers
Simpson, G. M., Pressley, T. D., Carthron, D., & Stansbury, K. L. (2017) · GrandFamilies The Contemporary Journal of Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.15453/3067-3674.1052 · Cited by 5
“The race and gender of African American grandmother caregivers creates a unique stress experience resulting in different coping strategies (Black, Murry, Cutrona, & Chen, 2009; Woods-Giscombé, 2010; Woods-Giscombé & Lobel, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialStarks, S. A., Outlaw, F., Graff, J., Likes, W., White-Means, S., Melaro, L., & Wicks, M. (2018) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2017.1423427 · Cited by 6
“The complex role of caregiving for African American women is embedded in the stereotype of the strong black woman (Woods-Giscombe, 2010); thus, heavy caregiving responsibilities may be responsible for African American women’s poor health outcomes in general (Beauboeuf-Lafontant, 2008; Black &…”
BackgroundRacial/Ethnic Differences in Stress, Coping, and Distress Among Mothers With a Child in the ICU
Ernst, M. E., Williams, J. R., & McCabe, B. E. (2021) · American Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.4037/ajcc2021416 · Cited by 5
Negotiating doctoral STEM studies: An In-depth look at the Black woman impostor
Simon, M. (2021) · Journal of African American Women and Girls in Education · doi:10.21423/jaawge-v1i2a89 · Cited by 8
Metadata
- Authors
- Woods-Giscombé, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA,
- Venue
- Qualitative Health Research
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2010-02-12
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 668-683
- ISSN
- 1049-7323 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-7557
- PMC
- PMC3072704
- OpenAlex
- W2114868277
- Cited by
- 802
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 99 · 2025: 124 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 65 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 34.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Qualitative Health Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- National Institute of Nursing Research (P20NR008369, T32NR007091)
- National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025747)
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (L60 MD002499)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (R21AT004276, T32AT003378)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- Superwoman Schema, Strong Black Woman, African American women, stress, coping, health disparities, conceptual framework, role expectations, relationship strain, women's health beliefs
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Black or African American, Female, Gender Identity, Humans, Middle Aged, Stress, Psychological, Women's Health, Focus Groups, Self Efficacy, Young Adult
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