Exploring the Relationship Between Self-Compassion and Compassion for Others: The Role of Psychological Distress and Wellbeing
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We addressed construct validity and explored the relationship between self-compassion and compassion for others using the two main current operationalizations of compassion (Neff’s and the Sussex-Oxford Compassion Scales, SOCSs). Relationships with psychological distress and wellbeing, and potential differences in the association between self-compassion and compassion for others by level of psychological distress and wellbeing were also explored. Participants ( n = 811) completed the Spanish adaptations of the Self-Compassion Scale (SCS), the Compassion Scale (CS), the SOCSs (for the self/others), the Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale (SWEMWBS), and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales-21 (DASS-21). We fitted bifactor models to estimate the general factor of each construct for the different operationalizations, and calculated correlations between them. Relationships between self-compassion and compassion for others from the same operationalization were intermediate, while those between the same constructs from different operationalizations were large. Both constructs showed positive associations with wellbeing, while only self-compassion was associated with decreased psychological distress. Participants with good mental health showed higher associations between self-compassion and compassion for others than those with poorer mental health. Self-compassion and compassion for others appear to be dimensional constructs that can converge or diverge. When they converge, it is associated with better mental health.
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The Spanish versions of the CD-RISC, FFMQ-15, SOCS, and AAQ-II showed good or excellent psychometric properties in the study sample (α≥0.80 at every assessment point), except for FFMQ-observing, FFMQ-describing, and FFMQ-nonreacting.
“For this study, the Spanish version of the CD-RISC [53], FFMQ-15 [54], SOCS [55], and AAQ-II [56] were used. All showed good or excellent psychometric properties for our sample (α≥0.80 at every assessment point), except for FFMQ-observing (αT1=0.74, αT2=0.55, αT3=0.70, and αT4-T5=0.74), FFMQ-describing (αT1,T2, and T5=0.77), and FFMQ-nonreacting (αT1=0.71, αT2-T3=0.58, αT4=0.60, and αT5=0.71).”
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Chems-Maarif, R., Cavanagh, K., Baer, R. A., Gu, J., Cullen, D., Banerjee, R. A., & Strauss, C. (2026) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/10731911261475801
Self-citationBeltrán-Ruiz, M., Aguilar‐Latorre, A., Puebla‐Guedea, M., Barceló‐Soler, A., García‐Campayo, J., & Montero‐Marín, J. (2026) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2026.2741658
Self-citationLathren, C., Borelli, J. L., Ellsworth, R., Harr, E. D., DiMaio, S., Tatera, J. L., Diaz, V., Bluth, K., Herringa, R. J., & Heyn, S. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1933287
Franken, K., Westerhof, G. J., ten Klooster, P. M., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2026) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.70243
- Authors
- García-Campayo, J., Barceló-Soler, A., Martínez-Rubio, D., Navarrete, J., Pérez-Aranda, A., Feliu-Soler, A., Luciano, J. V., Baer, R., Kuyken, W., & Montero-Marin, J.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Health Research of Aragon (IIS Aragon), Zaragoza, Spain
- Universidad Europea de Valencia, Spain
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu (ES)
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health—CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (ES)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- ORCID
- Venue
- Assessment
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2023-10-15
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1038-1051
- ISSN
- 1073-1911 (ISSN-L)
- 1552-3489
- PMC
- PMC11134997
- OpenAlex
- W4387660905
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 10.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Assessment (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ABACUS. Repositorio de Producción Científica (Universidad Europea) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Dipòsit Digital de Documents de la UAB (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zaguan (Universidad de Zaragoza) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (WT104908/Z/14/Z, WT107496/Z/15/Z)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Keywords
- self-compassion, compassion for others, psychological distress, well-being, construct validity, bifactor model, Self-Compassion Scale, Compassion Scale, mental health, depression, anxiety, stress
- MeSH terms
- Psychological Distress, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Empathy, Female, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Self Concept, Spain, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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