Endocrine insights into the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorder
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a class of neurodevelopmental disorders that affects males more frequently than females. Numerous genetic and environmental risk factors have been suggested to contribute to the development of ASD. However, no one factor can adequately explain either the frequency of the disorder or the male bias in its prevalence. Gonadal, thyroid, and glucocorticoid hormones all contribute to normal development of the brain, hence perturbations in either their patterns of secretion or their actions may constitute risk factors for ASD. Environmental factors may contribute to ASD etiology by influencing the development of neuroendocrine and neuroimmune systems during early life. Emerging evidence suggests that the placenta may be particularly important as a mediator of the actions of environmental and endocrine risk factors on the developing brain, with the male being particularly sensitive to these effects. Understanding how various risk factors integrate to influence neural development may facilitate a clearer understanding of the etiology of ASD.
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Paracetamol use during pregnancy — a call for precautionary action
Bauer, A. Z., Swan, S. H., Kriebel, D., Liew, Z., Taylor, H. S., Bornehag, C.-G., Andrade, A. M., Olsen, J., Jensen, R. H., Mitchell, R. T., et al. (2021) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-021-00553-7 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Where Sex Meets Gender: How Sex and Gender Come Together to Cause Sex Differences in Mental Illness
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- Authors
- Wilson, H. A., Creighton, C., Scharfman, H., Choleris, E., & MacLusky, N. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Guelph (CA)
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- MacLusky, Neil J.
- Venue
- The Neuroscientist
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-09-11
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 650-667
- ISSN
- 1073-8584 (ISSN-L)
- 1089-4098
- OpenAlex
- W3086336832
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 174
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Neuroscientist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (RGPIN-2018-04699, RGPIN-2020-04537)
- National Institutes of Health (NS37562)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, sex differences, gonadal hormones, thyroid hormones, glucocorticoids, neuroendocrine development, placenta, environmental risk factors, brain development, ASD etiology
- MeSH terms
- Autism Spectrum Disorder, Brain, Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Neurogenesis, Neurodevelopmental Disorders
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