The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses
Abstract
Little is known about the family relationships of adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Thus, the marital adjustment and family functioning of 33 married adults with ADHD and their spouses was compared to 26 non-ADHD control participants and their spouses. Results revealed that married adults with ADHD reported poorer overall marital adjustment on the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS; Spanier, 1989) and more family dysfunction on the Family Assessment Device (FAD; Eptein, Baldwin, & Bishop, 1983) than control adults. The spouses of adults with ADHD did not differ from control spouses in reports of overall marital adjustment and family dysfunction. A greater proportion of their marital adjustment scores, however, fell within the maladjusted range. The ADHD adults' perceptions of the health of their marriages and families were more negative than their spouses' perceptions. The way in which spouses of ADHD adults compensated for their partners' difficulties were explored through clinical interviews. The findings in this study underscore the need for assessments and treatments to address marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Strong, understanding, and accommodating social connections can significantly enhance the overall quality of life of individuals with ADHD.
“The presence of strong, understanding, and accommodating social connections can significantly enhance their overall quality of life (Babinski et al. 2019; Eakin et al. 2004; Fuller‐Thomson et al. 2022).”
From “I Felt Like a Burden”: An Exploration Into the Experience of Romantic Relationships for People With ADHD (2026) · cites this paper as Eakin et al. 2004
The subtheme, "Lost in Thought, Lost in Love," reflects some of the relational difficulties linked to attention regulation differences in ADHD, such as differences in active listening, partner understanding, and conflict resolution.
“The subtheme, “Lost in Thought, Lost in Love,” reflects some of the relational difficulties linked to attention regulation differences in ADHD, such as differences in active listening, partner understanding, and conflict resolution (Eakin et al. 2004; Öncü and Kişlak 2022).”
From “I Felt Like a Burden”: An Exploration Into the Experience of Romantic Relationships for People With ADHD (2026) · cites this paper as Eakin et al. 2004
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,841 · see citing works
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2022) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 · Cited by 23,476 · see citing works
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
(2018) · Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.5505/kpd · Cited by 13,703 · see citing works
Four Factor Index of Social Status
Paschou, R. (1975) · Cited by 6,989 · see citing works
Four Factor Index of Social Status [1975]
Hollingshead, A. B. (1975) · Cited by 5,151 · see citing works
Manual for the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale.
Wechsler, D. (1955) · Psychological Corp. eBooks · Cited by 4,941 · see citing works
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
Barkley, R. A., & Poillion, M. J. (1994) · Behavioral Disorders · doi:10.1177/019874299401900205 · Cited by 4,632 · see citing works
THE McMASTER FAMILY ASSESSMENT DEVICE*
Epstein, N. B., Baldwin, L. M., & Bishop, D. S. (1983) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x · Cited by 3,584 · see citing works
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Handbook for Diagnosis and Treatment
Sprafkin, J. N., & Carlson, G. A. (1992) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.149.9.1266 · Cited by 1,911 · see citing works
ADHD and The Nature of Self-Control
Barkley, R. A., & Wasserstein, J. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1891/0889-8391.14.1.111 · Cited by 1,639 · see citing works
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.6.885 · Cited by 1,421 · see citing works
Mannuzza, S. (1993) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1993.01820190067007 · Cited by 1,368 · see citing works
ADHD and the Nature of Self-Control
Hinshaw, S. P. (1998) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199806000-00010 · Cited by 1,209 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.111.2.279 · Cited by 1,199 · see citing works
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder : a clinical workbook
Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (1991) · Cited by 1,144 · see citing works
(1993) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.150.12.1792 · Cited by 950 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This is consistent with the few previous studies that documented more divorces and more marriages in this population compared with controls (Biederman et al., 1993; Biederman et al., 1994; Murphy & Barkley, 1996).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAdult psychiatric status of hyperactive boys grown up
Mannuzza, S., Klein, R. G., Bessler, A., Malloy, P., & LaPadula, M. (1998) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.155.4.493 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
WEISS, G., HECHTMAN, L., MILROY, T., & PERLMAN, T. (1985) · Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0002-7138(09)60450-7 · Cited by 753 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults: Comorbidities and adaptive impairments
Murphy, K., & Barkley, R. A. (1996) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(96)90022-x · Cited by 700 · see citing works
The McMaster Model of Family Functioning
Epstein, N. B., Bishop, D. S., & Levin, S. (1978) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/j.1752-0606.1978.tb00537.x · Cited by 690 · see citing works
Conners' Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS).
Macey, K. (2003) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(03)00021-0 · Cited by 689 · see citing works
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment, 2nd ed.
Barkley, R. A. (1998) · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Personality and compatibility: A prospective analysis of marital stability and marital satisfaction.
Kelly, E. L., & Conley, J. J. (1987) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.52.1.27 · Cited by 612 · see citing works
Hyperactive Children Grown Up: ADHD in Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Weiss, G., & Hechtman, L. T. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 589 · see citing works
Self-citationGender differences in a sample of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
Biederman, J., Faraone, S., Spencer, T., Wilens, T., Mick, E., & Lapey, K. A. (1994) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(94)90092-2 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Gudeman, H. E. (1982) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/00005053-198202000-00016 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Big five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: links between personality traits and clinical symptoms
Nigg, J. T., John, O. P., Blaskey, L. G., Huang-Pollock, C. L., Willcutt, E. G., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pennington, B. (2002) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.451 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Psychological adjustment and adaptive impairments in young adults with ADHD
Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Kwasnik, D. (1996) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705479600100104 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
The role of negative affectivity in the association between attributions and marital satisfaction.
Karney, B. R., Bradbury, T. N., Fincham, F. D., & Sullivan, K. T. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.66.2.413 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Presenting ADHD symptoms and subtypes in clinically referred adults with ADHD
Millstein, R., Wilens, T., Biederman, J., & Spencer, T. J. (1997) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/108705479700200302 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
The psychosocial functioning of children and spouses of adults with ADHD
Minde, K., Eakin, L., Hechtman, L., Ochs, E., Bouffard, R., Greenfield, B., & Looper, K. (2003) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00150 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationDepression and marital disagreement: the social construction of despair
Kahn, J., Coyne, J. C., & Margolin, G. (1985) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407585024005 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Roy‐Byrne, P., Scheele, L., Brinkley, J., Ward, N., Wiatrak, C., Russo, J. E., Townes, B. D., & Varley, C. K. (1997) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0010-440x(97)90065-1 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
ADHD in Adulthood: A Guide to Current Theory, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Weiss, M., Hechtman, L. T., & Weiss, G. (1999) · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Self-citationADHD in Adulthood: A Guide to Current Theory, Diagnosis and Treatment
Palumbo, D. R. (2000) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.54.8.1713-b · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Guide to Attention Deficit Disorder in Adults: Research, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Findling, R. L. (1996) · Psychiatric Services · doi:10.1176/ps.47.2.204 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
A four-test short form of the WAIS-R for clinical screening.
Reynolds, C. R., Willson, V. L., & Clark, P. L. (1983) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Burger, A. L., & Jacobson, N. S. (1979) · American Journal of Family Therapy · doi:10.1080/01926187908250338 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Guide To Attention Deficit Disorder In Adults: Research, Diagnosis and Treatment
Nadeau, K. G. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Minimal brain dysfunction in childhood: outcome in late adolescence and early adult years.
Dh, M. (1979) · PubMed · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Self-control behavior in hyperactive and nonhyperactive children
ROSENBAUM, M. S., & Baker, E. (1984) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00910670 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Hoffman, R. G., Tremont, G., Scott, J. G., & Adams, R. L. (1998) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/s0887-6177(98)90403-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diamond, A. (2013) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750 · Cited by 13,268 · see citing works
“…2007 Marital harmony A partner with poor EFs can be more difficult to get along with, less dependable, and/or more likely to act on impulse Eakin et al. 2004 Public safety Poor EFs lead to social problems (including crime, reckless behavior, violence, and emotional outbursts) Broidy et…”
Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old
Diamond, A., & Lee, K. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1204529 · Cited by 2,901 · see citing works
Diamond, A., & Ling, D. S. (2016) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.11.005 · Cited by 1,177 · see citing works
“…and eeping a job as well as career advancement (Bailey, 2007; Leslie, 995), making and keeping friends (Hughes and Dunn, 1998), martal harmony (Eakin et al., 2004), weight control (Crescioni et al., 011), staying out of jail (Moffitt et al., 2011), and resisting subtance abuse (Miller et al.,…”
BackgroundActivities and Programs That Improve Children’s Executive Functions
Diamond, A. (2012) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721412453722 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
“…Pickering, Knight, & Stegmann, 2004), on the job (Bailey, 2007), in friendships (Rotenberg, Michalik, Eisenberg, & Betts, 2008), and in marriage (Eakin et al., 2004); for mental and physical health (Baler & Volkow, 2006; Miller, Barnes, & Beaver, 2011); and for quality of life (J. C. Davis,…”
BackgroundBridgett, D. J., Burt, N. M., Edwards, E. S., & Deater-Deckard, K. D. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038662 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Cristofori, I., Cohen-Zimerman, S., & Grafman, J. (2019) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00011-2 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Parenting in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Johnston, C., Mash, E. J., Miller, N. V., & Ninowski, J. E. (2012) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.01.007 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
“Adults with ADHD show elevated rates of marital dissatisfaction and divorce (Eakin et al., 2004; Murphy & Barkley, 1996), and thus, questions arise regarding how these adults coordinate their parenting”
BackgroundDiamond, A. D., & Ling, D. S. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780199974467.003.0008 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Why improving and assessing executive functions early in life is critical.
Diamond, A. D. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14797-002 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Cadman, T., Eklund, H., Howley, D., Hayward, H., Clarke, H., Findon, J., Xenitidis, K., Murphy, D., Asherson, P., & Glaser, K. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2012.06.017 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Lai, C. L. E., Lau, Z., Lui, S. S. Y., Lok, E., Tam, V., Chan, Q., Cheng, K. M., Lam, S. M., & Cheung, E. F. C. (2017) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.1723 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
“Executive function has been shown to be closely linked to academic success [Blair & Razza, 2007], adult outcomes [Eakin et al., 2004; Prince et al., 2007] and adaptive functioning [Pugliese et al., 2015].”
BackgroundMental Disorders in the Entrepreneurship Context: When Being Different Can Be An Advantage
Wiklund, J., Hatak, I., Patzelt, H., & Shepherd, D. A. (2018) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2017.0063 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“31 It is not only the individual with the mental disorder who is impacted by symptoms and dysfunctions, but loved ones often suffer, too (Eakin et al., 2004).”
BackgroundHirsch, O., Chavanon, M., Riechmann, E., & Christiansen, H. (2018) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.007 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Under Diagnosis of Adult ADHD: Cultural Influences and Societal Burden
Asherson, P., Akehurst, R., Kooij, J. J. S., Huss, M., Beusterien, K., Sasané, R., Gholizadeh, S., & Hodgkins, P. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054711435360 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
“Family Impacts Eakin et al. (2004) used a variety of scales, such as the Family Assessment Device (FAD) and clinical interviews with ADHD patients and their spouses.”
Prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in older adults in the Netherlands
Michielsen, M., Semeijn, E., Comijs, H. C., van de Ven, P., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.101196 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Age of onset in obsessive–compulsive disorder: admixture analysis with a large sample
Anholt, G. E., Aderka, I. M., van Balkom, A. J. L. M., Smit, J. H., Schruers, K. R. J., van der Wee, N. J. A., Eikelenboom, M., Luca, V. D., & van Oppen, P. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000470 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“This finding is best understood in view of the clinical features characteristic of early age of onset patients that might be related to a general decrease in level of functioning relative to late age of onset patients (Eakin et al. 2004).”
BackgroundAtomoxetine treatment of adults with ADHD and comorbid alcohol use disorders
Wilens, T. E., Adler, L. A., Weiss, M. D., Michelson, D., Ramsey, J. L., Moore, R. J., Renard, D., Brady, K. T., Trzepacz, P. T., Schuh, L. M., et al. (2008) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.02.009 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Thibodeau‐Nielsen, R. B., Gilpin, A. T., Brown, M. M., & Meyer, B. A. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2016.01.001 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Hechtman, L. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s6985 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Self-citationImproving Children's Coordinative Skills and Executive Functions
Alesi, M., Bianco, A., Luppina, G., Palma, A., & Pepi, A. (2016) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.1177/0031512515627527 · Cited by 153 · see citing works
“…2007 Marital harmony A partner with poor EFs can be more difficult to get along with, less dependable, and/or more likely to act on impulse Eakin et al., 2004 Public safety Poor EFs lead to social problems (including crime, reckless behavior, violence, and emotional outbursts Broidy et…”
BackgroundCásedas, L., Pirruccio, V., Vadillo, M. A., & Lupiáñez, J. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01279-4 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults
Rösler, M., Casas, M., Konofal, É., & Buitelaar, J. K. (2010) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2010.483249 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“In a 6-week study, MPH-IR 1.0 – 1.3 mg/kg per day signifi cantly improved ADHD-RS total score versus for their partner ’ s diffi culties, which may place considerable strain on the relationship (Eakin et al. 2004).”
InfluentialBrain-body interactions underlying the association of loneliness with mental and physical health
Quadt, L., Esposito, G., Critchley, H., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2020) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.015 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Orbitofrontal reward sensitivity and impulsivity in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Wilbertz, G., Tebartz van Elst, L., Delgado, M. R., Maier, S., Feige, B., Philipsen, A., & Blechert, J. (2012) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.011 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“…performance (Mannuzza et al., 1997), drug abuse (Elkins et al., 2007), sexual risk taking (Flory et al., 2006), intimate partner violence (Fang et al., 2010), risky driving (Fischer et al., 2007), and other disadvantageous behaviors (Biederman et al., 1994; Eakin et al., 2004; Weafer et al., 2011).”
BackgroundRetz, W., Ginsberg, Y., Turner, D., Barra, S., Retz-Junginger, P., Larsson, H., & Asherson, P. (2020) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.11.025 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Want to Optimize Executive Functions and Academic Outcomes? Simple, Just Nourish the Human Spirit
Diamond, A. D. (2013) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118732373.ch7 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“EFs are also important for marital harmony; a partner with poor EFs can be more difficult to get along with, less dependable, and/or more likely to act on impulse (Eakin et al., 2004).”
BackgroundStaccini, L., Tomba, E., Grandi, S., & Keitner, G. I. (2014) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12098 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Effects of continuous and intermittent exercise on executive function in children aged 8–10 years
Lambrick, D., Stoner, L. R., Grigg, R., & Faulkner, J. (2016) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.12688 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Michielsen, M., Comijs, H. C., Aartsen, M. J., Semeijn, E. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713515748 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
“Our results are in concordance with studies among younger adults (Biederman et al., 1993; Eakin et al., 2004) where younger adults with ADHD were more often separated or divorced compared with a control group.”
BackgroundResultExecutive function in Down syndrome: A meta-analysis
Tungate, A. S., & Conners, F. A. (2020) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103802 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Hartanto, A., & Yang, H. (2019) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/xge0000672 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“…Hartanto, Yang, & Yang, 2018; St. ClairThompson & Gathercole, 2006), job success (e.g., Bailey, 2007; Fisher, Chaffee, Tetrick, Davalos, & Potter, 2017; Schmidt, Neubach, & Heuer, 2007), and social relationships (e.g., Eakin et al., 2004; Riggs, Jahromi, Razza, Dillworth-Bart, & Mueller, 2006).”
Functional Impairments Associated With ADHD in Adulthood and the Impact of Pharmacological Treatment
Kosheleff, A. R., Mason, O., Jain, R., Koch, J., & Rubin, J. S. (2023) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/10870547231158572 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“From a qualitative assessment of adults whose partners had ADHD, a common concern was the need to protect children from their ADHD partner’s emotional outbursts (Eakin et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialRydell, A. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0060-2 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“selves have ADHD problems tend to have partner problems [20], which may lead to more than one marriage.”
BackgroundBruner, M. R., Kuryluk, A. D., & Whitton, S. W. (2015) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2014.975717 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Most previous studies of ADHD and relationship functioning have either examined samples of 1 gender(6,9) or have not examined gender differences.(15,16) In the one exception, researchers found”
BackgroundHepark, S., Janssen, L., de Vries, A., Schoenberg, P. L. A., Donders, R., Kan, C. C., & Speckens, A. E. M. (2019) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715613587 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“…poor work performance (de Graaf et al., 2008; Kessler et al., 2005), underattainment (Biederman et al., 2008), poor marital and family functioning (Eakin et al., 2004), driving impairment (Fischer, Barkley, Smallish, & Fletcher, 2007), and higher susceptibility to substance abuse (Lee, Humphreys,…”
Personality Characteristics Associated with Persistent ADHD in Late Adolescence
Miller, C. J., Miller, S. R., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9167-7 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“An update to the original theory suggests that there may be attendant higher-order factors within the Five Factor model with Agreeableness, Neuroticism, and Conscientiousness in one factor and Extraversion and Openness-to-experience in the second factor ( Digman 1997 ).”
BackgroundMethodRecent developments in the psychosocial treatment of adult ADHD
Knouse, L. E., Cooper-Vince, C., Sprich, S., & Safren, S. A. (2008) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/14737175.8.10.1537 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Subclinical ADHD, Stress, and Coping in Romantic Relationships of University Students
Overbey, G. A., Snell, W. E., & Callis, K. E. (2009) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709347257 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Impulsive individuals may fail to consider the consequences before taking action, and disrupted relationships, poor dyadic adjustment (Eakin et al., 2004; Minde et al., 2003), relationship instability (Fargason & Ford, 1994), job changes (Fargason & Ford, 1994), encounters with the law (Jackson & Farrugia, 1997), and/…”
BackgroundSkills and compensation strategies in adult ADHD – A qualitative study
Canela, C., Buadze, A., Dube, A. R., Eich, D., & Liebrenz, M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0184964 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Adult ADHD has been shown to be associated with impaired occupational [22–24], family and relational functioning [25, 26], impaired social skills [27–29], increased driving accidents and poor driving abilities [30, 31].”
BackgroundA One Year Trial of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of ADHD
Wender, P. H., Reimherr, F. W., Marchant, B. K., Sanford, M. E., Czajkowski, L. A., & Tomb, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054709356188 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Our empirically derived, symptom-based research criteria (the Utah Criteria) identified a sample which corresponds to DSM-IV ADHD, Combined Type and, as noted, the sample selected had moderate to severe ADHD.”
BackgroundInfluentialHolst, Y., & Thorell, L. (2020) · Applied neuropsychology. Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2018.1532429 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, and is not altered, transformed, or built upon in any way. interpersonal difficulties (Biederman et al, 1993; Eakin et al., 2004; Wilens & Dodson, 2004).”
BackgroundResultADHD in Children and Adults: Diagnosis and Prognosis
Kieling, R. R., & Rohde, L. A. (2010) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_115 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“marital dissatisfaction and discord, higher divorce rates, and parenting difficulties (Barkley and Fischer 2010; Eakin et al. 2004).”
BackgroundRisk of Intimate Partner Violence among Young Adult Males with Childhood ADHD
Wymbs, B. T., Molina, B., Pelham, W., Cheong, J., Gnagy, E., Belendiuk, K. A., Walther, C. A. P., Babinski, D., & Waschbusch, D. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710389987 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Amid indications that adults with ADHD benefit from the support and assistance of romantic partners (e.g., Eakin et al., 2004), understanding the impact of ADHD and disruptive behavior problems on romantic relationships in adulthood seems important.”
BackgroundBuss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P. (2014) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.1002/mono.12096 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Responsiveness of the Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Quality of Life Scale (AAQoL)
Matza, L. S., Johnston, J. A., Faries, D. E., Malley, K. G., & Brod, M. (2007) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-007-9254-9 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
ADHD in college: A qualitative analysis
Lefler, E. K., Sacchetti, G. M., & Del Carlo, D. I. (2016) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-016-0190-9 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Adults with ADHD tend to report romantic relationship dissatisfaction (Canu and Carlson 2003; Eakin et al. 2004; Murphy and Barkley 1996) and have higher rates of divorce and more numerous marriages (Biederman et al.”
BackgroundAdult ADHD and romantic relationships: What we know and what we can do to help
Wymbs, B. T., Canu, W. H., Sacchetti, G. M., & Ranson, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12475 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
ADHD Symptoms as Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration and Victimization
Wymbs, B. T., Dawson, A. E., Suhr, J., Bunford, N., & Gidycz, C. A. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515586371 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In turn, men and women with ADHD, particularly those with elevated inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity symptoms, report lower romantic relationship satisfaction and have greater difficulties resolving conflicts than those without ADHD (Canu, Tabor, Michael, Bazzini, & Elmore, 2014; Eakin et al., 2004).”
BackgroundBuss, A. T., & Spencer, J. P. (2017) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12602 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Previous research has shown a strong relationship between individual differences in EFs during early childhood and later academic achievement as well as quality of life outcomes into adulthood (Eakin et al., 2004; Moffitt et al., 2011), making EF a key target for early intervention efforts (Diamond & Lee, 2011; Heckma…”
BackgroundSchrevel, S. J. C., Dedding, C., van Aken, J. A., & Broerse, J. E. W. (2016) · Health Expectations · doi:10.1111/hex.12328 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of Global Publication Trends Regarding Long-Term Outcomes of ADHD
Hodgkins, P., Arnold, L. E., Shaw, M., Caci, H. M., Kahle, J. S., Woods, A. G., & Young, S. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00084 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
ADHD Symptomology and Social Functioning in College Students
Sacchetti, G. M., & Lefler, E. K. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714557355 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…adults with ADHD tend to report more marital dissatisfaction and romantic relationship maladjustment than adults without ADHD (Canu & Carlson, 2003; Eakin et al., 2004; Murphy & Barkley, 1996), and they also have higher rates of divorce and more numerous marriages than adults without ADHD…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPrevalence and Correlates of Self-Reported ADD/ADHD in a Large National Sample of Canadian Adults
Hesson, J., & Fowler, K. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715573992 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“In terms of social functioning, adults with ADHD experience higher levels of marital and family dysfunction (Eakin et al., 2004) and view themselves as less socially competent than others without ADHD (Friedman et al., 2003).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialStickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Ruchkin, V. V., & Kamio, Y. (2015) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.09.061 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“, 2008), in the home (Eakin et al., 2004; Rösler et al., 2010) and in terms of health (Das et al.”
BackgroundCunningham, C. E. (2007) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsm021 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Barkley, R. A. (2008) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.2008.09.1907 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Promotion of Street-Dance Training on the Executive Function in Preschool Children
Shen, Y., Qing, Z., Huang, Y., Liu, G., & Fang, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.585598 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Simpson, E., Dalal, S., & Semaan, B. (2023) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3579490 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Other psychology studies show how ADHD is disruptive for people’s interpersonal [11, 61], romantic, and family relationships [31, 42].”
BackgroundTest–Retest Reliability of Two Patient-Report Measures for Use in Adults With ADHD
Matza, L. S., Brunt, D. L. V., Cates, C. E., & Murray, L. T. (2010) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710372488 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“The items were generated on the basis of clinical expert input, patient reports, and published literature indicating that adult ADHD has an effect on multiple domains of HRQL, including work, daily activities, relationships, psychological well-being, and physical well-being (Biederman, Faraone et al., 2006; Brod, Perw…”
BackgroundMethodA Spanish version of the Family Assessment Device
Barroilhet, S. A., Prous, A. C., Cervera‐Enguix, S., Forjaz, M. J., & Guillén‐Grima, F. (2009) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-009-0022-8 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“It has also been used to study samples of patients with eating disorders [15, 23, 81, 110], schizophrenia [27, 89], self-harm and suicidal behavior [44, 67, 96], addictions [71, 80], bipolar disorder [28, 102], OCD [25, 34], ADHD [ 29 ], and social phobia [61].”
Wymbs, B. T., Wymbs, F. A., & Dawson, A. E. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9887-4 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“2003; Zisser and Eyberg 2012) and romantic relationship discord (Eakin et al. 2004; Robin and Payson 2002) than is difficulties with behavioral regulation.”
BackgroundCanu, W. H., Tabor, L. S., Michael, K. D., Bazzini, D. G., & Elmore, A. L. (2013) · Journal of Marital and Family Therapy · doi:10.1111/jmft.12018 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“, 2006) serious romantic relationships, as well as lower satisfaction within these relationships (Canu & Carlson, 2007; Eakin et al., 2004).”
BackgroundThe Impact of Persisting Hyperactivity on Social Relationships
Moyá, J., Stringaris, A. K., Asherson, P. J., Sandberg, S. T., & Taylor, E. A. (2012) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712436876 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“It has been shown that clinic-referred adults with ADHD have poorer marital adjustment and family functioning (Eakin et al., 2004), as well as a higher incidence of separation and divorce, than normal controls (Biederman et al.”
BackgroundRingenbach, S. D. R., Holzapfel, S. D., Mulvey, G. M., Jimenez, A., Benson, A. M., & Richter, M. (2016) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/jir.12275 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“…(Brown & Landgraf 2010; Davis et al. 2010), poor productivity, low employment rates (Bailey 2007), less dependable and more impulsive behaviour in relationships (Eakin et al. 2004) and socially problematic behaviours such as violence and emotional outbursts (Broidy et al. 2003; Denson et al. 2011).”
BackgroundThe Burden of ADHD in Older Adults: A Qualitative Study
Michielsen, M., de Kruif, A. J. T. C. M., Comijs, H. C., van Mierlo, S., Semeijn, E. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715610001 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“, 2008), relationships (Eakin et al., 2004), education (LeFever, Villers, Morrow, & Vaughn, 2002), and work (Halmøy, Fasmer, Gillberg, & Haavik, 2009).”
BackgroundThe Romantic Relationships of Adolescents With ADHD
Rokeach, A., & Wiener, J. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714538660 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
“Eakin et al. (2004) suggests that in ADHD couples, partners often have conflicting views regarding their relationship.”
BackgroundIssues in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Adult ADHD by Primary Care Physicians
Adler, L. A., Shaw, D. M., Sitt, D. J., Maya, E., & Morrill, M. I. (2009) · Primary psychiatry · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Pharmacology and Clinical Outcomes of Amphetamines to Treat ADHD
Hodgkins, P., Shaw, M., McCarthy, S., & Sallee, F. R. (2012) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/11599630-000000000-00000 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Anastopoulos, A. D., Sommer, J. L., & Schatz, N. K. (2009) · Current Attention Disorders Reports · doi:10.1007/s12618-009-0023-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“More consistently reported is the finding that marital satisfaction seems to be lower among couples in which one member has ADHD [29], with greater dissatisfaction more often expressed by the spouse affected by ADHD [7••].”
BackgroundPredictors of Executive Functions in Preschoolers: Findings From the SPLASHY Study
Zysset, A., Kakebeeke, T., Messerli-Bürgy, N., Meyer, A., Stülb, K., Leeger-Aschmann, C., Schmutz, E. A., Arhab, A., Puder, J., Kriemler, S., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02060 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adults
Moss, S. B., Nair, R. J., Vallarino, A., & Wang, S. (2007) · Primary Care Clinics in Office Practice · doi:10.1016/j.pop.2007.05.005 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Bjerrum, M. B., Pedersen, P. U., & Larsen, P. (2017) · The JBI Database of Systematic Reviews and Implementation Reports · doi:10.11124/jbisrir-2017-003357 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Groen, Y., den Heijer, A. E., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Althaus, M., & Tucha, O. M. (2017) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-017-0236-7 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Studies on adults with ADHD reported friendship problems and poorer social interactions (Young et al. 2003; Kooij et al. 2010), loneliness (Philipsen et al. 2009) as well as poorer intimate relationships and marital adjustment (Eakin et al. 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialWang, C. H., Mazursky-Horowitz, H., & Chronis-Tuscano, A. (2014) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-014-0474-8 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
When does it end? Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in the middle aged and older populations
Manor, I., Rozen, S., Zemishlani, Z., Weizman, A., & Zalsman, G. (2011) · Clinical Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1097/wnf.0b013e3182206dc1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“This seems to be a not uncommon phenomenon in younger adult populations, according to literature.(16) Six (55%) had other medical problems, which may be expected in this age group (hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and ischemic heart disease), although the percentage was relatively high.”
BackgroundMörstedt, B., Corbisiero, S., Bitto, H., & Stieglitz, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141342 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“[34] found that spouses of people with ADHD reported fewer impairments to their married lives than their ADHD partners.”
BackgroundStickley, A., Koyanagi, A., Takahashi, H., Ruchkin, V. V., & Kamio, Y. (2017) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2017.01.007 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…to a number of functional impairments that impact on well-being and quality of life throughout adulthood in terms of family functioning, work and health (Barkley Murphy, & Fischer 2008; Das, Cherbuin, Butterworth, Anstey, & Easteal, 2012; Eakin et al., 2004; Murphy & Barkley, 1996; Nigg, 2013).”
BackgroundPrediction of Preschool Aggression from DRD4 Risk, Parental ADHD Symptoms, and Home Chaos
Farbiash, T., Berger, A., Atzaba-Poria, N., & Auerbach, J. G. (2014) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-013-9791-3 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Assessing Treatment Outcomes in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Epstein, J. N., & Weiss, M. D. (2012) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.11r01336 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Prefrontal mechanisms of comorbidity from a transdiagnostic and ontogenic perspective
MacDonald, A. N., Goines, K., Novacek, D. M., & Walker, E. F. (2016) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579416000742 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“EFs have been associated with a range of long-term outcomes related to academic performance (Borella, Carretti, Riboldi, & De Beni, 2010), job success (Bailey, 2007), criminal activity (Broidy et al., 2003), and relationships (Eakin et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInterparental aggression, attention skills, and early childhood behavior problems
Towe‐Goodman, N. R., Stifter, C. A., Coccia, M., Cox, M. J., & The Family Life Project Key Investigators (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579411000216 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Alternatively, genetic linkages may partially account for some of the associations, as parents with limited executive attention skills may be more likely to engage in intense interparental conflict (Eakin et al., 2004).”
BackgroundSexuality in Adults With ADHD: Results of an Online Survey
Hertz, P. G., Turner, D., Barra, S., Biedermann, L., Retz-Junginger, P., Schöttle, D., & Retz, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.868278 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a comprehensive review
Williams, O. C. A., Prasad, S., McCrary, A., Jordan, E., Sachdeva, V., Deva, S., Kumar, H., Mehta, J., Neupane, P., & Gupta, A. (2023) · Annals of Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.1097/ms9.0000000000000631 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“ADHD adults hold a negative impression of marriage leading to separation and divorces([21]).”
BackgroundMichielsen, M., Comijs, H. C., Semeijn, E. J., Beekman, A. T. F., Deeg, D. J. H., & Kooij, J. J. S. (2014) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jagp.2014.02.005 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Nonmedication treatments for adult ADHD: Evaluating impact on daily functioning and well-being.
Ramsay, J. R. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12056-000 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
The Effects of ADHD in Adult Substance Abusers
Moura, H. F., Faller, S., Benzano, D., Szobot, C., von Diemen, L., Stolf, A. R., Souza-Formigoni, M. L., Cruz, M. S., Brasiliano, S., Pechansky, F., et al. (2013) · Journal of Addictive Diseases · doi:10.1080/10550887.2013.824359 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Baez, A. C., Dajani, D. R., Voorhies, W., Parladé, M. V., Alessandri, M., Britton, J. C., Llabre, M. M., & Uddin, L. Q. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-019-04290-9 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lensing, M. B., Zeiner, P., Sandvik, L., & Opjordsmoen, S. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.12m07714 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Simpson, A., Ruwaili, R. A., Jolley, R. P., Leonard, H. C., Geeraert, N., & Riggs, K. J. (2017) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12949 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Hechtman, L. (2008) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s1747 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Reported ADHD and Adult Health in the United States
Landes, S. D., & London, A. S. (2018) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718757648 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Compared with those who have never been diagnosed with ADHD, adults who have ever been diagnosed with ADHD are more likely to experience marital discord, separation, and divorce (Barkley et al., 2008; Biederman et al., 1993; Eakin et al., 2004) or to never have married (Lensing et al.”
BackgroundPérez, E. J. P., & García, C. P. (2007) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.298 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
The Relationship Between ADHD Symptoms and Competence as Reported by Both Self and Others
Jiang, Y., & Johnston, C. (2011) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054710392541 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“These areas are domains in which ADHD-related impairments are well established (Eakin et al., 2004; Harpin, 2005; Murphy & Barkley, 1996).”
BackgroundSilverstein, M. J., Faraone, S. V., Alperin, S., Biederman, J., Spencer, T. J., & Adler, L. A. (2017) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2017.0082 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“…adult ADHD have increased rates of psychiatric co-morbidities, underemployment and unemployment, substance abuse disorders, divorce and marital separation, and motor vehicle accidents (Mannuzza and Klein 1999; Barkley 2002; Eakin et al. 2004; Wilens and Dodson 2004; Biederman et al. 2006a, 2006b).”
Rösler, M., Ginsberg, Y., Arngrim, T., Adamou, M., Niemelä, A., Dejonkheere, J., van Oene, J., & Schäuble, B. (2011) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2011.571283 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Marital and Coparenting Relationships
Williamson, D., & Johnston, C. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054712471717 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“For example, the DAS scores were consistent with those from previous studies of adults with ADHD (Eakin et al., 2004), but predictably higher than what has been found in samples of adults with more severe psychological difficulties (Hunsley et al., 2001).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEddy, L. D., Jones, H. A., Snipes, D. J., Karjane, N. W., & Svikis, D. S. (2017) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716685839 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Eklund, H., Cadman, T., Findon, J. L., Hayward, H., Howley, D., Beecham, J. K., Xenitidis, K., Murphy, D., Asherson, P. J., & Glaser, K. (2016) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-016-1509-0 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“For instance, adults with ADHD are more likely than the general population to: 1) be unemployed [4] and experience more frequent job losses [4]; 2) under achieve in education [5]; 3) experience greater instability in emotional relationships [6]; 4) display anti-social and offending behaviours [7] and 5) suffer from dr…”
BackgroundImpairments of interpersonal synchrony evident in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Problovski, H. Z. G., Lavi, D., Yozevitch, R., Sherman, M., Hagay, Y., & Dahan, A. (2020) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103210 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Arrondo, G., Osorio, A., Magallón, S., del Burgo, C. L., & Cortese, S. (2023) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291723001976 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Conversely, the romantic quality of their partners is also lower, with almost all individuals indicating that symptoms interfere in the relationship (Eakin et al., 2004; Wymbs et al., 2021).”
- Authors
- Eakin, L., Minde, K., Hechtman, L., Ochs, E., Krane, E., Bouffard, R., Greenfield, B., & Looper, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Virginia (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Halifax, Canada
- Jewish General Hospital (CA)
- Venue
- Journal of Attention Disorders
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 1087-0547 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-1246
- OpenAlex
- W2060747776
- Cited by
- 318
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 2.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Attention Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Demography › Family Dynamics and Relationships
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, marital adjustment, family functioning, spouses, family dysfunction, Dyadic Adjustment Scale, Family Assessment Device, spousal perceptions
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Conflict, Psychological, Family Relations, Female, Humans, Male, Marital Therapy, Marriage, Middle Aged, Personal Satisfaction, Psychological Tests, Psychometrics, Reference Values, Spouses
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
