Big five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: links between personality traits and clinical symptoms

Nigg, Joel T.; John, Oliver P.; Blaskey, Lisa G.; Huang-Pollock, Cynthia L.; Willcutt, Erik G.; Hinshaw, Stephen P.; Pennington, Bruce

doi:10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.451

Cited by 317Attention Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderPersonality Traits and PsychologyPersonality Disorders and Psychopathology

Big five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: links between personality traits and clinical symptoms

Nigg, Joel T., John, Oliver P., Blaskey, Lisa G., Huang-Pollock, Cynthia L., Willcutt, Erik G., Hinshaw, Stephen P., Pennington, Bruce·2002·Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.451

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Abstract

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is conceptualized as originating in childhood. Despite considerable theoretical interest, little is known about how ADHD symptoms relate to normal personality traits in adults. In 6 studies, the Big Five personality dimensions were related to ADHD symptoms that adults both recalled from childhood and reported concurrently (total N = 1,620). Substantial effects emerged that were replicated across samples. First, the ADHD symptom cluster of inattention-disorganization was substantially related to low Conscientiousness and, to a lesser extent, Neuroticism. Second, ADHD symptom clusters of hyperactivity-impulsivity and oppositional childhood and adult behaviors were associated with low Agreeableness. Results were replicated with self-reports and observer reports of personality in community and clinical samples. Findings support theoretical connections between personality traits and ADHD symptoms.

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Individuals diagnosed with ADHD score generally lower on conscientiousness and higher on neuroticism compared to controls.
“Individuals diagnosed with ADHD score generally lower on conscientiousness and higher on neuroticism compared to controls (20–24).”
From Trait mindfulness and personality characteristics in a microdosing ADHD sample: a naturalistic prospective survey study (2023) · cites this paper as [22]

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Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model
Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010) · Journal of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017286 · Cited by 1,722 · see citing works
Temperament and developmental psychopathology
Nigg, J. T. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01612.x · Cited by 971 · see citing works
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Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder?
Nigg, J. T. (2001) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.127.5.571 · Cited by 893 · see citing works
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Clark, L. A. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.4.505 · Cited by 796 · see citing works
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Resolving the paradox of common, harmful, heritable mental disorders: Which evolutionary genetic models work best?
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Neuropsychologic Theory and Findings in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: The State of the Field and Salient Challenges for the Coming Decade
Nigg, J. T. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.11.011 · Cited by 513 · see citing works
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Temperament and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: The Development of a Multiple Pathway Model
Nigg, J. T., Goldsmith, H. H., & Sachek, J. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp3301_5 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Social incompetence in children with ADHD: possible moderators and mediators in social-skills training
de Boo, G. M., & Prins, P. J. M. (2007) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.03.006 · Cited by 334 · see citing works
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The marital and family functioning of adults with ADHD and their spouses
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Executive functions and ADHD in adults: evidence for selective effects on ADHD symptom domains
Nigg, J. T., Stavro, G., Ettenhofer, M., Hambrick, D. Z., Miller, T., & Henderson, J. M. (2005) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.114.3.706 · Cited by 312 · see citing works
ADHD and emotion dysregulation among children and adolescents
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Research review: A new perspective on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: emotion dysregulation and trait models
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Personality Is Reflected in the Brain's Intrinsic Functional Architecture
Adelstein, J. S., Shehzad, Z. E., Mennes, M., DeYoung, C. G., Zuo, X., Kelly, C. A. M., Margulies, D. S., Bloomfield, A., Gray, J. R., Castellanos, F. X., et al. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027633 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
From BIS/BAS to the big five
Smits, D. J. M., & Boeck, P. D. (2006) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1002/per.583 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Integrating multiple perspectives on error-related brain activity: The ERN as a neural indicator of trait defensive reactivity
Weinberg, A., Riesel, A., & Hajcak, G. (2011) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-011-9269-y · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Caffeine, Mental Health, and Psychiatric Disorders
Lara, D. R. (2010) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2010-1378 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Personality in a Hierarchical Model of Psychopathology
Widiger, T. A., Sellbom, M., Chmielewski, M. S., Clark, L. A., DeYoung, C. G., Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Lynam, D. R., Miller, J. D., Mullins‐Sweatt, S. N., et al. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702618797105 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
ADHD, impulsivity and entrepreneurship
Wiklund, J., Yu, W., Tucker, R. L., & Marino, L. (2017) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2017.07.002 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
The Importance of Conscientiousness in Adolescent Interpersonal Relationships
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Individual Differences in Executive Functioning: Implications for Stress Regulation
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Does attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder have a dimensional latent structure? A taxometric analysis.
Marcus, D. K., & Barry, T. D. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021405 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
Personality Development
Caspi, A., & Shiner, R. L. (2007) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470147658.chpsy0306 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
An integrative dimensional classification of personality disorder.
Widiger, T. A., Livesley, W. J., & Clark, L. A. (2009) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0016606 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Adjustment to College in Students With ADHD
Rabiner, D. L., Anastopoulos, A. D., Costello, J. E., Hoyle, R. H., & Swartzwelder, H. S. (2007) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054707305106 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Temperament and Its Role in Developmental Psychopathology
Rettew, D. C., & McKee, L. G. (2005) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/10673220590923146 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
The research domain criteria framework: The case for anterior cingulate cortex
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Dimensional models of personality: the five-factor model and the DSM-5
Trull, T. J., & Widiger, T. A. (2013) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2013.15.2/ttrull · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Development of ADHD: Etiology, Heterogeneity, and Early Life Course
Nigg, J. T., Sibley, M. H., Thapar, A., & Karalunas, S. L. (2020) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-060320-093413 · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Revisiting the seven pillars of RDoC
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Predicting vigilance: A fresh look at an old problem
Finomore, V., Matthews, G., Shaw, T. H., & Warm, J. (2009) · Ergonomics · doi:10.1080/00140130802641627 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Externalizing disorders: Cluster 5 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: Paper 6 of 7 of the thematic section: ‘A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11’
Krueger, R. F., & South, S. C. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990328 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Response Inhibition and Disruptive Behaviors
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Responsiveness in Interactions of Mothers and Sons with ADHD: Relations to Maternal and Child Characteristics
Johnston, C., Murray, C., Hinshaw, S. P., Pelham, W. E., & Hoza, B. (2002) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1023/a:1014235200174 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Personality and self-insight in individuals with autism spectrum disorder.
Schriber, R. A., Robins, R. W., & Solomon, M. (2014) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034950 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
ADHD and personality: a meta-analytic review
Gomez, R., & Corr, P. J. (2014) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2014.05.002 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
A neural network model of the structure and dynamics of human personality.
Read, S. J., Monroe, B. M., Brownstein, A. L., Yang, Y., Chopra, G., & Miller, L. C. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0018131 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Axis I and II comorbidity in adults with ADHD.
Miller, T. W., Nigg, J. T., & Faraone, S. V. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.3.519 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self‐Regulation and the Five‐Factor Model of Personality Traits
McCrae, R. R., & Löckenhoff, C. E. (2010) · doi:10.1002/9781444318111.ch7 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Externalizing behavior and the higher order factors of the Big Five.
DeYoung, C. G., Peterson, J. B., Séguin, J. R., & Tremblay, R. E. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0013742 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Attention Problems and Executive Functions in Children With Spina Bifida and Hydrocephalus
Burmeister, R., Hannay, H. J., Copeland, K., Fletcher, J. M., Boudousquie, A., & Dennis, M. (2005) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/092970490911324 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Disinhibition and borderline personality disorder
Nigg, J. T., Silk, K. R., Stavro, G. M., & Miller, T. W. (2005) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579405050534 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Effects of smoking abstinence on impulsive behavior among smokers high and low in ADHD-like symptoms
Ashare, R. L., & Hawk, L. W. (2011) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-011-2324-2 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
ADHD: Is Objective Diagnosis Possible?
Gualtieri, C. T., & Johnson, L. G. (2005) · PubMed Central · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and obesity and hypertension in early adulthood: a population-based study
Fuemmeler, B. F., Østbye, T., Yang, C., McClernon, F. J., & Kollins, S. H. (2011) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.214 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
The Latent Structure of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Taxometric Analysis
Haslam, N., Williams, B., Prior, M., Haslam, R., Graetz, B., & Sawyer, M. (2006) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01863.x · Cited by 145 · see citing works
How Do Trait Dimensions Map onto ADHD Symptom Domains?
Martel, M. M., Nigg, J. T., & von Eye, A. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9255-3 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Psychometric and psychopathological characterization of young male prison inmates with and without attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Retz, W., Retz‐Junginger, P., Hengesch, G., Schneider, M., Thome, J., Pajonk, F., Salahi-Disfan, A., Rees, O., Wender, P. H., & R�sler, M. (2004) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-004-0470-9 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Temperament and character profiles and the dopamine D4 receptor gene in ADHD.
Lynn, D., Lubke, G., Yang, M. H., McCracken, J., McGough, J., Ishii, J., Loo, S., Nelson, S., & Smalley, S. (2005) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.906 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Clinical Application of the F ive‐ F actor M odel
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Annual Research Review: The contributions of the RDoC research framework on understanding the neurodevelopmental origins, progression and treatment of mental illnesses
Pacheco, J. L., Garvey, M. A., Sarampote, C. S., Cohen, E. D., Murphy, E. R., & Friedman‐Hill, S. R. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13543 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
The psychoses: Cluster 3 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: Paper 4 of 7 of the thematic section: ‘A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11’
Carpenter, W. T., Bustillo, J. R., Thaker, G. K., van Os, J., Krueger, R. F., & Green, M. J. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990286 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Inferring candidate genes for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) assessed by the World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS)
Reuter, M., Kirsch, P., & Hennig, J. (2006) · Journal of neural transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-005-0366-5 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Neurodevelopmental disorders: Cluster 2 of the proposed meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11: Paper 3 of 7 of the thematic section: ‘A proposal for a meta-structure for DSM-V and ICD-11’
Andrews, G., Pine, D. S., Hobbs, M. J., Anderson, T. M., & Sunderland, M. (2009) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291709990274 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“All these disorders including ADHD are associated with genetically determined disinhibitory behaviours and temperaments (Nigg et al. 2002 ; Young et al. 2009; Krueger & South, 2009).”
Background
Five-Factor Model personality traits and executive functioning among older adults
Williams, P., Suchy, Y., & Kraybill, M. (2010) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2010.06.002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Personality Characteristics of Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder With and Without Substance Use Disorders
Sizoo, B. B., van den Brink, W., Eenige, M. G.-V., & van der Gaag, R. J. (2009) · The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181a61dd0 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Translational applications of personality science for the conceptualization and treatment of psychopathology.
Lengel, G. J., Helle, A. C., DeShong, H. L., Meyer, N. A., & Mullins‐Sweatt, S. N. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12166 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
External Validation of Bifactor Model of ADHD: Explaining Heterogeneity in Psychiatric Comorbidity, Cognitive Control, and Personality Trait Profiles Within DSM-IV ADHD
Martel, M. M., Roberts, B., Gremillion, M. L., von Eye, A., & Nigg, J. T. (2011) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-011-9538-y · Cited by 86 · see citing works
The contribution of “cool” and “hot” components of decision-making in adolescence: Implications for developmental psychopathology
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The Role of Temperament and Personality in Problem Behaviors of Children with ADHD
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Impulsivity and Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder: Subtype Classification Using the UPPS Impulsive Behavior Scale
Miller, D. J., Derefinko, K. J., Lynam, D. R., Milich, R., & Fillmore, M. T. (2010) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-009-9155-z · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Entrepreneurship
Antshel, K. M. (2017) · Academy of Management Perspectives · doi:10.5465/amp.2016.0144 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Toward a brief multidimensional assessment of emotional intelligence: Psychometric properties of the Emotional Quotient Inventory—Short Form.
Parker, J. D. A., Keefer, K. V., & Wood, L. M. (2011) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0023289 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Personality Characteristics Associated with Persistent ADHD in Late Adolescence
Miller, C. J., Miller, S. R., Newcorn, J. H., & Halperin, J. M. (2007) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-007-9167-7 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Multiple trajectories of cigarette smoking and the intergenerational transmission of smoking: A multigenerational, longitudinal study of a midwestern community sample.
Chassin, L., Presson, C. C., Seo, D., Sherman, S. J., Macy, J. T., Wirth, R. J., & Curran, P. J. (2008) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/0278-6133.27.6.819 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The role of effortful control in the development of ADHD, ODD, and CD symptoms.
Atherton, O. E., Lawson, K. M., Ferrer, E. E., & Robins, R. W. (2019) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspp0000243 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
A person-centered personality approach to heterogeneity in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Martel, M. M., Goth-Owens, T. L., Martinez‐Torteya, C., & Nigg, J. T. (2010) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0017511 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Engagement and Self-Control: Superordinate dimensions of Big Five traits
Olson, K. R. (2005) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2004.11.003 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Integrating a developmental perspective in dimensional models of personality disorders
Clercq, B. J. D., Fruyt, F. D., & Widiger, T. A. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2008.12.002 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
ERP Correlates of Effortful Control in Children with Varying Levels of ADHD Symptoms
Wiersema, J. R., & Roeyers, H. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9288-7 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Emotion Dysregulation and Emotional Impulsivity among Adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Results of a Preliminary Study
Mitchell, J. T., Robertson, C. D., Anastopolous, A. D., Nelson‐Gray, R. O., & Kollins, S. H. (2012) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9297-2 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Executive Dysfunctions: The Role in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity and Post-traumatic Stress Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Martínez, L., Sarmiento, E. L. P., Satler, C. E., Tavares, M. C. H., & Tomaz, C. A. B. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01230 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
DRD 4 and TH gene polymorphisms are associated with activity, impulsivity and inattention in Siberian Husky dogs
Wan, M., Héjjas, K., Rónai, Z., Elek, Z., Sasvári‐Székely, M., Champagne, F. A., Miklósi, Á., & Enikö Kubinyi, B. (2013) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.12058 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Big Five Personality Traits: Psychological Entities or Statistical Constructs?
Franić, S., Borsboom, D., Dolan, C. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2013) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-013-9625-7 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Can the Five Factor Model of Personality Account for the Variability of Autism Symptom Expression? Multivariate Approaches to Behavioral Phenotyping in Adult Autism Spectrum Disorder
Schwartzman, B., Wood, J. J., & Kapp, S. K. (2015) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-015-2571-x · Cited by 60 · see citing works
MMPI-2 Personality Profiles of High-Functioning Adults With Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Maternal ADHD Symptoms, Personality, and Parenting Stress: Differences Between Mothers of Children With ADHD and Mothers of Comparison Children
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Sustained attention and behavioral characteristics associated with ADHD in adults
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Models of Personality and Affect for Education: A Review and Synthesis
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Temperament and character dimensions associated with clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder boys
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Potential Individual Differences Regarding Automation Effects in Automated Driving
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Temperament, executive control, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder across early development.
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Big five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: Links between personality traits and clinical symptoms. Unpublished manuscript
Nigg, J. T., John, O. P., Blaskey, L. G., Huang‐Pollock, C. L., Willcutt, E. G., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pennington, B. (2001)
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Authors: Nigg, J. T., John, O. P., Blaskey, L. G., Huang-Pollock, C. L., Willcutt, E. G., Hinshaw, S. P., & Pennington, B.
Affiliations: Michigan State University (US)
University of California System (US)
University of Colorado System (US)
University of Denver (US)
ORCID: Nigg, Joel T.
John, Oliver P.
Blaskey, Lisa G.
Willcutt, Erik G.
Hinshaw, Stephen P.
Pennington, Bruce
Venue: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2002-08
Volume: 83
Issue: 2
Pages: 451-469
ISSN: 0022-3514 (ISSN-L)
1939-1315
DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.2.451
OpenAlex: W2124821810
Cited by: 315
References: 110
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 21
FWCI: 5.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health (1r03mh057244-01, 5r29mh049255-05)
National Institute of Mental Health (MH 45064, MH 43948, MH 49255, MH 38820, R01MH043948, MH57244)
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 27802, HD-04024, P30HD004024, P50HD027802)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
Keywords: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, adult ADHD, Big Five personality traits, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, hyperactivity/impulsivity, oppositional behavior, childhood ADHD symptoms
MeSH terms: Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Parents, Personality, Mental Recall, United States, Reproducibility of Results

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Big five dimensions and ADHD symptoms: links between personality traits and clinical symptoms

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