Predicting Impairment in Major Life Activities and Occupational Functioning in Hyperactive Children as Adults: Self-Reported Executive Function (EF) Deficits Versus EF Tests
Abstract
Hyperactivity in children, or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), is associated with impairments in various major life activities by adulthood, particularly occupational functioning. ADHD appears to involve deficits in executive functioning (EF). Prior studies have not examined the contribution of these deficits to adult impairment generally and occupational adjustment specifically in longitudinal studies of hyperactive/ADHD children. We did so assessing EF by both self-report and tests and using self and other-rated impairment in 10 domains of major life activities and 12 measures of occupational impairment. We studied hyperactive (H; N = 135) and community control children (C; N = 75) followed to adulthood (mean age 27 years). The H cases were subdivided into those whose ADHD did (ADHD-P) and did not persist (ADHD-NP) using modified DSM-IV criteria. Self-reported EF deficits were more severe on all five EF scales in the ADHD-P than both the ADHD-NP and C groups and on three scales in the ADHD-NP compared to C groups. Most ADHD-P cases fell in the clinically impaired range on self-reported EF as did a substantial minority of ADHD-NP cases but few were so classified on the EF tests. Impairments in occupational functioning were predicted by the EF ratings to a greater degree than by the EF tests. Most EF tests were unrelated to work history with the exception of the Five-Points Test. We conclude that EF ratings are better predictors of impairment in major life act…
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The behavioral assessment of executive functions has become increasingly popular in both research and clinical practice.
“The behavioral assessment of executive functions has become increasingly popular in both research (e.g., Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Sadeh et al., 2012) and clinical practice (Rabin et al., 2016)”
From Sensitivity and Specificity of an Executive Function Screener at Identifying Children with ADHD and Reading Disability (2021) · cites this paper as Barkley & Fischer, 2011
Ratings of executive function are significantly related to impairment in major life activities and in occupational functioning in adults.
“there is already some literature indicating that ratings of executive function are significantly related to impairment in major life activities and in occupational functioning in adults (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Barkley & Murphy, 2010a,b, 2011).”
From Practitioner Review: Do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? (2013) · cites this paper as Barkley & Fischer, 2011
Neuropsychological tests have not been shown to reliably predict functional impairment in adult ADHD, while clinical ratings such as the BRIEF have been successful in this regard.
“neuropsychological tests have not been shown to reliably predict functional impairment in adult ADHD, while clinical ratings such as the BRIEF have been successful in this regard [25], [26].”
From Atomoxetine Effects on Executive Function as Measured by the BRIEF-A in Young Adults with ADHD: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
The BRIEF-A has advantages as a behavioral rather than neuropsychological assessment of executive functioning in that it relies on ratings of real-world life activities.
“The BRIEF-A has advantages as a behavioral rather than neuropsychological assessment of executive functioning in that it relies on ratings of real-world life activities [26].”
From Atomoxetine Effects on Executive Function as Measured by the BRIEF-A in Young Adults with ADHD: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study (2014) · cites this paper as [26]
Behavioral assessments may be better predictors of impairment in major life activities compared with neuropsychological tests of EF.
“Compared with neuropsychological tests of EF, behavioral assessments may be better predictors of impairment in major life activities [17].”
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“We did not include ratings of EF, which have been hypothesized to be sensitive to dysfunction in ways that neuropsychological tests are not (Barkley and Fischer 2011).”
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“…806 W. Franklin Street, Richmond, VA 23284, USA S. W. Evans Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA Executive functions (EF) have received considerable research attention and have been hypothesized to underlie the functional impairments of youth with ADHD (Barkley 2001; Barkley and Fischer 2011).”
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“Thus, some have argued that questionnaire measures may better capture impairments in daily life linked to outcomes such as psychopathology (e.g., Barkley & Fischer, 2011).”
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“[27, 28] concluded that rating scales of EF are more likely to predict real-life”
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“At the same time, there is limited evidence that laboratory measures of EF reflect everyday functioning (Barkley & Fischer, 2011).”
BackgroundSymptom Manifestation and Impairments in College Students With ADHD
Gray, S. A., Fettes, P., Woltering, S., Mawjee, K., & Tannock, R. (2015) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219415576523 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Consistent with the established links between ADHD, self-reported impairment in EF, and major life activities found in the adult ADHD literature (Barkley & Fischer, 2011), these post-secondary students self-reported significant impairment related to EF difficulties in daily life.”
BackgroundExecutive Functioning Theory and ADHD
Antshel, K. M., Hier, B. O., & Barkley, R. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationMiranda, A., Colomer, C., Mercader, J., Fernández, M. I., & Presentación, M. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00545 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Executive function in fibromyalgia: Comparing subjective and objective measures
Gelonch, O., Garolera, M., Valls, J., Rosselló, L., & Pifarré, J. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.01.002 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Tamm, L., Loren, R. E. A., Peugh, J., & Ciesielski, H. A. (2020) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219420961338 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Although behavioral ratings of EF have been argued to have higher ecological validity than performance-based measures of EF (Barkley & Fischer, 2011), a more recent review concluded that both provide important, non-redundant information (Toplak et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSchiariti, V., Mahdi, S., & Bölte, S. (2018) · Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology · doi:10.1111/dmcn.13922 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“The core symptoms are inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity which cause extensive difficulties in school,(15) work,(16) social,(17) and domestic life.(18) CP is the leading cause of severe physical disability in childhood, characterized by impairments in the development of motor function and posture, it presents…”
BackgroundHolst, Y., & Thorell, L. (2020) · Applied neuropsychology. Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2018.1532429 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“…of the link between neuropsychological deficits and daily life functioning is that relations have been shown to be much stronger when neuropsychological deficits are studied using EF self-ratings rather than EF tests (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Barkley & Murphy, 2010; Potvin et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKamradt, J. M., Ullsperger, J. M., & Nikolas, M. A. (2014) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000006 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Snyder, H. R., & Hankin, B. L. (2016) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702616633157 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“This has advantages in terms of ecological validity, and some have argued in favor of using questionnaires rather than EF tasks (e.g., Barkley & Fischer, 2011).”
Flannery, A. J., Luebbe, A. M., & Becker, S. P. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22406 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Daily life EFs refer to behaviors related to self-management of time, self-organization and problem solving, self-discipline, selfmotivation, and self-activation (Barkley & Fischer, 2011).”
BackgroundExecutive functions in girls with ADHD followed prospectively into young adulthood.
Miller, M. R., Ho, J., & Hinshaw, S. P. (2012) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/a0027792 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“This method is consistent with other follow-up studies of participants with childhood-diagnosed ADHD (e.g., Barkley & Fischer, 2011).”
Neuropsychological Testing is Not Useful in the Diagnosis of ADHD: Stop It (or Prove It)!
Barkley, R. A. (2019) · The ADHD Report · doi:10.1521/adhd.2019.27.2.1 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citationSiebelink, N. M., Bögels, S. M., Speckens, A. E. M., Dammers, J. T., Wolfers, T., Buitelaar, J. K., & Greven, C. U. (2021) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13430 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Ratings of child selfcontrol are an important predictor for health, wealth, academic, occupational and crime outcomes years later (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Daly, Delaney, Egan, & Baumeister, 2015; Langberg, Dvorsky, & Evans, 2013; Moffitt et al., 2011).”
BackgroundFriedman, N. P., Hatoum, A. S., Gustavson, D. E., Corley, R. P., Hewitt, J. K., & Young, S. E. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619898814 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“These results are consistent with the suggestion that EF ratings may predict real-world impairment better than laboratory EF tasks (Barkley & Fischer, 2011), although method covariance could also explain the larger correlations between self-reported impulsivity and self-reported symptoms of…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDo Rating and Task Measures of Control Abilities Assess the Same Thing?
Friedman, N. P., & Gustavson, D. E. (2022) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09637214221091824 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Such patterns have been interpreted as evidence that rating scales are better assessments of control deficits than are tasks (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Eisenberg et al., 2019).”
BackgroundAre sluggish cognitive tempo symptoms associated with executive functioning in preschoolers?
Tamm, L., Brenner, S. B., Bamberger, M. E., & Becker, S. P. (2018) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1225707 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Daily life EF includes behaviors related to time management, organization, problemsolving, self-discipline, motivation, and activation (Barkley & Fischer, 2011) and have been shown to be significantly associated with relevant outcomes such as academic performance (Langberg, Dvorsky, & Evans, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialQuestionnaires and task-based measures assess different aspects of self-regulation: Both are needed
Friedman, N. P., & Banich, M. T. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1915315116 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Miranda, B. R., Berenguer, C., Baixauli, I., Mira, Á., Martı́nez-Raga, J., & Miranda, A. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02542-y · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, the ADHD-R group had significantly worse scores than the community group (without ADHD) on self-organization, inhibition, and selfactivation [17].”
BackgroundInfluentialAduen, P. A., Kofler, M. J., Cox, D. J., Sarver, D. E., & Lunsford, E. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.03.009 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“, 2004) and have identified two additional areas of concern: occupational functioning, (Barkley and Fischer, 2011) and motor vehicle driving (Jerome et al.”
BackgroundYang, L., Cao, Q., Shuai, L., Li, H., Chan, R. C. K., & Wang, Y. (2011) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145711001490 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tiego, J., Bellgrove, M. A., Whittle, S., Pantelis, C., & Testa, R. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12918 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wietecha, L., Williams, D., Shaywitz, S., Shaywitz, B., Hooper, S. R., Wigal, S. B., Dunn, D., & McBurnett, K. (2013) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2013.0054 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Complementary assessments of executive function in preterm and full-term preschoolers
Loe, I. M., Chatav, M., & Alduncin, N. (2015) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2014.906568 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Proponents of rating scales argue that such ratings are more ecologically valid and related to adaptive or occupational function (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Barkley & Murphy, 2010).”
BackgroundAn international clinical study of ability and disability in ADHD using the WHO-ICF framework
Mahdi, S., Ronzano, N., Knüppel, A., Dias, J. C., Albdah, A., Chien-Ho, L., Almodayfer, O., Bluschke, A., Karande, S., Huang, H.-L., et al. (2018) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-018-1124-1 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“ADHD is also characterized by cognitive difficulties [6], and impacts significantly on management of daily routines [7], school [8], work [9] and social relationships [10].”
BackgroundWante, L., Mezulis, A., Van Beveren, M.-L., & Braet, C. (2017) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2016.1212986 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“…EF components on a neuropsychological level while behavior rating scales such as the BRIEF measure global EF on a behavioral level (Pennington, 2002), both approaches are considered valuable and do not exclude one another (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Gioia, Isquith, Kenworthy, & Barton, 2002).”
BackgroundPotvin, S., Charbonneau, G., Juster, R.-P., Purdon, S., & Tourjman, S. V. (2016) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2016.06.004 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Is Adult-Onset ADHD a Distinct Entity?
Castellanos, F. X. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15070988 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Executive functioning in children and adolescents with symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD
Araujo Jiménez, E. A., Jané Ballabriga, M. C., Bonillo Martin, A., Arrufat, F. J., & Serra Giacobo, R. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713495442 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“[Wechsler, 1997] or the Tower of London Test [Shallice & Burgess, 1991], both in Barkley & Fischer, 2011).”
BackgroundMethodThorell, L. B., Holst, Y., & Sjöwall, D. (2019) · Nordic Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/08039488.2019.1646804 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“In addition, this is consistent with other ADHD research claiming that laboratory measures of executive functioning have much lower ecological validity compared to ratings as they are poorly related to different aspects of daily life functioning such as educational activities, money management, social interactions and…”
ResultGrane, V. A., Endestad, T., Pinto, A. F., & Solbakk, A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0115227 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
“Thus, early executive control deficits in ADHD appear to persist into adulthood [15], and might be consistent with self- and informant reports regarding behavioral manifestations of executive difficulties in everyday life [24–26].”
ResultNeurocognitive Predictors of ADHD Outcome: a 6-Year Follow-up Study
van Lieshout, M., Luman, M., Twisk, J., Faraone, S., Heslenfeld, D., Hartman, C., Hoekstra, P., Franke, B., Buitelaar, J., Rommelse, N., et al. (2016) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0175-3 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Thorell, L. B., Lazarević, N., Milovanović, I. Z., & Ignjatović, V. B. (2020) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2020.1726885 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“One reason for this is that ratings have been shown to be more strongly related to daily life functioning compared to tests (e.g., Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Barkley & Murphy, 2010).”
BackgroundCarmassi, C., Conti, L., Gravina, D., Nardi, B., & Dell’Osso, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.900277 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Knouse, L. E., Feldman, G. C., & Blevins, E. J. (2014) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2014.07.001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Weisberg, O., Gal‐Oz, A., Berkowitz, R., Weiss‐Klayman, N., Peretz, O., Azoulai, S., KoplemanRubin, D., & Zuckerman, O. (2014) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/2593968.2610475 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Behavioral manifestations of poor EF are Organization, Time Management, and Planning (OTMP) difficulties, which adversely affect children's functioning and persist through adulthood [2].”
BackgroundWorking Memory Training in Post-Secondary Students with ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Study
Mawjee, K., Woltering, S., & Tannock, R. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0137173 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Far Transfer Measures consisted of: 1) The Cognitive Failures Questionnaire was used to assess self-reported errors in memory, perception, and motor function when completing everyday tasks; the questionnaire has been found to have good external validity and stability over time [38], 2) The Barkley Deficits in Executiv…”
MethodMetacognitive executive function training for young children with ADHD: a proof-of-concept study
Tamm, L., & Nakonezny, P. A. (2015) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-014-0162-x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“The BRIEF is thought to provide a picture of idiographic cognitive functioning of an individual (McCandless and O’Laughlin 2007), which differs notably from laboratory-based tasks of EF that may lack real-world ecological validity (Barkley and Fischer 2011; Toplak et al. 2013).”
Graziano, P. A., Garb, L., Ros, R., Hart, K. C., & Garcia, A. M. (2015) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2016.1102019 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Children with EBP, such as those diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), often experience EF deficits (see Willcutt, Doyle, Nigg, Faraone, & Pennington, 2005, for a review) that are predictive of their impairments in academic functioning (Barkley & Fischer, 2011).”
BackgroundKamradt, J. M., Nikolas, M. A., Burns, G. L., Garner, A. A., Jarrett, M. A., Luebbe, A. M., & Becker, S. P. (2019) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191119869823 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“Other work has demonstrated little overlap between EF tasks and ratings, particularly, self-report ratings of EF (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Bogod, Mateer, & MacDonald, 2003; Toplak, West, & Stanovich, 2013).”
Background“Cognitive control in media multitaskers” ten years on: A meta-analysis
Parry, D. A., & Le Roux, D. B. (2021) · Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace · doi:10.5817/cp2021-2-7 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…secondly, that other confounding factors that account for the difference between self-reported and task-based measures of executive functioning (e.g., goals, motivations, and other contextual factors; Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Lin, 2009) may also account for differences involving media multitasking.”
BackgroundKnouse, L. E., Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.064 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Others, however, have challenged EF tests as the gold standard for assessing EF deficits (Barkley, 2011, 2012; Barkley and Fischer, 2011; Barkley and Murphy, 2011; Barkley and Murphy, 2010).”
Self-citationLimbers, C. A., & Young, D. A. (2015) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105315573470 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“When utilized in isolation, these measures have yielded conflicting findings and failed to consistently predict group differences (Barkley and Fischer, 2011; Rice and Weyandt, 2000; Shuster and Toplak, 2009).”
Adler, L. A., Dirks, B., Deas, P., Raychaudhuri, A., Dauphin, M., Saylor, K., & Weisler, R. (2013) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-13-253 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Compared with neuropsychological tests of EF, behavioral assessments may be better predictors of impairment in major life activities [17].”
The Assessment of Executive Functioning Using the Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scales
Barkley, R. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_15 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationAu, A., Lau, K., Wong, A., Lam, C., Leung, C., Lau, J., & Lee, Y.-K. (2014) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12053 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Cao, P., Xing, J. Q., Cao, Y., Cheng, Q., Sun, X., Kang, Q., Dai, L., Zhou, X., & Song, Z.-X. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s182527 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“But for relatively boring tasks, the difference between the two groups was significant.(51,52) Third, individual difference and the emotional status in ADHD patients during test may also affect the outcome.”
Halleland, H. B., Sørensen, L., Posserud, M.-B. R., Haavik, J., & Lundervold, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054714564622 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
González, R. A., Kallis, C., & Coid, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0075575 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Interventions for ADHD and Violence ADHD is an impairing [56] lifelong condition in adults and is under-diagnosed and untreated in many European countries [57].”
BackgroundClinical correlates of sluggish cognitive tempo in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder
Duncan, A., Tamm, L., Birnschein, A. M., & Becker, S. P. (2019) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361318811329 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“Daily life EFs include behaviors related to time management, organization and problem solving, self-discipline, motivation, and activation (Barkley and Fischer, 2011).”
BackgroundSimone, A. N., Marks, D. J., Bedard, A., & Halperin, J. M. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0288-3 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“For the first scenario, several studies (Barkley and Fischer 2011; Barkley and Murphy 2010) have shown that children’s performance on tests in an individual setting is often not strongly predictive to real-world environments (e.”
ADHD symptoms in non-treatment seeking young adults: relationship with other forms of impulsivity
Chamberlain, S. R., Ioannidis, K., Leppink, E. W., Niaz, F., Redden, S. A., & Grant, J. E. (2016) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852915000875 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Neuropsychological deficits in adults age 60 and above with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Thorell, L. B., Holst, Y., Chistiansen, H., Kooij, J. J. S., Bijlenga, D., & Sjöwall, D. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.06.005 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Although neuropsychological tests have the advantage of not being influenced by rater bias, they often have poorer ecological validity compared to ratings [29,30].”
BackgroundInitial Examination of the BRIEF2 in Clinically Referred Children With and Without ADHD Symptoms
Jacobson, L. A., Pritchard, A. E., Koriakin, T. A., Jones, K. E., & Mahone, E. M. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716663632 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Ludwig, N. N., Sil, S., Khowaja, M., Cohen, L. L., & Dampier, C. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsy057 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Irwin, L. N., Soto, E. F., Chan, E. S. M., Miller, C. E., Carrington-Forde, S., Groves, N. B., & Kofler, M. J. (2021) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2020.1866521 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…study, we selected a global, parent-report measure of ADLs because (a) adults with ADHD demonstrate difficulties with daily living skills and ADLs (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Barkley & Murphy, 2010), and (b) the concurrent validity of these scales has been demonstrated relative to global as well as…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMullin, B. C., Perks, E. L., Haraden, D. A., Snyder, H. R., & Hankin, B. L. (2018) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191118820133 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Similarly, in a large longitudinal study of youth with hyperactivity, Barkley and Fischer (2011) found that scores from a selfreport measure of EF (Deficits in Executive Function Interview) served as much stronger predictors of ADHD persistence and impairment into adulthood than performance-based…”
BackgroundExecutive function deficits associated with current and past major depressive symptoms
Bredemeier, K., Warren, S. L., Berenbaum, H., Miller, G. A., & Heller, W. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.03.070 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…outside the lab, potential impact of state/contextual factors), Study 2 utilized a self-report questionnaire designed to assess EF in the everyday life and thus potentially capture more pervasive EF difficulties (which may be more predictive of functional impairment; see Barkley & Fischer, 2011).”
MethodSjöwall, D., & Thorell, L. B. (2019) · Applied Neuropsychology Adult · doi:10.1080/23279095.2019.1704287 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Some previous studies have found that the relation to daily functioning is stronger when executive deficits are measured using self-ratings rather than tests (Barkley & Fischer, 2011; Barkley & Murphy, 2010, 2011).”
BackgroundNeuropsychological functioning of individuals at clinical evaluation of adult ADHD
Guo, N., Fuermaier, A. B. M., Koerts, J., Mueller, B. W., Diers, K., Mroß, A., Mette, C., Tucha, L., & Tucha, O. (2021) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-020-02281-0 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Agnew-Blais, J. C., Polanczyk, G. V., Danese, A., Wertz, J., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719003015 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Among studies that have examined IQ among persisters and remitters in adolescence/young adulthood, several found no differences in IQ (Barkley and Fischer, 2011; Mick et al., 2011).”
Solanto, M. V., Surman, C. B. H., & Alvir, J. M. J. (2018) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-018-0253-1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Overall, adaptive impairment is highly correlated with the executive dysfunction that is characteristic of ADHD (Barkley and Fischer 2011).”
BackgroundMueller, A. K., Tucha, L., Koerts, J., Groen, Y., Lange, K., & Tucha, O. (2014) · Journal of Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/2049-9256-2-5 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Furthermore, previous research has shown that EF selfratings are more sensitive to particular EF related symptoms than neuropsychological tests [46].”
BackgroundThe Assessment of Executive Functioning Using the Childhood Executive Functioning Inventory (CHEXI)
Thorell, L. B., & Catale, C. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8106-5_20 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Barkley, R. A., & Fischer, M.
- Affiliations
- Medical University of South Carolina (US)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barkley, Russell A.
- Venue
- Developmental Neuropsychology
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2011-01-31
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 137-161
- ISSN
- 1532-6942 (ISSN-L)
- 8756-5641
- OpenAlex
- W2116091704
- Cited by
- 413
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 18.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Developmental Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH042181, MH42181)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, executive dysfunction, major life activities, occupational functioning, hyperactive children, longitudinal follow-up, work history
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Cognition Disorders, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Interview, Psychological, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Occupations, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Severity of Illness Index, Statistics as Topic, Executive Function, Self Report
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