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The puzzle of sex, gender and Alzheimer’s disease: Why are women more often affected than men?

Andrew, Melissa K, Tierney, Mary C·2018·Women's Health
DOI 10.1177/1745506518817995PMC PMC6311541
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Abstract

Objective: There are impressive differences in the incidence, prevalence and experience of women and men with Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Notably, two-thirds of those with AD, the most common form of dementia, are women. Our objective was to provide a literature-based framework to understand these sex and gender differences in AD. Methods: We conducted a narrative review to examine sex and gender influences on AD. Results: We present a framework to understanding why these sex and gender differences exist in AD. This includes the influence of longevity (women live longer than men), biological differences (hormonal differences, epigenetics and frailty), differences in cognitive performance (women and men tend to perform differently on some cognitive tests), and gendered social roles and opportunities (educational and occupational opportunities, functional roles post-retirement). Our review clearly indicates the complex interaction of these sex and gender differences and variability within each. Conclusions: Given these important sex and gender differences in AD, we provide recommendations and steps forward describing how both sex and gender should be considered in dementia diagnosis and management and in the design and implementation of dementia research, including studies of caregiving interventions and models of dementia care.

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Metadata

Authors
Andrew, M. K., & Tierney, M. C.
Affiliations
  • Division of Geriatric Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
  • Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
ORCID
Andrew, Melissa K
Venue
Women's Health
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2018-01
Volume
14
ISSN
  • 1745-5057
  • 1745-5065
DOI
10.1177/1745506518817995
PMC
PMC6311541
Cited by
75
References
7
Language
en
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)

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CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The puzzle of sex, gender and Alzheimer’s disease: Why are women more often affected than men? https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1177/1745506518817995
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Andrew, M. K., & Tierney, M. C. (2018). The puzzle of sex, gender and Alzheimer’s disease: Why are women more often affected than men? Women's Health. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745506518817995