The Brain on Stress: Toward an Integrative Approach to Brain, Body, and Behavior
Open accessAbstract
The discovery of stress-hormone receptors in the hippocampal formation has fostered research showing that the brain, including its higher cognitive centers, is the key organ of the response to stressors, in terms of both perception of what is stressful and its ability to determine the consequences of stress for brain and body via the neuroendocrine, autonomic, immune, and metabolic systems. These systems, in turn, are responsible for either successful adaptation or pathophysiology as a result of the cumulative burden of adaptation to stress and maladaptive lifestyle, which is known as “allostatic load.” The brain itself is also a target of stress and stress-related hormones, and it undergoes structural and functional remodeling and significant changes in gene expression. These changes are adaptive under normal circumstances but can lead to damage when stress is excessive. The growing recognition of the adaptive plasticity and stress vulnerability of the brain itself, which began with research on the hippocampus, now includes other brain regions such as the amygdala and prefrontal cortex and fear-related memories, working memory, and self-regulatory behaviors. The interactions between these brain regions during the biological embedding of experiences over the life course determines whether events in the social and physical environment will lead to successful adaptation or to maladaptation and impaired mental and physical health, with implications for understanding health disparities and the impact of early life adversity and for intervention and prevention strategies.
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Short disruptions or acute stress followed by rapid recoveries function as neural exercises promoting resilience.
“Short disruptions or acute stress followed by rapid recoveries would function as neural exercises promoting resilience.”
From Polyvagal Theory: A Science of Safety (2022) · cites this paper as McEwen, 2013
In “Stress Through the Lifespan” (page unavailable), the paper says acute stress can have positive, adaptive effects, in contrast to chronic stress. It does not say that short disruptions followed by rapid recovery act as neural exercises or promote resilience. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUpregulations in the HPA-axis and inflammatory systems are central to the pathogenesis of stress-related illness.
“Intermediate phenotypes comprised of upregulations in these systems are thought to be central to the pathogenesis of stress-related illness (McEwen, 2013).”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as McEwen, 2013
Allostatic load is a process through which failure to adapt to repeated or chronic stress leads to wear-and-tear on the body.
“allostatic load, a process through which an individual’s failure to adapt to conditions of repeated or chronic stress leads to wear-and tear on the body (McEwen, 2013; McEwen, 1998).”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as McEwen, 2013
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Stress als Risikofaktor für körperliche und psychische Gesundheitsbeeinträchtigungen
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- Authors
- McEwen, B. S.
- Affiliations
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McEwen, Bruce S.
- ORCID
- McEwen, Bruce S.
- Venue
- Perspectives on Psychological Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-11
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 673-675
- ISSN
- 1745-6916 (ISSN-L)
- 1745-6924
- PMC
- PMC4159187
- OpenAlex
- W2047200192
- Cited by
- 237
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 5.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Perspectives on Psychological Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH041256)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- stress, stress hormones, hippocampus, allostatic load, neuroplasticity, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, fear memory, working memory, self-regulation, biological embedding, childhood adversity, health disparities, neuroendocrine system, autonomic systems, immune system, metabolic systems, maladaptive stress response
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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