Rumination, Worry, Cognitive Avoidance, and Behavioral Avoidance: Examination of Temporal Effects
Abstract
Recently, cross-sectional research has demonstrated that depressive rumination is significantly associated with the tendency to engage in cognitive and behavioral avoidance. This evidence suggests that rumination may be the result of attempts to avoid personally threatening thoughts, in a manner suggested by multiple contemporary theories of worry. This investigation examined the temporal relationship among daily levels of cognitive avoidance, behavioral avoidance, rumination, worry, and negative affect. Seventy-eight adolescents completed baseline questionnaires and then electronically completed daily measures of rumination, worry, behavioral avoidance, and cognitive avoidance, as well as sad and anxious affect for 7 days. Lagged-effect multilevel models indicated that increases in daily sadness were predicted by greater daily rumination and cognitive avoidance. Increases in daily anxiety were predicted by greater daily rumination, worry, and both cognitive and behavioral avoidance. Further, both daily rumination and worry were positively predicted by daily cognitive, but not behavioral, avoidance. Mediation analyses suggested that rumination mediated the effect of cognitive avoidance on both sadness and anxiety. Also, worry mediated the effect of cognitive avoidance on anxiety. Implications for models of avoidance, rumination, and worry are discussed.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
More cognitive avoidance predicts an increase in daily anxiety.
“More cognitive avoidance has been proven to predict an increase in daily anxiety.29”
From EMDR treatment for anxiety in MS patients: A pilot study (2020) · cites this paper as [29]
In adolescents over 7 days, cognitive avoidance predicted subsequent rumination, worry and sadness, while behavioural avoidance was only predictive of subsequent anxiety.
“They found that while cognitive avoidance predicted subsequent rumination, worry and sadness, behavioural avoidance was only predictive of subsequent anxiety.”
From The Mediating Relationship between Maladaptive Behaviours, Cognitive Factors, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Symptoms (2018) · cites this paper as Dickson, Ciesla, and Reilly (2012)
Cites
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods.
Longford, N. T., Bryk, A. S., & Raudenbush, S. W. (1993) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2075823 · Cited by 18,768 · see citing works
Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods
Davidian, M. (2003) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2003.s288 · Cited by 13,820 · see citing works
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
Singer, J. D., & Willett, J. B. (2003) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195152968.001.0001 · Cited by 10,647 · see citing works
(2008) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 7,477 · see citing works
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x · Cited by 5,172 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire
Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(90)90135-6 · Cited by 5,099 · see citing works
Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.100.4.569 · Cited by 4,529 · see citing works
Rumination reconsidered: a psychometric analysis.
Treynor, W., Gonzalez, R., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023910315561 · Cited by 3,808 · see citing works
The PANAS-X: Manual for the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule - Expanded Form
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1994) · doi:10.17077/48vt-m4t2 · Cited by 3,697 · see citing works
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.1.115 · Cited by 3,276 · see citing works
The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/depressive symptoms.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.109.3.504 · Cited by 2,998 · see citing works
Constructive and unconstructive repetitive thought
Watkins, E. R. (2008) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.134.2.163 · Cited by 2,421 · see citing works
(2018) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781506326139.n404 · Cited by 1,538 · see citing works
Distribution of the product confidence limits for the indirect effect: Program PRODCLIN
MacKinnon, D. P., Fritz, M. S., Williams, J. G., & Lockwood, C. M. (2007) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/bf03193007 · Cited by 1,328 · see citing works
Multilevel Modeling of Individual and Group Level Mediated Effects
Krull, J. L., & MacKinnon, D. P. (2001) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr3602_06 · Cited by 1,325 · see citing works
Effects of self-focused rumination on negative thinking and interpersonal problem solving.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1995) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.69.1.176 · Cited by 1,162 · see citing works
Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood
Nolen-hoeksema, S., & Morrow, J. (1993) · Cognition and Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699939308409206 · Cited by 1,000 · see citing works
Meta-Cognition and worry: A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder
Wells, A. (1995) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465800015897 · Cited by 866 · see citing works
Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: Modeling Change and Event Occurrence
Anderson, C. J. (2005) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2005.s7 · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018790003416 · Cited by 802 · see citing works
Adult Outcomes of Childhood and Adolescent Depression: I. Psychiatric Status
Harrington, R. (1990) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1990.01810170065010 · Cited by 764 · see citing works
Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.65.2.339 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory.
Just, N., & Alloy, L. B. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.106.2.221 · Cited by 697 · see citing works
Rumination as a common mechanism relating depressive risk factors to depression.
Spasojevic, J., & Alloy, L. B. (2001) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.1.1.25 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Worry and rumination: Repetitive thought as a concomitant and predictor of negative mood
Segerstrom, S. C., Tsao, J. C. I., Alden, L. E., & Craske, M. G. (2000) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1005587311498 · Cited by 599 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., & Llera, S. J. (2011) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2011.01.008 · Cited by 598 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Since then, several theories examining the relationship between emotional dysfunction and the use of worry have conceptualized worry as an avoidance strategy (see Newman & Llera, 2011, for a review).”
BackgroundRamel1, W., Goldin, P. R., Carmona, P. E., & McQuaid, J. R. (2004) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/b:cotr.0000045557.15923.96 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder
Evans, S., Ferrando, S., Findler, M., Stowell, C., Smart, C., & Haglin, D. (2008) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2007.07.005 · Cited by 559 · see citing works
(1994) · Cited by 553 · see citing works
An empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression
Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023962332399 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
The response styles theory of depression: Tests and an extension of the theory.
Just, N., & Alloy, L. B. (1997) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.106.2.221 · Cited by 542 · see citing works
Rumination and overgeneral memory in depression: Effects of self-focus and analytic thinking.
Watkins, E., & Teasdale, J. D. (2001) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.110.2.333 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Robinson, M. S., & Alloy, L. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023914416469 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Age and Gender Effects on Coping in Children and Adolescents
Hampel, P., & Petermann, F. (2005) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-005-3207-9 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
Self-perpetuating properties of dysphoric rumination.
Lyubomirsky, S., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1993) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.65.2.339 · Cited by 480 · see citing works
Avoidance and depression: the construction of the Cognitive–Behavioral Avoidance Scale
Ottenbreit, N. D., & Dobson, K. S. (2004) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(03)00140-2 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Fresco, D. M., Frankel, A. N., Mennin, D. S., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2002) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1014517718949 · Cited by 456 · see citing works
Watkins, E. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2005) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.5.3.319 · Cited by 450 · see citing works
Ruminative Self-Focus and Negative Affect
Moberly, N., & Watkins, E. (2008) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.117.2.314 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
Roberts, J. E., Gilboa, E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1998) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1018713313894 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
Adult outcomes of childhood and adolescent depression.
Rc, H. (1991) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts.
Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Roper, D. W. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.55.6.882 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Gender differences in responses to depressed mood in a college sample
Butler, L. D., & Nolen–Hoeksema, S. (1994) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/bf01420597 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Abela, J. R., Brozina, K., & Haigh, E. (2002) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1019873015594 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Jose, P., & Brown, I. J. (2008) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-006-9166-y · Cited by 372 · see citing works
Comparisons between rumination and worry in a non-clinical population
Watkins, E. R., Moulds, M. L., & Mackintosh, B. (2005) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2004.11.008 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Wells, A. (2005) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-005-1652-0 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Depression and mental control: The resurgence of unwanted negative thoughts.
Wenzlaff, R. M., Wegner, D. M., & Roper, D. W. (1988) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.55.6.882 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The relationship between rumination, avoidance and depression in a non-clinical sample.
Moulds, M. L., Kandris, E., Starr, S., & Wong, A. C. M. (2007) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2006.03.003 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Rumination, negative cognition, and their interactive effects on depressed mood.
Ciesla, J. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.3.555 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Self-citationAbela, J. R. Z., Vanderbilt, E., & Rochon, A. (2004) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.23.5.653.50752 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
The Role of Thought Suppression in Depressive Rumination
Wenzlaff, R. M., & Luxton, D. D. (2003) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1023/a:1023966400540 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Rumination and Experiential Avoidance in Depression
Cribb, G., Moulds, M. L., & Carter, S. (2006) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1375/bech.23.3.165 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Park, R. J., Goodyer, I. M., & Teasdale, J. D. (2004) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.t01-1-00291.x · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Worry, problem elaboration and suppression of imagery: the role of concreteness
Stöber, J. (1998) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(98)00027-8 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Calmes, C. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-006-9026-9 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Worrying. Perspectives on theory, assessment and treatment
Edelman, R. (1994) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/0191-8869(94)90055-8 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Rumination in adolescents at risk for depression
Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., & Cook, W. (2006) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.017 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
A Prospective Test of the Clinical Metacognitive Model of Rumination and Depression
Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2009) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2009.2.2.123 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Calmes, C. A., & Roberts, J. E. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9447-6 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Carey, V. J. (2007) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1198/jasa.2007.s202 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The multidimensional assessment and management of recurrent pain syndromes in children
McGrath, P. A. (1987) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/0005-7967(87)90003-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ciesla, J. A., Felton, J. W., & Roberts, J. E. (2011) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2010.543330 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationUncertain Self–Esteem and Future Thinking in Depression Vulnerability
Luxton, D. D., Ingram, R. E., & Wenzlaff, R. M. (2006) · Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1521/jscp.2006.25.8.840 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Reflecting on rumination: Consequences, causes, mechanisms and treatment of rumination
Watkins, E. R., & Roberts, H. (2020) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2020.103573 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
The structure of common emotion regulation strategies: A meta-analytic examination
Naragon-Gainey, K., McMahon, T. P., & Chacko, T. P. (2017) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000093 · Cited by 588 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Llera, S. J., Erickson, T. M., Przeworski, A., & Castonguay, L. G. (2013) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050212-185544 · Cited by 472 · see citing works
Zimmerman, M., & Mattia, J. I. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.787 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Ruscio, A. M., Gentes, E. L., Jones, J. D., Hallion, L. S., Coleman, E. S., & Swendsen, J. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000025 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Ciesla, J. A., Reilly, L. C., Dickson, K. S., Emanuel, A. S., & Updegraff, J. A. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2012.698724 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationBeliefs about emotion: implications for avoidance-based emotion regulation and psychological health
Castella, K. D., Platow, M. J., Tamir, M., & Gross, J. J. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2017.1353485 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Eisma, M. C., Stroebe, M. S., Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, W., Boelen, P. A., & van den Bout, J. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0034051 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2013) · Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12038 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“A more recent study by Dickson, Ciesla, and Reilly (2012) found that both rumination and worry prospectively mediated the relationship of cognitive avoidance with anxiety over a 7-day period, but only rumination mediated the relationship of cognitive avoidance with sadness.”
BackgroundFung, J., Kim, J. J., Jin, J., Chen, G., Bear, L., & Lau, A. S. (2019) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0425-7 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Wahl, K., Ehring, T., Kley, H., Lieb, R., Meyer, A., Kordon, A., Heinzel, C. V., Mazanec, M., & Schönfeld, S. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.02.006 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Pathways towards the proliferation of avoidance in anxiety and implications for treatment.
Arnaudova, I., Kindt, M., Fanselow, M., & Beckers, T. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.04.004 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Cookson, C., Luzon, O., Newland, J., & Kingston, J. (2020) · Psychology and Psychotherapy Theory Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/papt.12233 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Newman, M. G., Jacobson, N. C., Zainal, N. H., Shin, K. E., Szkodny, L. E., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2019) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702619827019 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
An examination of avoidance in major depression in comparison to social anxiety disorder
Ottenbreit, N. D., Dobson, K. S., & Quigley, L. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.03.005 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Newman, D. B., & Nezlek, J. B. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.039 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Mahoney, A. E. J., Hobbs, M. J., Newby, J. M., Williams, A. D., Sunderland, M., & Andrews, G. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.06.020 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Kalmbach, D. A., Abelson, J. L., Arnedt, J. T., Zhao, Z., Schubert, J. R., & Sen, S. (2018) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2018.12.001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Rumination following bereavement: an overview
Eisma, M. C., & Stroebe, M. S. (2017) · Bereavement Care · doi:10.1080/02682621.2017.1349291 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Repetitive Thought Impairs Sleep Quality: An Experience Sampling Study
Takano, K., Sakamoto, S., & Tanno, Y. (2013) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2013.09.004 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
How thinking hurts: Rumination, worry, and avoidance processes in adjustment to bereavement
Eisma, M., de Lang, T. A., & Boelen, P. (2020) · Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.2440 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
A naturalistic examination of negative affect and disorder-related rumination in anorexia nervosa
Seidel, M., Petermann, J., Diestel, S., Ritschel, F., Boehm, I., King, J. A., Geisler, D., Bernardoni, F., Roessner, V., Goschke, T., et al. (2016) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-016-0844-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Rumination and implicit avoidance following bereavement: An approach avoidance task investigation
Eisma, M. C., Rinck, M., Stroebe, M. S., Schut, H. A. W., Boelen, P. A., Stroebe, W., & van den Bout, J. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2014.11.010 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Scotta, A. V., Cortez, M. V., & Miranda, A. R. (2020) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2020.1869796 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Are Rumination and Worry Two Sides of the Same Coin? A Structural Equation Modelling Approach
Topper, M., Molenaar, D., Emmelkamp, P., & Ehring, T. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.038813 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Sodawan, A., & Hsu, R. L. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su141912002 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Is Rumination after Bereavement Linked with Loss Avoidance? Evidence from Eye-Tracking
Eisma, M. C., Schut, H. A. W., Stroebe, M., van den Bout, J., Stroebe, W., & Boelen, P. A. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104980 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Affective Benefits of Nature Contact: The Role of Rumination
Bratman, G. N., Young, G., Mehta, A., Lee Babineaux, I., Daily, G. C., & Gross, J. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.643866 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Stephenson, K. R. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0652-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Kalmbach, D. A., Pillai, V., & Drake, C. L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0192088 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Quigley, L., Wen, A., & Dobson, K. S. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.07.015 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gärtner, A., Behnke, A., Conrad, D., Kolassa, I., & Rojas, R. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02744 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Huang, V., Yu, M., Carleton, R. N., & Beshai, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0224865 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Trauma-focused treatments for depression. A systematic review and meta-analysis
Dominguez, S. K., Matthijssen, S. J. M. A., & Lee, C. W. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254778 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Adolescents’ Daily Worries and Risky Behaviors: The Buffering Role of Support Seeking
Arbel, R., Perrone, L., & Margolin, G. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1169536 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
A Daily Diary Study of Rumination and Health Behaviors: Modeling Moderators and Mediators
Riley, K. E., Park, C. L., & Laurenceau, J. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kay081 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Zeytinoglu, S., Morales, S., Lorenzo, N. E., Chronis-Tuscano, A. M., Degnan, K. A., Almas, A. N., Henderson, H. A., Pine, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.01.021 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sahib, A., Chen, J., Cárdenas, D., Calear, A. L., & Wilson, C. (2024) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2024.08.056 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Ruminative Inertia and Its Association With Current Severity and Lifetime Course of Depression
Bean, C., Heggeness, L. F., Kalmbach, D. A., & Ciesla, J. (2020) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702620949174 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationEpkins, C. C. (2016) · Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment · doi:10.1007/s10862-015-9502-1 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Vîslă, A., Zinbarg, R., Hilpert, P., Allemand, M., & Flückiger, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.722881 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Transdiagnostic View on Worrying and Other Negative Mental Content
Ehring, T. W., & Behar, E. (2020) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch4 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Ahmed, S., & Bee, A. W. T. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2182609 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Starr, L., Huang, M., & Scarpulla, E. (2021) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2021.07.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Depressive rumination and experiential avoidance: A task based exploration
Thomas, J., Raynor, M., & Ribott, D. (2014) · Personality and Mental Health · doi:10.1002/pmh.1276 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Mahoney, A., Hobbs, M. J., Newby, J. M., Williams, A. D., & Andrews, G. (2017) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465817000455 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Weiss, N. H., Risi, M. M., Sullivan, T. P., Armeli, S., & Tennen, H. A. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.015 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Weinstock, L. M., Chou, T., Hoyos, C. C.-D., Miller, I. W., & Gruber, J. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9945-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Gordani, Y., & Sadeghzadeh, M. (2023) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-023-09938-3 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Smith, A. R., Jones, E., Subar, A. R., Quyen, B., Kircanski, K., Leibenluft, E., Brotman, M. A., Pine, D. S., & Silk, J. S. (2022) · JCPP Advances · doi:10.1002/jcv2.12084 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Dickson, K. S., & Ciesla, J. A. (2018) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-018-0029-6 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Self-citationAlawadhi, Y. T., Smith, M. R., & King, K. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23458 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Gutenbrunner, C., Salmon, K., & Jose, P. E. (2018) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579418000457 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Flujas-Contreras, J. M., García-Palacios, A., & Gómez, I. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095014 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Interpersonal Violence and Mental Health Outcomes: Mediation by Self-efficacy and Coping
Magalhães, E., Grych, J. H., Ferreira, C., Antunes, C., Prioste, A., & Jongenelen, I. (2021) · Victims & Offenders · doi:10.1080/15564886.2021.1880508 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
EMDR treatment for anxiety in MS patients: A pilot study
Wallis, O. C., & de Vries, J. (2020) · Multiple Sclerosis Journal - Experimental, Translational and Clinical · doi:10.1177/2055217320974388 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“More cognitive avoidance has been proven to predict an increase in daily anxiety.(29) The level of cognitive avoidance can be measured with the CAQ, which has been reported to have excellent psychometric properties,(30) although it has not yet been researched for its use in MS patients.”
BackgroundGonzález, M., Ibáñez, I., & Barrera, A. (2017) · Acta Colombiana de Psicología · doi:10.14718/acp.2017.20.2.3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Mahoney, A. E. J., Hobbs, M. J., Williams, A. D., Andrews, G., & Newby, J. M. (2018) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2018.13 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wytykowska, A., Fajkowska, M., & Skimina, E. (2022) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111489 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Anniko, M., Boersma, K., & Tillfors, M. (2018) · Nordic Psychology · doi:10.1080/19012276.2017.1323665 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
More expectations, more disappointments: Ego depletion in uncertain promotion
Tang, J., Zhou, J., Zheng, C., & Jiao, S. (2022) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.102916 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
García‐Poole, C., Byrne, S., & López, M. J. R. (2018) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12450 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Edge, D., Newbold, A., Ehring, T. W., Rosenkranz, T., Frost, M. M., & Watkins, E. R. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03536-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Montalescot, L., Dorard, G., Speyer, É., Legrand, K., Ayav, C., Combe, C., Stengel, B., & Untas, A. (2022) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s40620-022-01345-6 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Daily worry, rumination, and sleep in late life
Zhou, Z., Birditt, K. S., Leger, K. A., & Fingerman, K. L. (2024) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111622 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rojas‐Méndez, J. I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.737917 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Lim, C. J., Pizarro‐Campagna, E., Havighurst, S. S., Zhang, X., Radovini, A., & Kehoe, C. E. (2023) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2023.200278 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Edge, D., Watkins, E. R., Newbold, A., Ehring, T. W., Frost, M. M., & Rosenkranz, T. (2024) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/51932 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Katz, B. A., & Yovel, I. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.01.017 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wisco, B. E., Vrshek‐Schallhorn, S., May, C. L., Campbell, A. A., Nomamiukor, F. O., & Pugach, C. P. (2023) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22905 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Rodríguez, M. G., Ramı́rez, G., Brajin, M. D. M., & Pérez, C. E. L. (2017) · Ansiedad y Estrés · doi:10.1016/j.anyes.2017.09.005 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Heggeness, L. F., Bean, C. A. L., Kalmbach, D. A., & Ciesla, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22978 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationLópez, C. M., Felton, J. W., Driscoll, K. A., & Kistner, J. A. (2012) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1521/ijct.2012.5.3.240 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
The Contrast Avoidance Model: Conclusion and synthesis of new research in the special issue
Przeworski, A., & Newman, M. G. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102830 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Stulcbauer, L. B., Chen, W., Gross, J. J., Krueger, R. F., & Preece, D. A. (2024) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2024.38.4.311 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The Relative Effects of Abstract Versus Concrete Processing on Proactivity in Depression
Dey, S., Newell, B. R., & Moulds, M. L. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.07.001 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yang, Q., Yang, L., Yang, C., Wu, X., Xu, Z., & Wang, X. (2024) · Australian Critical Care · doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2024.03.008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Belmans, E., Raes, F., Vervliet, B., & Takano, K. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103823 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hong, S. J. (2020) · Health Risk & Society · doi:10.1080/13698575.2020.1852535 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Soodalter, J. A., Siegle, G. J., Klein‐Fedyshin, M., Arnold, R., & Schenker, Y. (2017) · Patient Education and Counseling · doi:10.1016/j.pec.2017.12.008 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
DiPierro, M., Fite, P. J., & Gudiño, O. G. (2020) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105879 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Factors Associated with Children’s Subjective Wellbeing During COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh
Goswami, H., Goswami, G. G., Banik, B. K., & Khalil, M. I. (2023) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-023-10044-y · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Psychometric Properties of the Dutch Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire
Vanderveren, E., Debeer, E., Craeynest, M., Hermans, D., & Raes, F. (2020) · Psychologica Belgica · doi:10.5334/pb.522 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Allen, M. T. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.5330 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Trow, J. E., Jones, A. M., & McDonald, R. J. (2019) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.05.017 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Riddle, K. E., Di, Z., Kim, S., Myung, E., Tay, S. K., & Xu, F. (2016) · Entertainment Computing · doi:10.1016/j.entcom.2016.10.004 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Marcos-Escobar, G., Gómez, M. E., & Unanue, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1668518 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Peker, A., Cengiz, S., & Eroğlu, Y. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05864-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kilic, Z., McKone, K. M. P., Stout, C. D., Grad-Freilich, M. J., Ladouceur, C. D., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Silk, J. (2024) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-024-00258-w · Cited by 4 · see citing works
High‐trait anxious individuals show positive relationship between HRV and threat vigilance
Miller, A. E., Barros, I., Callendar, A., Schroeder, G., Shakeshaft, M., St.Ours, S., Lucero, J., & Miller, K. (2023) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.14282 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Mixed-Methods Investigation of Adolescents’ Beliefs About the Causes of Depression
Ahuvia, I. L., Chen, S., Gordon, L. H., Fox, K. R., & Schleider, J. L. (2024) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584241256605 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Beesdo‐Baum, K., & Hilbert, K. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13060-6_1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Firouzabad, Y. H., Nejad, S. B., & Davoudi, I. (2018) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.29252/nirp.ijpcp.23.4.424 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire: Factor structure and psychometric properties.
Latorre, J. M., López, M. N., Payeras, M., Ros, L., Heras, J., & Ricarte, J. J. (2020) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.397711 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Tridimensional model of CBT: a transdiagnostic and transtheoretical pragmatic model
Özdel, K., & Türkçapar, M. H. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1555047 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Khodarahimi, S., Mirderikvand, F., & Amraei, K. (2020) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2020.11.011 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Challenging Parenting Behaviour and Anxiety Disorders in Emerging Adulthood
Chan, E. W. T., Wong, K. T. C., & Clark, L. H. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-022-02434-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chen, Y., Thissen, D., Anand, D., Chen, L. H., Liang, H., & Daughters, S. B. (2019) · European Journal of Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1027/1015-5759/a000525 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Introduction to a special issue on the contrast avoidance model
Newman, M. G., & Przeworski, A. (2024) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2024.102831 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Stuck in thought: Temporal interplay between cognitive building blocks of rumination
Tamm, G., Koster, E. H. W., Henry, T. R., & Hoorelbeke, K. (2025) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2025.104788 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Dickson, K. S., Ciesla, J. A., & Reilly, L. C.
- Affiliations
- Kent State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ciesla, Jeffrey A.
- Venue
- Behavior Therapy
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-09
- Volume
- 43
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 629-640
- ISSN
- 0005-7894 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2054425464
- Cited by
- 173
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavior Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- rumination, worry, cognitive avoidance, behavioral avoidance, negative affect, sadness, anxiety, adolescents, temporal dynamics, mediation, lagged effects
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Anxiety, Avoidance Learning, Cognition, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Psychological, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Thinking, Time Factors
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
