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Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases
Open accessAbstract
More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors is primarily associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The cytosolic segment of each IL-1 receptor family member contains the Toll-IL-1-receptor domain. This domain is also present in each Toll-like receptor, the receptors that respond to microbial products and viruses. Since Toll-IL-1-receptor domains are functional for both receptor families, responses to the IL-1 family are fundamental to innate immunity. Of the 11 members of the IL-1 family, IL-1β has emerged as a therapeutic target for an expanding number of systemic and local inflammatory conditions called autoinflammatory diseases. For these, neutralization of IL-1β results in a rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity. Treatment for autoimmune diseases often includes immunosuppressive drugs whereas neutralization of IL-1β is mostly anti-inflammatory. Although some autoinflammatory diseases are due to gain-of-function mutations for caspase-1 activity, common diseases such as gout, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, recurrent pericarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and smoldering myeloma also are responsive to IL-1β neutralization. This review summarizes acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that are treated by reducing IL-1β activity and proposes that disease severity is affected by the anti-inflammatory members of the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors.
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“mitochondria are involved both in the recognition of pathogens and in many mechanisms of inflammatory response, inducing the subsequent recruitment of several proinflammatory cytokines [52].”
From Effects of Mangiferin on LPS-Induced Inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Adsorption in Human Lung Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
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“IL-1β is produced in response to a wide range of physiological insults, and IL-1 signaling is closely linked to a wide variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, where it plays a critical role in the activation of inflammatory myelopoiesis (Ueda et al., 2009; Dinarello, 2011; Mirantes et al., 2014; Pietras, 2017).”
From PU.1 is required to restrain myelopoiesis during chronic inflammatory stress (2023) · cites this paper as Dinarello, 2011
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Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family
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Evaluation and Mechanistic Investigation of Human Milk Oligosaccharide against SARS-CoV-2.
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“It should be noted that barrier cells, such as bronchial epithelial cells, store significant amounts of IL-1α already at the steady state [55]; therefore, it is also possible that preformed stores of IL-1α in bronchial cells could be released after mechanical damages by rGO.”
BackgroundTumor Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulate Gene Expression in T cells
Pando, A., Schorl, C., Fast, L. D., & Reagan, J. L. (2022) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146920 · Cited by 15
Casey, A. M., & Murphy, M. P. (2022) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166481 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, since mtROS is associated with production of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in many inflammatory disorders, drugs such as metformin may be used in the future as anti-inflammatory therapeutics [38].”
BackgroundAcute tubulointerstitial nephritis revealing VEXAS syndrome.
Ronsin, C., Bénard, L., Mourtada, A., Perrin, F., & Boukerroucha, Z. (2022) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2022.03.012 · Cited by 13
Fontana, B. C., Soares, A. M., Zuliani, J. P., & Gonçalves, G. M. (2022) · Toxicon · doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.05.043 · Cited by 13
Alcala, A., Osborne, B., Allen, B., Seaton-Terry, A., Kirkland, T., & Whalen, M. (2022) · Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.tox.2022.153177 · Cited by 13
Umemura, T., Fujinaga, Y., Ashihara, N., Ozawa, M., Kuraishi, Y., Watanabe, T., Hamano, H., Meguro, A., Kawa, S., & Ota, M. (2022) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2022.146212 · Cited by 13
Khorana, A., Barnard, J., Wun, T., Vijapurkar, U., Damaraju, C., Moore, K., Wildgoose, P., & McCrae, K. (2021) · Blood Advances · doi:10.1182/bloodadvances.2021005710 · Cited by 13
“IL-1, the model proinflammatory cytokine, binds to IL-1R1 and leads to the expression of many inflammatory genes.(22) CRP and MIP-3 a levels were elevated in patients who died during the study, and levels of the proinflammatory cytokine IL-8 showed a larger distribution among survivors but had a higher median value am…”
BackgroundBlin, J., Hamid, R. A., & Khaza'ai, H. (2021) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-021-03341-y · Cited by 13
“This anti-IL-1 receptor reduced vessels formation in the pannus of affected joints in RA patients [78].”
BackgroundVascular Inflammation as a Therapeutic Target in COVID-19 “Long Haulers”: HIITing the Spot?
Christensen, R. H., & Berg, R. M. G. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.643626 · Cited by 16
“This has most convincingly been demonstrated in studies of infants with non-functional IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) function and thus uninhibited IL-1β signal transduction, which leads to severe universal vasculitis (23, 24).”
ResultBahari, Z., Jangravi, Z., Ghoshooni, H., Afarinesh, M. R., & Meftahi, G. H. (2021) · Inflammation Research · doi:10.1007/s00011-021-01445-2 · Cited by 13
“Among 11 members of the IL-1 family, IL-1β has emerged as a therapeutic target for the treatment of auto-inflammatory diseases [22, 23].”
BackgroundInfluentialTu, H., Zhang, D., Wadman, M. C., & Li, Y. (2020) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173364 · Cited by 12
Treating COVID-19: Review of drug hypersensitivity reactions.
Culla, M. T. D., Regás, V., Martí-Garrido, J., Cumplido, D. R., Vázquez-Revuelta, P., & Bellfill, R. L. (2020) · Journal of investigational allergology & clinical immunology · doi:10.18176/jiaci.0588 · Cited by 13
“Through the expression of integrins in leukocytes and endothelial cells, they regulate and initiate the inflammatory response [59].”
BackgroundDechkhajorn, W., Maneerat, Y., Prasongsukarn, K., Kanchanaphum, P., & Kumsiri, R. (2020) · Scientifica · doi:10.1155/2020/5843958 · Cited by 13
“IL-1α, IL-1β, and IL-18 are proinflammatory molecules involved in atherosclerosis disease progression [5], while the anti-inflammatory cytokines TGF-β, IL-33, IL-10, and IL-13 function in the reduction of atherogenesis in cardiovascular disorders [4, 6].”
BackgroundElsharkawy, R. G., Taha, R. H., & Ghanem, H. (2020) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ab851a · Cited by 13
Alignment of single-cell RNA-seq samples without overcorrection using kernel density matching
Chen, M.-J., Zhan, Q., Mu, Z.-P., Wang, L., Zheng, Z.-H., Miao, J., Zhu, P., & Li, Y. I. (2020) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.01.05.895136 · Cited by 13
Atherothrombosis Prevention and Treatment with Anti-interleukin-1 Agents
Biondi-Zoccai, G., Garmendia, C., Abbate, A., Giordano, A., Frati, G., Sciarretta, S., Antonazzo, B., & Versaci, F. (2020) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-020-0819-1 · Cited by 13
Wu, T.-Y., Liang, Y.-H., Wu, J.-C., & Wang, H.-S. (2019) · Stem Cells International · doi:10.1155/2019/7267142 · Cited by 13
“IL-1β is a highly inflammatory cytokine produced when tissue is inflamed due to the presence of monocytes and macrophages [7].”
BackgroundFu, J., Zong, X., Zhang, H., Zhu, L.-Y., Gong, T., Cheng, Y.-Z., Wang, F.-Q., Lu, Z.-Q., Zhang, C., Jin, M.-L., et al. (2026) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116808 · Cited by 12
Emerging molecular targets in deep vein thrombosis: from inflammation to coagulation
Zhang, Z., Hu, J., Bai, Y., Liang, W., & Jin, Y. (2025) · Hematology · doi:10.1080/16078454.2025.2548735 · Cited by 14
“NLRP3 promotes thrombosis through multiple mechanisms: IL-1β upregulates endothelial and monocytic TF expression [104]; IL-1β and IL-18 enhance endothelial adhesion molecule expression, promoting leukocyte recruitment and NETosis [105]; NLRP3 activation increases platelet aggregation via P-selectin…”
Aguree, S. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26178304 · Cited by 13
“Mechanistically, it impairs insulin signaling by upregulating the suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins and activating c-Jun N-terminal kinase/mitogen-activated protein kinase (JNK/MAPK) cascades, thereby inhibiting insulin receptor substrate (IRS) function [113,114].”
Comparison of Methods of Detecting IL-1β in the Blood of Alzheimer’s Disease Subjects
Remnitz, A. D., Hadad, R., Keane, R. W., Dietrich, W. D., & Vaccari, J. P. D. R. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26020831 · Cited by 13
“IL-1 β has key roles in inflammatory responses, tissue repair, and cellular stress [27].”
Shen, Y., Jia, J., Teng, J., Yang, C., & Hu, Q. (2024) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(24)00225-x · Cited by 13
Zhang, A., Brouwer, E., Sandovici, M., Diepstra, A., Jiemy, W. F., & van der Geest, K. V. D. (2024) · Seminars in Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152527 · Cited by 12
A review of therapeutic approaches for post-infarction left ventricular remodeling
Matta, A. G., Ohlmann, P., Nader, V., Moussallem, N., Carrié, D., & Roncalli, J. G. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102562 · Cited by 14
Caspase‐3 targets pro‐interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) to restrict inflammation
Kim, S. S., & Seo, S. (2024) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14864 · Cited by 12
“IL-1 b plays a significant role in various inflamma-tory diseases, including diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and autoinflammatory disease [17].”
BackgroundPandori, W., Matsuno, S. Y., Shin, J., Kim, S. C., Kao, T. H., Mallya, S., Batarseh, S. N., & Lodoen, M. B. (2024) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.2200513 · Cited by 12
Faustino, M., Durão, J., Pereira, C. F., Pereira, A. M., Oliveira, A. S., Sousa, S. C., Ribeiro, A. B., Pereira, J. O., Ferreira, C., Pintado, M., et al. (2023) · Food and Bioproducts Processing · doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2023.12.005 · Cited by 13
Intermittent hypoxia: linkage between OSAS and epilepsy
Ma, Y., & Wu, Q. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1230313 · Cited by 11
“IL-1 β , one of the fi rst interleukins discovered, produces a similar pro-in fl ammatory response through signaling of the interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), which is involved in regulating the innate immune response of the host (Dinarello, 2011).”
BackgroundDing, H., Xia, Q., Shen, J., Zhu, C., Zhang, Y., & Feng, N. (2023) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113607 · Cited by 16
Cui, Z., Zhou, L., Hu, X., Zhao, S., Xu, P., Li, W., Chen, J., Zhang, Y.-N., & Xia, P.-G. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15030777 · Cited by 12
“an inflammatory marker and plays a significant role in inflammation-related diseases, inducing various pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and chemokines [42].”
BackgroundLeinardi, R., Pochet, A., Uwambayinema, F., Yakoub, Y., Quesniaux, V. F. J., Ryffel, B., Brož, P., Pavan, C., & Huaux, F. (2023) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-023-03463-x · Cited by 12
“IL-1α is involved in the induction of innate and adaptive immune responses, (auto-)inflammatory diseases and cancer development (Bertheloot and Latz 2017; Di Paolo and Shayakhmetov 2016; Dinarello 2011; Malik and Kanneganti 2018; Rider et al.”
BackgroundLi, Z., Xing, S., Li, P., He, S., Cao, Z., Wang, X., Cao, X., Liu, B., & You, H. (2023) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106441 · Cited by 13
Gasdermins in Innate Host Defense Against Entamoeba histolytica and Other Protozoan Parasites
Wang, S., Moreau, F., & Chadee, K. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.900553 · Cited by 15
A literature review on large intestinal hyperelastic constitutive modeling
Bhattarai, A., Kowalczyk, W., & Trần, T. N. (2021) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105445 · Cited by 13
Zhou, X.-R., Feng, Y., Liu, S.-W., Li, C.-C., Teng, Y., Li, X.-Y., & Lu, J.-W. (2021) · Cancer Management and Research · doi:10.2147/cmar.s276297 · Cited by 12
“inflammatory responses.(1,2) IL-33 is the ligand of the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) receptor.”
BackgroundRetractedThe role of IL-6 and other mediators in the cytokine storm associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection
Copaescu, A. M., Smibert, O. C., Gibson, A., Phillips, E. J., & Trubiano, J. A. (2020) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2020.07.001 · Cited by 263
Liu, L., Chen, M., Lin, K., Xiang, X., Zheng, Y., & Zhu, S. (2020) · International Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.7150/ijms.44330 · Cited by 14
“The generation of IL-1β is mediated by inflammasomes and the protease caspase-1 [46].”
BackgroundPharmacological Treatment of Fibrosis: a Systematic Review of Clinical Trials
Siani, A. (2020) · SN Comprehensive Clinical Medicine · doi:10.1007/s42399-020-00292-2 · Cited by 14
“A simple explanation of this observation could be the welldocumented proinflammatory effect of this cytokine, which might result in the onset of unwanted side effects; unsurprisingly, a wealth of clinical research is focused on the inhibition, rather than promotion, of IL-1 activity [128].”
BackgroundBroad-spectrum antiviral activity of naproxen: from Influenza A to SARS-CoV-2 CoronavirusPreprint
Terrier, O., Dilly, S., Pizzorno, A., Henri, J., Berenbaum, F., Lina, B., Fève, B., Adnet, F., Sabbah, M., Rosa‐Calatrava, M., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.04.30.069922 · Cited by 13
Sun, L., Zhou, F., Shao, Y., Lv, Z., & Li, C. (2020) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.04.060 · Cited by 12
The effects of IL-8, IL- 6, and IL-1 on the risk of celiac disease: a Bayesian regression analysis
Nasserinejad, M., Shojaee, S., Ghobakhlou, M., Lak, E., Eslami, P., & Pourhoseingholi, M. (2019) · Gastroenterology and hepatology from bed to bench · doi:10.22037/ghfbb.v12i0.1826 · Cited by 12
Ramirez, R., Herrera, A., Ramirez, J., Qian, C.-J., Melton, D., Shireman, P., & Jin, Y.-F. (2019) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-019-3304-5 · Cited by 12
“M2a network has one input, IL-1α, which remains low consistently in the binarized profiles [71].”
BackgroundJiang, W., Yang, X., Liu, H., Wang, C., Niu, H., & Yu, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1631132 · Cited by 12
At The Interface: Small-Molecule Inhibitors of Soluble Cytokines
Raavi, Koehler, A. N., & Vegas, A. J. (2025) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.4c00469 · Cited by 18
Modulating Polyphenol Activity with Metal Ions: Insights into Dermatological Applications
Cioancă, O., Lungu, I. I., Batir, D. M., Lungu, A., Marin, G.-A., Huzum, R., Ştefanache, A., Şekeroğlu, N., & Hăncianu, M. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17020194 · Cited by 16
“…by curcumin, thus leading to cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase Resveratrol also interferes with the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 β and TNF-α , thus decreasing the inflammatory response and promoting tissue healing [124–126]. and preventing the proliferation of cancer cells.”
Eltahir, H. M., Elbadawy, H. M., Almikhlafi, M. A., Alalawi, A., Aldhafiri, A. J., Alahmadi, Y., Althagfan, S. S., Albadrani, M., Eweda, S. M., & Abouzied, M. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1389670 · Cited by 11
“It is to be mentioned that IL-1 α is over-expressed in response to oxidative stress and pro-in fl ammatory cytokines, acting as a danger signal upon cell necrotic injury in several pathological conditions including AP (Fink and Norman, 1997; Dinarello, 2011; Malik and Kanneganti, 2018).”
BackgroundGuermazi, D., Shah, A., Yumeen, S., & Saliba, E. (2024) · Archives of Dermatological Research · doi:10.1007/s00403-024-03121-x · Cited by 11
“Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a cytokine with pro-inflammatory effects, and its receptor (IL1R) is a target for treating inflam - matory conditions [ 60].”
Sain, N., Hooda, V., Singh, A., Gupta, S., Arava, S. K., & Sharma, A. (2024) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2024.156516 · Cited by 12
Khumalo, G. P., Loa-Kum-Cheung, W. L., Wyk, B.-E. V., Feng, Y., & Cock, I. E. (2024) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01420-9 · Cited by 12
“Cytokines are communication signals that regulate various biological processes, including cell function, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis (Dinarello 2011, 2018; Landskron et al. 2014).”
BackgroundGu, T.-Y., Pan, J., Chen, L., Li, K., Wang, L., Zou, Z.-H., & Shi, Q.-H. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-023-03487-x · Cited by 11
Kvivik, I., Grimstad, T. B., Bårdsen, K., Jonsson, G., Kvaløy, J. T., & Omdal, R. (2023) · Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1186/s10020-023-00679-6 · Cited by 12
“IL1RA binds to the IL-1 receptor on the cell surface and inhibits IL-1β from binding at the same site, whereas sIL-1RII is a soluble decoy receptor (Dinarello 2011).”
BackgroundLiu, Y., Wang, K., Yang, S., Xue, G., & Lu, L. (2023) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.3296 · Cited by 11
“IL- 1 is a common pro- inflammatory cytokine that plays a key role in the innate immune response (Dinarello, 2011).”
BackgroundIsoliquiritigenin induces oxidative stress and immune response in zebrafish embryos
Su, Y., Fang, L., Zhong, K., Wang, T., Bao, M., Zhou, T., & Zhu, Y. Q. (2023) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.23715 · Cited by 13
“Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) is induced by inflammatory signals in multiple immune cell types and has potent pro-inflammatory activity.(28,29) TNF-α is a pleiotropic proinflammatory cytokine and an important inducer of inflammation.”
BackgroundMa, J., Liu, Y., Valladolid‐Acebes, I., Recio-López, P., Peng, G., Li, J., Berggren, P., Juntti‐Berggren, L., & Tong, N. (2022) · Cellular Signalling · doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110535 · Cited by 11
Arrhythmic Recurrence and Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With First Episode of Electrical Storm
Damonte, J. I., Buono, M. D. D., Thomas, G., Mbualungu, J., Clark, B., Montone, R., Berrocal, D., Gal, T. S., Kang, L., Lu, J., et al. (2022) · American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2022.02.032 · Cited by 11
Nimma, S., Gu, W., Manik, M. K., Ve, T., Nanson, J., & Kobe, B. (2022) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1002/1873-3468.14288 · Cited by 11
Baroud, S., Wu, J., & Zouboulis, C. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9111735 · Cited by 11
“The IL-1β pathway has been associated with many of the autoinflammatory disorder mutations [111].”
BackgroundThe Impact of NLRP3 Activation on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
Espinoza, J. L., Kamio, K., Lam, V. Q., & Takami, A. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111845 · Cited by 11
“The involvement of inflammasome in several inflam atory conditions has made it an attractive potential pharmacol gical target and, thus, the therapeutic util ty of blocking the IL-1 pathway by using, for example, anakinra, the recombinant inhibitor of human IL-1R, which was ap roved for the treatment of certain autoim…”
BackgroundVetrano, M., Wegman, A., Koes, B., Mehta, S., & King, C. A. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238520 · Cited by 11
Laali, K., Zwarycz, A. T., Beck, N. B., Borosky, G. L., Nukaya, M., & Kennedy, G. (2020) · ChemistryOpen · doi:10.1002/open.202000173 · Cited by 11
Host immune response in chronic hepatitis C infection: involvement of cytokines and inflammasomes
Boldeanu, M. V., Medico Science SRL – Stem Cell Bank Unit, C., Siloşi, I., Bărbulescu, A. L., Sandu, R. E., Geormăneanu, C., Pădureanu, V., Popescu-Drigă, M. V., Poenariu, I. S., Siloşi, C. A., et al. (2020) · Romanian Journal of Morphology and Embryology · doi:10.47162/rjme.61.1.04 · Cited by 15
“translocating to the nucleus in order to modulate the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes [60].”
BackgroundThe Role of Interleukin-1β in Destruction of Transplanted Islets
Chen, C., Rong, P., Yang, M. H., Ma, X., Feng, Z., & Wang, W. (2020) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/0963689720934413 · Cited by 11
PASS: a rare syndrome within the autoinflammatory diseases that still lacks a genetic marker
Schwob, E., Bessis, D., Boursier, G., Kottler, D., Guillot, B., Lérisson, M., & Girard, C. (2020) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.16385 · Cited by 11
Sushak, L. B., Gabure, S., Maise, J., Arnett, J., & Whalen, M. (2020) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.3964 · Cited by 11
“…(rather than simply releasing existing stores) of these potent inflammatory molecules is important in understanding their impact on chronic inflammation, which is causative or contributory to an increasingly large number of diseases (De Sena et al., 2018; Dinarello, 2011; Mertens & Singh, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialCOLCOT and CANTOS: piecing together the puzzle of inflammation and cardiovascular events.
Th, G. F. W., Tassell, B. V., Ravindra, K., & Abbate, A. (2019) · Minerva Cardioangiologica : a Journal on Cardiovascular Pathophysiology, Clinical Medicine and Therapy · doi:10.23736/s0026-4725.19.05104-1 · Cited by 11
Saraswati, U., Bhalla, J., Tereshchenko, L. G., Heine, M., Syed, A., Wang, T., Cremer, P., Abbate, A., Imazio, M., & Klein, A. L. (2025) · Heart · doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2024-325515 · Cited by 10
Velcicky, J., Langlois, J., Wright, M., Janser, P., Angst, D., Arnold, C., Beltz, K., Brenneisen, S., Dubois, C., Dawson, J., et al. (2025) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5c02412 · Cited by 9
Kong, N., Xue, Y., Mao, L., Qian, L., Guo, H., Hu, J., Yuan, F., Li, R.-B., Duan, X., Yu, J., et al. (2025) · Rheumatology and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40744-025-00790-6 · Cited by 10
“Firsekibart targets IL-1 β , a key cytokine in the inflammatory cascade of gout and other autoinflammatory diseases [36].”
Adipose tissue NLRP3 inflammasome: a therapeutic target in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Nnolum-Orji, N. F., Kumar, P., Ngema, L. M., & Choonara, Y. E. (2025) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2025.104456 · Cited by 13
Piezo1 senses hyphae and initiates host defense against pathogenic fungi
Shi, Y., Yang, B., Linghu, Y., Liu, Y., Li, H., Xing, Y., Wu, B., Gao, Y., Liao, L., Zheng, Y., et al. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.115839 · Cited by 13
Modulation of adult hippocampal neurogenesis by interleukin 1 signaling
Smirnova, M. I., & Quan, N. (2025) · Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.1016/j.nbscr.2025.100123 · Cited by 8
“Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is the process by which new neurons are generated in the adult mammalian brain, within the sub-granular zone (SGZ) of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus (Ming et al., 2005, 2011; Altman et al., 1965; Miller et al., 2013).”
IL-1β drives SARS-CoV-2-induced disease independently of the inflammasome and pyroptosis signalling
Bader, S. M., Scherer, L., Schaefer, J., Cooney, J. P., Mackiewicz, L., Dayton, M., Georgy, S. R., Davidson, K. C., Allison, C. C., Herold, M. J., et al. (2025) · Cell Death and Differentiation · doi:10.1038/s41418-025-01459-x · Cited by 13
“The secreted bioactive form of IL-1 β is a pleiotropic cytokine that orchestrates a complex network of downstream mediators, amplifying in fl ammatory responses, promoting the recruitment of innate immune cells, and modulating the activity of adaptive immune cells [16].”
Xu, J., Kang, L., Tai, B., Liu, C.-X., Zhang, Z., Ding, Q.-Y., Yang, G.-D., Shen, Y.-R., Chai, X.-Y., & Gao, X.-L. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.119563 · Cited by 10
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Aging, Age-Related Diseases, and the Zebrafish Model
Abou-Dahech, M. S., & Williams, F. E. (2024) · Journal of dementia and Alzheimer's disease · doi:10.3390/jdad1010004 · Cited by 13
Wang, K., He, L., Liu, X., & Wu, M. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142651 · Cited by 11
The Gut-Brain Axis in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Diseases: The Catalytic Role of Mitochondria
Candeias, E., Pereira-Santos, A. R., Empadinhas, N., Cardoso, S. M., & Esteves, A. R. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-240524 · Cited by 16
Novel Therapeutic Insights Into the Treatment of Pericarditis: Targeting the Innate Immune System
Vecchié, A., Bonaventura, A., Golino, M., THOMAS, G. K., & Abbate, A. (2024) · Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fjc.0000000000001553 · Cited by 17
“Signs and symptoms of pericarditis caused by autoin fl ammatory mechanisms rapidly improve with IL-1 blockers 23,24 (Table 1).”
BackgroundTang, M., Yin, Y., Wang, W. T., Gong, K., Dong, J., Gao, X., Li, J., Fang, L., Ma, J., Hong, Y., et al. (2024) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122539 · Cited by 13
Zhao, A., Unterman, A., Hussein, N. S. A., Sharma, P., Flint, J., Yan, X., Adams, T. S., Justet, A., Sumida, T. S., Zhao, J., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.20.558301 · Cited by 9
Wang, C., Amini, H., Xu, Z., Peralta, A. A., Yazdi, M. D., Qiu, X., Wei, Y., Just, A. C., Heiss, J. A., Hou, L., et al. (2023) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-023-01007-5 · Cited by 11
“The pathways linked with NO 3 − were involved with CVD [78–85], cancer [86–88], inflammation [72, 89, 90], obesity [91], depression [92], and schizophrenia [93].”
BackgroundUstundag, C. R., & Pişkin, M. B. (2023) · Materials Technology · doi:10.1080/10667857.2023.2223018 · Cited by 12
“In particular, plant-derivedvn compounds such as polyphenols have been shown to have significant antioxidant activity [50].”
BackgroundImbalanced IL-1B and IL-18 Expression in Sézary Syndrome
Manfrere, K. C. G., Torrealba, M. P., Ferreira, F. M., de Sousa, E. S. A., Miyashiro, D., Teixeira, F. M. E., Alberca, R. W., Nakaya, H. I., Ramos, Y. Á. L., Sotto, M. N., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054674 · Cited by 9
“IL-1B is primarily produced by myeloid cells [11,12], while IL-18 is constitutively expressed in myeloid cells and epithelial cells, such as keratinocytes.”
BackgroundGao, F., Zhang, T., Zhang, H., Dai, Z.-Q., Gu, Y.-H., Lu, M.-J., Zhang, Z.-J., Zeng, Q.-L., Shang, B.-X., Gao, S., et al. (2022) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2022.115924 · Cited by 10
Perna, F., Verecchia, E., Pinnacchio, G., Gerardino, L., Brucato, A., & Manna, R. (2022) · European Heart Journal: Case Reports · doi:10.1093/ehjcr/ytac123 · Cited by 10
“The pathogenic mechanism is considered auto-inflammatory starting from an acute injury to the pericardial mesothelial cells, which activates the Nod-like receptor 3 inflammasome, with a subsequent release of IL-1β and amplification of the inflammatory response.(4) The first-line treatment is based on NSAIDs and colchi…”
BackgroundWadehn, H., Raluy, L. P., Kolman, J. P., Dücker, C. M., Trochimiuk, M., Appl, B., Boettcher, M., Reinshagen, K., & Trah, J. (2021) · Central European Journal of Immunology · doi:10.5114/ceji.2021.111493 · Cited by 12
“Earlier clinical studies using anakinra for treatment of sepsis were not successful [35, 41, 42].”
MethodA New Diterpene and Anti-inflammatory Sesquiterpene Lactones from Sigesbeckia orientalis
Engels, N., Gierlikowska, B., Waltenberger, B., Chang, F., Kiss, A., & Stuppner, H. (2020) · Planta Medica · doi:10.1055/a-1232-6869 · Cited by 10
“Its neutralization has anti-inflammatory effects and is associated with the reduction of symptoms of several inflammatory diseases [32].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dinarello, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Dinarello, Charles A.
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2011-04-07
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 3720-3732
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- PMC
- PMC3083294
- OpenAlex
- W2150107812
- Cited by
- 2,248
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 139 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 110
- FWCI
- 12.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 046934, P30CA046934)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI‑15614, R56AI015614, R01AI015614)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Keywords
- interleukin-1, IL-1 receptor family, innate immunity, autoinflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, caspase-1, gout, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, recurrent pericarditis, smoldering multiple myeloma, heart failure, anti-inflammatory therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Disease, Multigene Family, Humans, Inflammation, Interleukin-1, Models, Biological, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Toll-Like Receptors, Molecular Targeted Therapy
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