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Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases
Open accessAbstract
More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors is primarily associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The cytosolic segment of each IL-1 receptor family member contains the Toll-IL-1-receptor domain. This domain is also present in each Toll-like receptor, the receptors that respond to microbial products and viruses. Since Toll-IL-1-receptor domains are functional for both receptor families, responses to the IL-1 family are fundamental to innate immunity. Of the 11 members of the IL-1 family, IL-1β has emerged as a therapeutic target for an expanding number of systemic and local inflammatory conditions called autoinflammatory diseases. For these, neutralization of IL-1β results in a rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity. Treatment for autoimmune diseases often includes immunosuppressive drugs whereas neutralization of IL-1β is mostly anti-inflammatory. Although some autoinflammatory diseases are due to gain-of-function mutations for caspase-1 activity, common diseases such as gout, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, recurrent pericarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and smoldering myeloma also are responsive to IL-1β neutralization. This review summarizes acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that are treated by reducing IL-1β activity and proposes that disease severity is affected by the anti-inflammatory members of the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors.
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“mitochondria are involved both in the recognition of pathogens and in many mechanisms of inflammatory response, inducing the subsequent recruitment of several proinflammatory cytokines [52].”
From Effects of Mangiferin on LPS-Induced Inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Adsorption in Human Lung Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
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“IL-1β is produced in response to a wide range of physiological insults, and IL-1 signaling is closely linked to a wide variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, where it plays a critical role in the activation of inflammatory myelopoiesis (Ueda et al., 2009; Dinarello, 2011; Mirantes et al., 2014; Pietras, 2017).”
From PU.1 is required to restrain myelopoiesis during chronic inflammatory stress (2023) · cites this paper as Dinarello, 2011
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Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family
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Trends in kinase drug discovery: targets, indications and inhibitor design
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Interleukin-1 and the Inflammasome as Therapeutic Targets in Cardiovascular Disease
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“(2) Over time, the accumulation of lipids, including cholesterol, and inflammatory cells leads to production of cytokines, including IL-1α, NLRP3 (NACHT, LRR, and PYD domains-containing protein 3) inflammasome activation, and production of inflammasome dependent cytokines IL-1β and IL-18.”
BackgroundSelf-citationInflammasomes in carcinogenesis and anticancer immune responses
Zitvogel, L., Kepp, O., Galluzzi, L., & Kroemer, G. (2012) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.2224 · Cited by 593
Interleukin 1α and the inflammatory process
Di Paolo, N. C., & Shayakhmetov, D. M. (2016) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3503 · Cited by 568
The role of IL-1β and TNF-α in intervertebral disc degeneration
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COVID-19 infection: an overview on cytokine storm and related interventions
Montazersaheb, S., Khatibi, S. M. H., Hejazi, M. S., Tarhriz, V., Farjami, A., Sorbeni, F. G., Farahzadi, R., & Ghasemnejad, T. (2022) · Virology Journal · doi:10.1186/s12985-022-01814-1 · Cited by 657
“Such a relationship would be significant in developing IL-1 antagonists for patients with COVID19 and CRS [108].”
BackgroundHealth benefits of resveratrol: Evidence from clinical studies
Singh, A. P., Singh, R., Verma, S. S., Rai, V., Kaschula, C. H., Maiti, P., & Gupta, S. C. (2019) · Medicinal Research Reviews · doi:10.1002/med.21565 · Cited by 523
FcγR-mediated SARS-CoV-2 infection of monocytes activates inflammation
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HMGB1, IL-1α, IL-33 and S100 proteins: dual-function alarmins
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Karmakar, M., Minns, M., Greenberg, E. N., Diaz-Aponte, J. R., Pestonjamasp, K. N., Johnson, J. L., Rathkey, J. K., Abbott, D. W., Wang, K., Shao, F., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16043-9 · Cited by 461
The role of the NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in cardiovascular diseases
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“Caspase 1, also known as IL-1β-converting enzyme, cleaves and converts pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 into active forms 17,18 .”
The Role of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Cardiovascular Disease
Zhang, H., & Dhalla, N. S. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25021082 · Cited by 426
“Additionally, the endogenously produced IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), commercially known as anakinra, blocks IL-1 α and IL-1 β ’s biological activity by binding to their receptor to prevent their association [19].”
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“Given the widespread involvement of IL-1 in multiple inflammatory pathologies (Dinarello, 2011), we propose that metformin should be evaluated for therapeutic efficacy in suchdiseases.”
BackgroundNLRP3 inflammasome-driven pathways in depression: clinical and preclinical findings
Kaufmann, F. N., Costa, A. P., Ghisleni, G., Diaz, A. P., Rodrigues, A. L. S., Peluffo, H., & Kaster, M. P. (2017) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.03.002 · Cited by 370
Mitochondria as a Cellular Hub in Infection and Inflammation
Andrieux, P., Chevillard, C., Cunha-Neto, E., & Nunes, J. P. S. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms222111338 · Cited by 346
“This mechanism allows the recruitment of inflammatory cells to the site of infection by allowing the secretion of IL-1b but also an induction of a TH1 response with an increase in cytotoxic activity with the secretion of IL-18 [83,84].”
Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Interleukins in Infectious Diseases: A Comprehensive Review
Al-Qahtani, A. A., Alhamlan, F. S., & Al-Qahtani, A. A. (2024) · Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease · doi:10.3390/tropicalmed9010013 · Cited by 345
“Chronic hypoxia and low-grade cell death signals stimulate IL-1 production [47].”
BackgroundInflammasome-independent regulation of IL-1-family cytokines
Netea, M. G., van de Veerdonk, F. L., van der Meer, J. W. M., Dinarello, C. A., & Joosten, L. A. B. (2015) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-032414-112306 · Cited by 326
Self-citationDietary modulation of the microbiome affects autoinflammatory disease
Lukens, J. R., Gurung, P., Vogel, P., Johnson, G. R., Carter, R. A., McGoldrick, D. J., Bandi, S. R., Calabrese, C. R., Walle, L. V., Lamkanfi, M., et al. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature13788 · Cited by 314
The IL-1 cytokine family and its role in inflammation and fibrosis in the lung
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Inflammasome activation at the crux of severe COVID-19
Vora, S. M., Lieberman, J., & Wu, H. (2021) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-021-00588-x · Cited by 332
Benefit of Anakinra in Treating Pediatric Secondary Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis
Eloseily, E. M., Weiser, P., Crayne, C. B., Haines, H., Mannion, M. L., Stoll, M. L., Beukelman, T., Atkinson, T. P., & Cron, R. Q. (2020) · Arthritis & Rheumatology · doi:10.1002/art.41103 · Cited by 282
Anticytokine Agents: Targeting Interleukin Signaling Pathways for the Treatment of Atherothrombosis
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“nant circulating form of IL-1 and a powerful inducer of innate immune function.(61) IL-1β is activated through caspase”
BackgroundLevel of IL-6, TNF, and IL-1β and age-related diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Tylutka, A., Walas, Ł., & Zembroń-Łacny, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330386 · Cited by 303
Multiple cathepsins promote pro-IL-1β synthesis and NLRP3-mediated IL-1β activation
Orlowski, G. M., Colbert, J. D., Sharma, S., Bogyo, M., Robertson, S. A., & Rock, K. L. (2015) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1500509 · Cited by 268
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Triacylglycerol synthesis enhances macrophage inflammatory function
Castoldi, Â., Monteiro, L. D. B., Bakker, N. V. T., Sanin, D. E., Rana, N., Corrado, M., Cameron, A. M., Hässler, F., Matsushita, M., Caputa, G., et al. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17881-3 · Cited by 305
The role of IL-6 and other mediators in the cytokine storm associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection
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“Thus, a reduction in IL-1b activity would reduce IL-6 production.(42) Following initial escape of the innate response, recognition of virus promotes the migration of pulmonary dendritic cells to the lymph nodes for presentation of antigen to passing T cells for the development of more robust antigen-specific T- and B-…”
Deep insight into cytokine storm: from pathogenesis to treatment
Nie, J., Zhou, L., Tian, W., Liu, X., Yang, L., Yang, X., Zhang, Y., Wei, S., Wang, D. W., & Wei, J. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02178-y · Cited by 251
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“However, one of the major pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1b (as well as its related IL-1-superfamily member IL-18) which regulates a wide array of immune and physiological responses (70), requires an additional step of maturation/ processing by caspase-1 (71).”
BackgroundMahmoud, N. N., Hamad, K. M., Shibitini, A. A., Juma, S., Sharifi, S., Gould, L., & Mahmoudi, M. (2024) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.3c00336 · Cited by 210
Management of meibomian gland dysfunction: a review
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“IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) is a cytokine that suppresses IL-1a and IL-1b activity by competitively binding to the type 1 IL-1 receptor.(25) Anakinra (Kineret ; Amgen Inc.”
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Platelet-rich fibrin: Basics of biological actions and protocol modifications
Pavlović, V., Ćirić, M., Jovanovic, V., Trandafilović, M., & Stojanović, P. (2021) · Open Medicine · doi:10.1515/med-2021-0259 · Cited by 238
“expressions of integrins on leukocytes and endothelial cells [31].”
BackgroundPro- and Anti-Inflammatory Prostaglandins and Cytokines in Humans: A Mini Review
Wautier, J., & Wautier, M. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24119647 · Cited by 209
“IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) binds to IL-R1 and prevents IL-1α and IL-1β activities [43].”
The Nlrp3 inflammasome promotes age-related thymic demise and immunosenescence
Youm, Y.-H., Kanneganti, T.-D., Vandanmagsar, B., Zhu, X., Ravussin, A., Adijiang, A., Owen, J. S., Thomas, M. J., Francis, J., Parks, J. S., et al. (2012) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2011.11.005 · Cited by 172
Inflammation and age-associated skeletal muscle deterioration (sarcopaenia)
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Systemic autoinflammatory diseases
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“Categorization of causative mutations for autoinflammatory disorders [27,28] Abbreviations: MKD: Mevalonat kinase deficiency; DIRA: deficiency of the IL-1 receptor antagonist; DITRA: deficiency of IL-36 receptor antagonist; PLAID: PLCγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation; APLAID: autoin-”
BackgroundThe P2X7 Receptor-Interleukin-1 Liaison
Giuliani, A. L., Sarti, A. C., Falzoni, S., & Di Virgilio, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00123 · Cited by 166
Targeting inflammation to reduce cardiovascular disease risk: A realistic clinical prospect?
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Targeting tumor-derived NLRP3 reduces melanoma progression by limiting MDSCs expansion
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“The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β ) mediates several inflammatory diseases and is a pivotal cytokine in initiating inflammatory responses (3).”
Self-citationEndogenous oxidized phospholipids reprogram cellular metabolism and boost hyperinflammation
Gioia, M. D., Spreafico, R., Springstead, J. R., Mendelson, M., Joehanes, R., Levy, D. A., & Zanoni, I. (2019) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0539-2 · Cited by 176
The NLRP3 inflammasome in depression: Potential mechanisms and therapies
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Roles of IL-1 in Cancer: From Tumor Progression to Resistance to Targeted Therapies
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“These receptors are now called Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and are known to be involved in the innate immune response [8].”
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Update on the pathogenesis of vitiligo
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NF-κB: master regulator of cellular responses in health and disease
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“The advantage of Canakinumab is its long-acting formulation with less frequent dosing while its limitations are high cost and risk of infections [163].”
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“26 IL-1 induces several secondary inflammatory mediators, including, but not limited to, IL-6.”
Signaling pathways in macrophages: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets
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The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Superfamily Cytokines and Their Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
Behzadi, P., Aga, S. S., Nissar, S., Banday, M. Z., Gajdács, M., García‐Perdomo, H. A., Akhtar, K., Pinheiro, M., Magnusson, P., Sarshar, M., et al. (2022) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2022/2054431 · Cited by 132
“The speci fi c receptor for these members is the heterodimeric complex of IL-36R (IL-Rrp2)-IL-1RAcP [139, 146, 249, 250].”
Ramanan, V. K., Risacher, S. L., Nho, K., Kim, S., Shen, L., McDonald, B. C., Yoder, K. K., Hutchins, G. D., West, J. D., Tallman, E. F., et al. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv231 · Cited by 133
Mechanisms of NLRP3 priming in inflammaging and age related diseases
Gritsenko, A., Green, J., Brough, D., & López‐Castejón, G. (2020) · Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.08.003 · Cited by 146
“However, their aberrant release is responsible for the pathogenesis of a range of non-communicable diseases [9].”
BackgroundKyriazopoulou, E., Huet, T., Cavalli, G., Gori, A., Kyprianou, M., Pickkers, P., Eugen‐Olsen, J., Clerici, M., Veas, F., Châtellier, G., et al. (2021) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(21)00216-2 · Cited by 169
“5,6,8 IL-1 is located upstream of IL-6 in the inflammation cascade, 39 and such a hierarchical process could explain why targeting IL-1 appears to be more efficient in hyperinflammatory forms of COVID-19 than IL-6 inhibition, which has already provided encouraging results in randomised controlled…”
Cathepsin S (CTSS) activity in health and disease - A treasure trove of untapped clinical potential
Smyth, P., Sasiwachirangkul, J., Williams, R. D., & Scott, C. J. (2022) · Molecular Aspects of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.mam.2022.101106 · Cited by 155
NLRP3 inflammasome in neurodegenerative disease
Anderson, F. L., Biggs, K. E., Rankin, B. E., & Havrda, M. C. (2022) · Translational research · doi:10.1016/j.trsl.2022.08.006 · Cited by 154
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“IL-1β is an important regulatory cytokine in the onset of inflammation processes and activates immune and tissue cells [73].”
BackgroundLi, M., Jiang, Y., Hou, Q., Zhao, Y., Zhong, L., & Fu, X. (2022) · Stem Cell Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13287-022-02822-2 · Cited by 119
“Pre‐activation of MSCs with IL‐1β IL-1β is also a prevalent inflammatory cytokine in inflamed tissues produced by monocytes and macrophages [116].”
BackgroundNatural history of COVID-19 and therapeutic options
Gautret, P., Million, M., Jarrot, P., Camoin‐Jau, L., Colson, P., Fenollar, F., Léone, M., Scola, B. L., Devaux, C. A., Gaubert, J. Y., et al. (2020) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2021.1847640 · Cited by 158
Transmission of trained immunity and heterologous resistance to infections across generations
Katzmarski, N., Domínguez‐Andrés, J., Cirovic, B., Renieris, G., Ciarlo, E., Roy, D. L., Lepikhov, K., Kattler, K., Gasparoni, G., Händler, K., et al. (2021) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-021-01052-7 · Cited by 144
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Inflammasome-mediated GSDMD activation facilitates escape of Candida albicans from macrophages
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“The dysregulated IL-1 signaling pathway has been involved in numerous autoinflammatory diseases [68].”
BackgroundStimuli-Responsive Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Non-cancer Related Inflammatory Diseases
Yang, J., Rieux, A. D., & Malfanti, A. (2025) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.5c00700 · Cited by 116
“38 IL-1 β is secreted by monocytes, macrophages (e.g., microglia or Kupffer cells), and dendritic cells after activation of the pattern recognition receptors (PRR) by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP).”
Rheumatic Heart Valve Disease Pathophysiology and Underlying Mechanisms
Passos, L. S. A., Nunes, M. C. P., & Aïkawa, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.612716 · Cited by 140
“IL-1 is a key cytokine in autoimmune disease and has also been shown to be associated with inflammatory damage, especially in the acute phase of rheumatic disease (46, 47).”
BackgroundWu, Y., Sun, X., Kang, K., Yang, Y., Li, H., Zhao, A., & Niu, T. (2024) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-024-01621-x · Cited by 115
Scaffold-mediated CRISPR-Cas9 delivery system for acute myeloid leukemia therapy
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“Interleukin-1 receptor accessory protein (IL1RAP) is a necessary co-receptor in the interleukin-1 (IL-1) proinflammatory signaling pathway (12).”
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Celastrol-loaded PEG- b -PPS nanocarriers as an anti-inflammatory treatment for atherosclerosis
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P2X7 Receptor: A Potential Therapeutic Target for Depression?
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Interleukin-1 and the NLRP3 inflammasome in COVID-19: Pathogenetic and therapeutic implications
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The role of yoga in inflammatory markers
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“These two markers are particularly researched in auto-immune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes (Dinarello, 2011; Ren and Torres, 2009).”
BackgroundT cells instruct myeloid cells to produce inflammasome-independent IL-1β and cause autoimmunity
Jain, A., Irizarry-Caro, R. A., McDaniel, M. M., Chawla, A. S., Carroll, K. R., Overcast, G. R., Philip, N. H., Oberst, A., Chervonsky, A. V., Katz, J. D., et al. (2019) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41590-019-0559-y · Cited by 102
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“As a multifunctional inflammatory factor, IL-1β performs both immunity and anti-infective functions by activating the expression of other immune genes and recruiting lymphocytes to the site of infection (Dinarello 2011).”
BackgroundTargeted anti–IL-1β platelet microparticles for cardiac detoxing and repair
Li, Z.-H., Hu, S.-Q., Huang, K., Su, T., Cores, J., & Cheng, K. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aay0589 · Cited by 92
Origins and diversity of macrophages in health and disease
Sreejit, G., Fleetwood, A. J., Murphy, A. J., & Nagareddy, P. R. (2020) · Clinical & Translational Immunology · doi:10.1002/cti2.1222 · Cited by 112
“IL-1b is also known to activate macrophages in the pancreas leading to b-cell dysfunction and death,(181) explaining a link between chronic elevation of IL-1b signalling and type 2 diabetes.(182) Indeed, in patients with type 2 diabetes, blockade of interleukin-1 with IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra improved glycemi…”
BackgroundArnaldez, F. I., O'Day, S. J., Drake, C. G., Fox, B. A., Fu, B., Urba, W. J., Montesarchio, V., Weber, J. S., Wei, H., Wigginton, J. M., et al. (2020) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2020-000930 · Cited by 92
“therapies have been FDA-approved for a number of indications, primarily for auto-inflammatory diseases where the primary drivers of pathology are innate immune cells rather than the T and B cell compartments (64).”
BackgroundOseni, S. O., Naar, C., Pavlović, M. D., Asghar, W., Hartmann, J. X., Fields, G. B., Esiobu, N., & Kumi-Diaka, J. K. (2023) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers15123110 · Cited by 100
“The history of Interleukin (IL) goes back to the 1940s when the term was first coined and described in the “pathogenesis of fever” by Menkin and Beeson [192].”
BackgroundIL-1 Superfamily Members and Periodontal Diseases
Papathanasiou, E., Conti, P., Carinci, F., Lauritano, D., & Theoharides, T. (2020) · Journal of dentistry research · doi:10.1177/0022034520945209 · Cited by 86
“IL-1β plays a key role in the regulation of the innate immune response and is fundamental in autoinflammatory diseases such as cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS) and familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) (Dinarello 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, P., Wang, J., Wen, W., Pan, T., Chen, H., Fu, Y., Wang, F.-S., Huang, J. H., & Xu, S.-J. (2020) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106570 · Cited by 86
Crosstalk between inflammatory mediators and endoplasmic reticulum stress in liver diseases.
Duvigneau, J., Luís, A., Gorman, A. M., Samali, A., Kaltenecker, D., Moriggl, R., & Kozlov, A. (2019) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.018 · Cited by 83
Lawson, M. A., McCusker, R. H., & Kelley, K. W. (2013) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-10-54 · Cited by 80
Metadata
- Authors
- Dinarello, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Dinarello, Charles A.
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2011-04-07
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 3720-3732
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- PMC
- PMC3083294
- OpenAlex
- W2150107812
- Cited by
- 2,248
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 139 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 110
- FWCI
- 12.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 046934, P30CA046934)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI‑15614, R56AI015614, R01AI015614)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Keywords
- interleukin-1, IL-1 receptor family, innate immunity, autoinflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, caspase-1, gout, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, recurrent pericarditis, smoldering multiple myeloma, heart failure, anti-inflammatory therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Disease, Multigene Family, Humans, Inflammation, Interleukin-1, Models, Biological, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Toll-Like Receptors, Molecular Targeted Therapy
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