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Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases
Open accessAbstract
More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors is primarily associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The cytosolic segment of each IL-1 receptor family member contains the Toll-IL-1-receptor domain. This domain is also present in each Toll-like receptor, the receptors that respond to microbial products and viruses. Since Toll-IL-1-receptor domains are functional for both receptor families, responses to the IL-1 family are fundamental to innate immunity. Of the 11 members of the IL-1 family, IL-1β has emerged as a therapeutic target for an expanding number of systemic and local inflammatory conditions called autoinflammatory diseases. For these, neutralization of IL-1β results in a rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity. Treatment for autoimmune diseases often includes immunosuppressive drugs whereas neutralization of IL-1β is mostly anti-inflammatory. Although some autoinflammatory diseases are due to gain-of-function mutations for caspase-1 activity, common diseases such as gout, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, recurrent pericarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and smoldering myeloma also are responsive to IL-1β neutralization. This review summarizes acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that are treated by reducing IL-1β activity and proposes that disease severity is affected by the anti-inflammatory members of the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors.
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“mitochondria are involved both in the recognition of pathogens and in many mechanisms of inflammatory response, inducing the subsequent recruitment of several proinflammatory cytokines [52].”
From Effects of Mangiferin on LPS-Induced Inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Adsorption in Human Lung Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
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“IL-1β is produced in response to a wide range of physiological insults, and IL-1 signaling is closely linked to a wide variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, where it plays a critical role in the activation of inflammatory myelopoiesis (Ueda et al., 2009; Dinarello, 2011; Mirantes et al., 2014; Pietras, 2017).”
From PU.1 is required to restrain myelopoiesis during chronic inflammatory stress (2023) · cites this paper as Dinarello, 2011
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Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family
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“IL-1 is a key cytokine driving inflammation in certain settings 16 and blocking the IL-1 pathway has proven effective to control inflammation in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and Still disease.”
Almskog, L., Sjöström, A., Sundén-Cullberg, J., Taxiarchis, A., Ågren, A., Freyland, S., Börjesson, M., Wikman, A., Wahlgren, C., Wanecek, M., et al. (2024) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.05.31.24308108 · Cited by 6
“Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin 1 (IL-1) and interleukin 6 (IL-6), are pivotal mediators of acute inflammation, inducing the expression of various human cell proteins 5,6 .”
BackgroundLiu, Q., Zhang, X., Mao, P., Wang, Z.-Q., Mao, Q., Wang, C., Liu, J.-P., Zhu, X., Wang, B.-A., & Wei, H.-Q. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21745 · Cited by 6
“The aberrant expression of inflammatory mediators can lead to a reduced activated immune reaction, which has been reported in inflammatory illness [18].”
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“29 Both IL-1 a and IL-1 b initially exist in their precursor forms intracellularly.”
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“Therefore, blocking IL-1 β is considered as a preferred treatment for various acute and chronic inflammatory diseases (Dinarello, 2011).”
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Almog, T., Keshet, R., Kandel-Kfir, M., Shaish, A., Apte, R., Harats, D., & Kamari, Y. (2023) · Cytokine · doi:10.1016/j.cyto.2023.156212 · Cited by 6
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Sari, R. A., Luthfiana, F., Sholikhah, I., Matsunami, K., Sukardiman, S., & Widyowati, R. (2023) · Journal of Public Health in Africa · doi:10.4081/jphia.2023.2506 · Cited by 8
Bektaş, M., Yüce, S., Ay, M., Uyar, M. H., Önder, M. E., & Kılıç, M. İ. (2023) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-023-01138-8 · Cited by 7
Summer, B., Lill, D., Remmel, K., Schraml, A., Schopf, C., Banke, I., Kuechenhoff, H., Maierhofer, T., Endres, S., & Thomas, P. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1050315 · Cited by 6
“In a broader sense, interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms are found in many different clinical conditions with increased inflammatory manifestation (13, 14).”
BackgroundRuff, A., Lewis, M., & Whalen, M. M. (2022) · Archives of Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00204-022-03413-z · Cited by 6
“2004; Dinarello 2011; Duncan et al.”
Reduced phagocytic activity of human alveolar macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium complex
Ikegami, H., Yamasaki, K., Ogawa, M., Nemoto, K., Akata, K., Noguchi, S., Fukuda, K., Kawanami, T., Mukae, H., & Yatera, K. (2022) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.jiac.2022.07.018 · Cited by 10
Yoon, J. B., Hwang, S., Yang, J. H., Lee, S., Bang, W. Y., & Moon, K. H. (2022) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes13071243 · Cited by 11
“Among them, IL-1 is known to be involved in the regulation of acute and chronic inflammation by microbial infection [43], and IFN-γ is produced by activated T cells and NK cells, which play a role in immune enhancement and regulation [44].”
BackgroundBiopharmaceuticals for prevention of COVID-19
Farjami, A., Montazersaheb, S., Soofiyani, S. R., Akbarzadehlaleh, P., & Salatin, S. (2022) · Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine · doi:10.4103/1995-7645.348158 · Cited by 5
Intercellular signaling between ameloblastoma and osteoblasts
Chairani, E., Fuchigami, T., Koyama, H., Ono, Y., Iijima, M., Kishida, M., Kibe, T., Nakamura, N., & Kishida, S. (2022) · Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports · doi:10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101233 · Cited by 6
“, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes type 2, and osteoarthritis [51].”
BackgroundKianfar, R., Ravanshad, M., Ghiass, M. A., Rafiee, N., Shayeghpour, A., & Maleki, A. (2022) · Intervirology · doi:10.1159/000522577 · Cited by 6
Gad, R., Abdel-reheim, E., Ebaid, H., Alhazza, I., & Abuelsaad, A. (2022) · Journal of King Saud University: Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2022.101886 · Cited by 6
TNF-α, IL-1β, MMP-8 Crevicular Profile in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and Periodontitis
Andronovici, A. M., Căruntu, I.-D., Onofriescu, M., Hurjui, L. L., Giuşcă, S. E., Covic, A. S., Brăescu, R., & Foia, L. G. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app12020736 · Cited by 6
Zhang, J.-W., Li, Y.-F., Zhou, Y.-Q., Wang, K., Pan, C.-M., Zhao, Y., Xie, H.-J., Duan, R., Gong, Z., & Jia, Y.-J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.763793 · Cited by 6
“IL-1β (43) induced by monocyte activation not only promotes Th17 differentiation but also causes blood–brain barrier leakage and enhances T cell migration (44); therefore, monocytes may play an important role in the pathological mechanism underlying NMOSD progression (45).”
BackgroundAnggani, H. S., Hasriati, E., & Bachtiar, E. W. (2021) · Journal of International Society of Preventive and Community Dentistry · doi:10.4103/jispcd.jispcd_163_21 · Cited by 6
“IL-1β is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine crucial for host-defense responses to infection and injury.([21]) In the periphery, IL-1β is required for the efficient clearance of bacterial infections.”
BackgroundInfluentialTan, X., Li, C., Zhang, H., Han, Y., & Wu, J. (2021) · Hellenic Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2021.06.003 · Cited by 6
Wang, J., Zheng, Y., Chen, G.-W., Lv, Y., Lian, F., Jiang, D., Ke, W., Liu, L., Fan, C., & Gong, S. (2021) · Annals of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.21037/apm-21-1227 · Cited by 7
“(14) reported that the IL-1 family is mainly related to acute and chronic inflammation, and IL-1β has become a therapeutic target of many autoimmune diseases.”
BackgroundBaradie, K. B. Y. E., Khan, M., Mendhe, B., Waller, J., O’Brien, F., & Hamrick, M. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-85753-x · Cited by 6
An OMICs-based meta-analysis to support infection state stratification
Myall, A., Perkins, S. R., Rushton, D., David, J., Spencer, P., Jones, A. R., & Antczak, P. (2021) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btab089 · Cited by 6
“Although not visible in the functional enrichment analysis, Illumina Cluster 3.4 also contained a number of Interleukin genes (IL1B, IL1R1, IL4R, IL18R1, IRAK3), known to be involved in inflammation and fundamental to innate immunity (Dinarello, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialBrangsch, J., Reimann, C., Kaufmann, J., Adams, L. C., Onthank, D., Thöne-Reineke, C., Robinson, S., Wilke, M., Weller, M., Buchholz, R., et al. (2020) · Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1177/1536012120961875 · Cited by 6
“Although IL-1b neutralization was once thought to be predominantly limited to the treatment of autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases, including gout, rheumatoid arthritis or type 2 diabetes, the role of IL-1b in cardiovascular diseases has gained more and more in importance.(31) Anakinra, a commercially availab…”
BackgroundAlterations of IL-1 and VEGF After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injured Uterus and Ovary in Rats
Canillioglu, Y. E., & Erkanli-Senturk, G. (2020) · Medeniyet Medical Journal · doi:10.5222/mmj.2020.67026 · Cited by 6
Li, L., Li, X.-Q., Zhang, J.-X., Wu, Q.-N., Chen, P.-P., Ruan, X.-Z., & Ma, K.-L. (2026) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1002/jev2.70234 · Cited by 5
“The intravenous administration of IL-1 β blockers indiscriminately affects the entire IL-1 β system, increasing the risk of fatal infections and severe side effects (Dinarello 2011 ; Li et al. 2020 ).”
Development of New IL-1R Antagonists with Improved Anti-inflammatory Efficacy
Kang, M., Lee, A.-R., Jung, H., Jang, G., Kim, B., Yoon, S.-H., Yu, J.-W., Ko, J., Um, J., & Chang, I. (2026) · Theranostics · doi:10.7150/thno.120259 · Cited by 5
“In RA, for instance, anakinra treatment leads to reduced joint swelling and pain, and in CAPS (autoinflammatory syndromes driven by excessive IL-1β), it can dramatically quell disease flares [7, 8].”
Chen, J., Li, F., Su, Z., He, Y., Liu, T., Luo, Y., Hou, X., Song, C., Liu, Z., & Hao, P. (2025) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2025.103302 · Cited by 6
Wang, L., Ouyang, Q., Zhang, X.-K., Cheng, S., You, T., Cao, B.-H., Wu, H., Su, H.-T., Zhu, S.-J., Chen, Z.-R., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.148901 · Cited by 5
Liu, W., Wang, C., Tang, H., Tian, Z., Li, D., Chen, G., & Wang, A. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.119187 · Cited by 4
Yang, A. E., Yang, A., Shu, J., Wu, X., & Zhu, Z. (2025) · Advanced technology in neuroscience . · doi:10.4103/atn.atn-d-25-00012 · Cited by 4
Nam, M.-H., Park, H., Kim, T.-W., Lee, I.-H., Yun, H.-D., Chen, Z., & Seo, Y.-K. (2025) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering12090923 · Cited by 5
Wrublewsky, S., Rother, S., Pohlemann, F., Radanovic, T., Junker, F., Boewe, A. S., Schunk, S., Roma, L., Ruiz-Gómez, G., Pisabarro, M. T., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.ady8566 · Cited by 5
“…fields, and several clinical trials have been conducted highlighting the role of different IL-1 inhibitors as potential anti-inflammatory drugs ( 24 , 53 , 76 ), including bermekimab (anti–IL-1 α antibody) ( 77 ), canakinumab (anti–IL-1 β antibody) ( 78 ), and anakinra (recombinant IL-1R1…”
Wu, X., Zhang, Y., Yi, F., Geng, Z., Guo, M., Ling, X., Li, J., & Li, L. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-01289-4 · Cited by 4
“TNF-α and IL-1β are significant inflammatory markers in HaCaT cells, and the overexpression of TNF-α and IL-1β can cause cell inflammation, differentiation, and apoptosis that are associated with a variety of diseases 25–29 .”
Early Neutrophil Activation in Psoriatic Skin at Relapse Following Dead Sea Climatotherapy
Emmanuel, T., Abdallah, H. B., Baez, E., Rather, I. M., Steiniche, T., Bregnhøj, A., Iversen, L., & Johansen, C. (2025) · Experimental Dermatology · doi:10.1111/exd.70094 · Cited by 5
“IL-1β plays an important role in autoinflammation [30], and by using confocal microscopy, IL-1β was identified to be produced primarily by CD66b + neutrophils [29].”
Wang, Y., Xie, Z., Liu, R., Zhang, L., & Han, J. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.106646 · Cited by 2
Hendawy, A., Sabra, A.-N. A., George, M. Y., Rashad, E., El-demerdash, E., & Botros, S. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-91955-4 · Cited by 5
Zhao, Y., Simpson, A., Nakatsu, C. H., Cross, T.-W., Jones‐Hall, Y., & Jiang, Q. (2024) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.11.024 · Cited by 6
Falconer-Turner, A., Brooks, K., Ogaga, E. I., & Whalen, M. (2024) · Journal of Applied Toxicology · doi:10.1002/jat.4700 · Cited by 5
“…is important in understanding their impact on chronic inflammation, which has a contributing effect on the increasing number of human pathologies that are primarily driven by the unrestrained production of these cytokines (DeSena, Do, & Schulert, 2018; Dinarello, 2011; Nishimoto et al., 2008).”
Old and New Biologics and Small Molecules in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Anti-interleukins
Hong, S. M., & Moon, W. (2024) · Korean Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.4166/kjg.2024.076 · Cited by 4
Yang, Z.-M., Li, J.-Y., Song, H., Mei, Z., Zhang, S., Wu, H., Liu, J., Yan, C., & Han, Y. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-67350-w · Cited by 5
Guan, J., Abudouaini, H., Lin, K., & Yang, K. (2024) · Diabetology & Metabolic Syndrome · doi:10.1186/s13098-024-01369-x · Cited by 6
“Natural colchicine derivatives, found in plants such as Colchicum autumnale, have demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties by modulating the NLRP3 inflammasome and reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines [169, 170], thereby improving insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism.”
BackgroundRetractedLi, J., Lu, Y., & Zhao, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2024.1263714 · Cited by 6
“…beta; SDF1a, stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha; SNPs, single-nucleotide polymorphisms; TNFa, tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNFb, tumor necrosis factor beta; TRAIL, TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor*. development of chronic inflammatory diseases (35).”
BackgroundInterleukin-1 Blockers in Recurrent and Acute Pericarditis: State of the Art and Future Directions
Gallo, A., Massaro, M. G., Camilli, S., Francesco, S. D., Gerardino, L., Verrecchia, E., Sicignano, L. L., Landi, F., Manna, R., & Montalto, M. (2024) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina60020241 · Cited by 5
“Anakinra is a recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), blocking both IL-1 β and IL-1 α activity [25,35]; due to its short half-life (about 2.6 h), the standard adult dose corresponds to daily administration of 100 mg subcutaneously [36].”
BackgroundInfluentialmiR-133a-3p/TRPM4 axis improves palmitic acid induced vascular endothelial injury
Xue, Y.-D., Tong, T.-T., Zhang, Y.-Y., Huang, H.-J., Zhao, L., Lv, H.-Z., Xiong, L.-Z., Zhang, K., Han, Y., Fu, Y.-Y., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2023.1340247 · Cited by 5
Nelson, N. C., Kogan, R., Condos, R., & Hena, K. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13010015 · Cited by 4
“Rationale IL-1 is often considered the prototypical pro-inflammatory cytokine, and efforts to curtail its activity in acute and chronic inflammatory conditions have been undertaken [105].”
BackgroundThe entanglement of DNA damage and pattern recognition receptor signaling
Ha, C. T., Tageldein, M. M., & Harding, S. M. (2023) · DNA repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2023.103595 · Cited by 6
Pharmacologic Targeting of PDIA1 Inhibits NLRP3 Inflammasome Assembly and Activation
Rosarda, J. D., Stanton, C. R., Chen, E., Bollong, M. J., & Wiseman, R. (2023) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1002/ijch.202300125 · Cited by 5
Delgado, M., Hart, D. A., Reimer, R. A., & Herzog, W. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-38487-x · Cited by 6
“Based on the elevated levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and caspase-3 gene expression in the medial gastrocnemius of C-HFS rats, our Increased IL-1β levels are associated with numerous degenerative diseases 83,84 due to IL-1β’s ability to initiate potent inflammatory responses 85 .”
Farina, N., Campochiaro, C., Lescoat, A., Benanti, G., Luca, G. D. D., Khanna, D., Dagna, L., & Matucci‐Cerinic, M. (2023) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1080/1744666x.2023.2230370 · Cited by 5
“Interestingly, tyrosine kinases inhibitors approved for malignant conditions such as imatinib [48] are able to inhibit both c-Abl and PDGFR [49] – and hence antagonize the signaling of both TGF-√ and PDGF – and may then be effective for the treatment of SSc. Imatinib has anti-fibrotic properties both in vitro and in a…”
BackgroundInfluentialSaeed, R., Mohammed, A. K., Saleh, S. E., Aboulwafa, M., Aboshanab, K. M., & Taneera, J. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24054990 · Cited by 6
“NF-κβ1 is the transcriptional activator of NLRP3 and pro-IL-1β [11,35], while IL-6 is a downstream effector of IL-1β [36].”
BackgroundRosa, G. R. M. L., & Pedullá, E. (2022) · Australian Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/aej.12728 · Cited by 5
Hasibuzzaman, M. M., He, R., Khan, I. N., Sabharwal, R., Salem, A. K., & Simons‐Burnett, A. L. (2022) · Bioengineering & Translational Medicine · doi:10.1002/btm2.10465 · Cited by 5
“and MAPK signaling leading to the expression of numerous proinflammatory cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, CCL2, MCP1, TNFα and IFNγ).(18,19) IL-1 signaling was initially proposed as a key mediator”
BackgroundPu, Q., Wang, K., Peng, B., Chen, K., Gong, T., Liu, F., & Yang, Q. (2022) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s384772 · Cited by 6
“IL-1β is closely associated with acute and chronic inflammatory reactions.(38) Dexamethasone, as a longacting glucocorticoid, has the efficacy of rapid relieving RA symptoms in the acute phase of RA.”
BackgroundRomano, M., Garcia-Bournissen, F., Piskin, D., Rodoplu, U., Piskin, L., Elzagallaai, A. A., Tunçer, T., Sezer, S., UCUNCUOGLU, D., Honca, T., et al. (2022) · Life · doi:10.3390/life12060896 · Cited by 5
“FMF is characterized by spontaneous episodes of activation of the inflammasome, resulting in IL-1 beta release, which has been associated with deleterious cardiometabolic outcomes [14,15].”
BackgroundGanjali, A., Fakheri, B., Bahari, A., Fahmideh, L., & Valadan, R. (2022) · International Journal of Basic Science in Medicine · doi:10.34172/ijbsm.2022.02 · Cited by 5
Virgin Passive Colon Biomechanics and a Literature Review of Active Contraction Constitutive Models
Bhattarai, A., Horbach, A. J., Staat, M., Kowalczyk, W., & Trần, T. N. (2022) · Biomechanics · doi:10.3390/biomechanics2020013 · Cited by 5
Nucleic Acids for Potential Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Sun, P., Su, J., Wang, X., Zhou, M., Zhao, Y., & Gu, H. (2022) · ACS Applied Bio Materials · doi:10.1021/acsabm.1c01205 · Cited by 8
Maden, S., & Acuner, S. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2021.688447 · Cited by 5
“IL-1α and IL-1β are proinflammatory cytokines with similar structures; they bind to the same receptor and are present in different signaling pathways such as JNK, with NF-κB as the main active pathway (Dinarello, 2011; Garlanda et al., 2013; Anka Idrissi et al., 2021).”
Backgroundde Barros, M. R. M., Davies-Morel, M. C. D., Mur, L., Creevey, C., Alison, R., & Nash, D. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11071995 · Cited by 5
“The IL1 family group induces a network of proinflammatory cytokines, which regulate and initiate inflammatory responses [60].”
BackgroundNan, D., Dou, X., Qi, Y., Zhang, W., He, G., & Zhang, X. (2020) · International Journal of Stem Cells · doi:10.15283/ijsc20038 · Cited by 4
“IL-1α is one of the most well studied member of interleukin family, and is recognized as an important player in cancer and other inflammatory diseases (20, 21).”
BackgroundLiu, X.-Y., Zhang, H., He, S.-W., Mu, X., Hu, G., & Dong, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2020.00590 · Cited by 5
“In addition, IL-1α is primarily associated with inflammatory during the pathogenesis induced by bacterial infection (Dinarello, 2011; Menghini et al., 2019).”
BackgroundImpact of IL1R1 polymorphisms on the risk of head and neck cancer in Chinese Han population.
Tian, Y., Sun, Y., Wu, J., Xiong, Z., Niu, F., Li, H., Liu, Y.-W., Liu, J., & Cai, J.-H. (2020) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2020.144927 · Cited by 5
Cytokine Milieu in Infectious Disease: A Sword or a Boon?
Soni, B., & Singh, S. (2019) · Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research · doi:10.1089/jir.2019.0089 · Cited by 6
Anderson, J. H., Nohra, E. A., Liveris, A., Appelbaum, R. D., Ratnasekera, A. M., Peralta, R. R., Young, J. B., Kirsch, J. M., Jawa, R. S., McLean, S. F., et al. (2026) · Trauma Surgery & Acute Care Open · doi:10.1136/tsaco-2025-002172 · Cited by 4
Antiviral Drugs in HIV and Cardiovascular Disease: Mechanistic Insights and Clinical Implications
Hetta, . F., Alanazi, F. E., Alshareef, H. M., Alqifari, S. F., Bukhari, S. Q., Albalwi, M. A., Alatawi, Z., Alshahrani, A. M., Shorog, E., Atoom, A. M., et al. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19020205 · Cited by 3
“Due to the increasing pathophysiological significance of IL-1 β in various disease mechanisms, novel biological therapeutics have been discovered in recent years [108].”
Choi, S. Y., Shin, M.-S., Son, H.-J., Kim, S. B., Song, P., & Lee, K. (2025) · Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.4014/jmb.2509.09052 · Cited by 4
“Specifically, IL-1β, a member of the IL-1 family, is strongly associated with innate immunity and triggers autoinflammatory processes [37], and TNF-α, primarily produced by macrophages and other immune cells, exerts broad pro-inflammatory effects that include enhancing leukocyte recruitment,…”
Sex differences in the physiological response to acute anterior cruciate ligament overuse
Schlecht, S. H., Loflin, B. E., Carter, A., Hanna, R., Shergill, S., & Wojtys, E. (2025) · Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jp289078 · Cited by 4
“Concurrently, immune modulation is manifested through the signalling of Il - 10 , a potent anti-inflammatory cytokine, and is probably antagonizing the strong upregulation of Il-1b in conjunction with an anti-inflammatory interleukin receptor, Il-1rl1 (Dinarello, 2011).”
Cheriyan, B., Shanmugasundaram, J., Sayeli, V., Nadipelly, J., Luke, L. H., & Anandakumar, S. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.120722 · Cited by 4
Guardians on call: neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells in arthritis pathogenesis
Sharma, N., Bashal, J., Bouchefra, B., Chandran, V., Sater, A. A. A., & Οικονομοπούλου, Κ. (2025) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2025.2539133 · Cited by 5
“IL-1β release is pivotal in initiating acute inflammation, as it drives neutrophil recruitment and amplifies the local immune response [106,164].”
Wobma, H., Henderson, L. A., Duncan, C., Prockop, S. E., Randolph, A. G., Degar, B. A., Lehmann, L., & Baumeister, S. H. C. (2025) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2025.1631557 · Cited by 3
Mutlu, H., Mutlu, H., Kandemir, Ö., Akaras, N., Şimşek, H., Çağlayan, C., & Kandemır, F. M. (2025) · Tissue and Cell · doi:10.1016/j.tice.2025.103166 · Cited by 4
Analytical Biomarkers for Inflammation Status Monitoring of Psychotropic and Antiepileptic Drugs
Jiers, W., Sommerfeld-Klatta, K., Gümüştaş, M., Mozdziak, P. E., Łukasik‐Głębocka, M., Tężyk, A., Żaba, Z., Żaba, C., & Piotrowska‐Kempisty, H. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18081213 · Cited by 5
“It can cross the blood–brain barrier or be produced by activated microglia, demonstrating its impact on the function of the central nervous system [30].”
Identification of mitophagy-related genes in patients with acute myocardial infarction
Li, J.-Y., Chen, H.-K., Huang, Y.-H., Zhi, Y.-P., Li, Y., Lin, K., Chen, C., & Guo, Y. (2025) · Hereditas · doi:10.1186/s41065-025-00424-5 · Cited by 4
“…(IL-1β) is a highly potent inflammatory cytokine primarily released by monocytes and macrophages, dendritic cells (DC), neutrophils, B lymphocytes and NK cells, and keratinocytes, In response to the Toll-like receptor (TLR), activated complement components, other cytokines and IL-1β itself [23–25].”
Hatamipour, M., Saremi, H., Kesharwani, P., & Sahebkar, A. (2025) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2025.108431 · Cited by 5
Lee, S.-Y., Lee, B.-Y., Lim, B., Uzzaman, R., Jang, G., & Kim, K.-S. (2024) · Animal Genetics · doi:10.1111/age.13490 · Cited by 4
“The upregulation of Il1b was particularly intriguing, as it plays a pivotal role as a mediator of inflammatory cytokines, influencing processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis (Dinarello, 2010, 2011).”
Krivošová, M., Dohál, M., Mäsiarová, S., Pršo, K., Gondáš, E., Murín, R., Fraňová, S., Porvazník, I., Solovič, I., & Mokrý, J. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0305158 · Cited by 4
Maresin2 negatively regulates DC’s maturation via the MAPK/NF-κB pathway in DCs
Wang, C., Deng, J., Ding, Z., Zhu, H., Guo, Z., & Lu, J. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112785 · Cited by 4
Efficacy and safety of drugs in residual cardiovascular risk: A systematic review of the literature
Hernández-Somerson, M. A., Montoya-Agudelo, F., & Huertas-Rodriguez, G. (2024) · International Journal of Cardiology Cardiovascular Risk and Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.ijcrp.2024.200298 · Cited by 2
“This is explained by the effect of II – 1 beta on atherosclerotic plaque, which includes mobilization of white cells by increased adhesion to endothelial cells, proliferation of smooth muscle cells, and activation of coagulation [30].”
MethodWan, Y., He, S., Wang, S., Xu, T., Qi, M., & Gan, P. (2024) · American Journal of Cardiovascular Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40256-024-00653-5 · Cited by 5
“Nevertheless, the available evidence indicates that the utilization of IL-1 inhibitors does not pose an increased risk of opportunistic infections [25, 27].”
Parperis, K., Constantinou, M., Lampi, M., & Bhattarai, B. (2024) · Seminars in Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1016/j.semarthrit.2024.152464 · Cited by 4
Eyndhoven, L. C. V., Chouri, E., Matos, C. I., Pandit, A., Radstake, T. R. D. J., Broen, J. C. A., Singh, A., & Tel, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1322814 · Cited by 4
Los, J., Mensink, F. B., Mohammadnia, N., Opstal, T. S. J., Damman, P., Volleberg, R. H. J. A., Peeters, D. A. M., van Royen, N., García‐García, H. M., Cornel, J. H., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2024.1352025 · Cited by 5
Shields, C., Tardo, G., Wang, X., Peacock, G., Robbins, M., Glenn, H. L., Wilson, R., Williams, J. M., & Cornelius, D. C. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25020863 · Cited by 4
Zhou, N., Liu, L., & Li, Q. (2023) · Experimental Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.exer.2023.109750 · Cited by 4
Salivary Interleukin-1 Levels in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Case-Control Study
Vala, D., Shah, J., Purba, A. K., Mehta, T. K., Mansata, A., Almalki, S., & Makkad, R. (2023) · Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_558_23 · Cited by 4
“[7] Saliva offers several advantages, including easy and non‑invasive sample collection, making it an attractive medium for biomarker analysis.”
Hu, X.-X., Luo, H., Tan, G., Li, Y., & Qin, B. (2023) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-023-02812-5 · Cited by 4
“A study found that IL-1β is a significant factor in controlling aggressive pathogens such as hepatitis B and C viruses by activating the expression of the specific immune gene [25, 26] and promoting lymphocyte recruitment to the primary site of infection [27, 28].”
BackgroundLi, M.-Y., Fang, X., Ma, Y., Pan, X.-Y., Dai, X., Li, X., Li, X.-L., Wang, Y., Tao, J., & Li, X.-P. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-32365-2 · Cited by 4
Zou, Y., Zheng, W.-B., Elsheikha, H. M., He, J.-J., Lu, Y., Wang, S., Guo, A., & Zhu, X. (2023) · Parasites & Vectors · doi:10.1186/s13071-023-05738-9 · Cited by 5
“Anti-inflammatory members of the il-1 family can affect disease severity [60].”
BackgroundFujikawa, T., Kobayashi, M., Wagner, S., Duarte, K., Scherdel, P., Heude, B., Dupontd, V., Bozec, E., Bresso, E., Zannad, F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0000000000003343 · Cited by 4
“IL-6 and IL-1b as a driver of IL-6, play important roles in progressive atherosclerosis such as the development of atherothrombotic plaque, the advancement of monocyte/ leukocyte adhesion to vascular endothelial cells, and the progress of vascular smooth-muscle cells [48,49].”
BIOMARKERS: CAN THEY REALLY GUIDE OUR DAILY PRACTICE?
Tsangaris, I., Antonakos, N., Fantoni, M., Kaplanski, G., Kyriazopoulou, E., Veas, F., & Clemens, M. (2022) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000001957 · Cited by 4
Comparison of Interleukin-1 Ligand Expression by Human Papilloma Virus Status in HNSCCs
Khan, I., Gibson-Corley, K., Coppock, J., & Simons, A. (2022) · Head and Neck Pathology · doi:10.1007/s12105-022-01440-x · Cited by 4
“The IL-1 pathway plays a critical role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses to infections and sterile insults [1, 2].”
BackgroundInfluentialZhou, D., Long, C., Shao, Y. X., Li, F., Sun, W., Zheng, Z., Wang, X., Huang, Y., Pan, F., Chen, G., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.828382 · Cited by 4
“At the same time, IPA analysis showed that increased Hamp2 expression was correlated with IL1B, and the relationship between Hamp2 and IL1B in THE urine of PTSD will be further discussed in subsequent studies.”
BackgroundThe role of alcohol use and adiposity in serum levels of IL-1RA in depressed patients
Archer, M., Niemelä, O. J., Hämäläinen, M., Moilanen, E., Leinonen, E. V. J., & Kampman, O. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-03784-8 · Cited by 4
“Currently a total of 11 members of the IL-1 family have been indentified, most importantly pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1α and IL-1 β [8, 9].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Dinarello, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Dinarello, Charles A.
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2011-04-07
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 3720-3732
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- PMC
- PMC3083294
- OpenAlex
- W2150107812
- Cited by
- 2,248
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 139 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 110
- FWCI
- 12.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 046934, P30CA046934)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI‑15614, R56AI015614, R01AI015614)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Keywords
- interleukin-1, IL-1 receptor family, innate immunity, autoinflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, caspase-1, gout, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, recurrent pericarditis, smoldering multiple myeloma, heart failure, anti-inflammatory therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Disease, Multigene Family, Humans, Inflammation, Interleukin-1, Models, Biological, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Toll-Like Receptors, Molecular Targeted Therapy
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