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Interleukin-1 in the pathogenesis and treatment of inflammatory diseases
Open accessAbstract
More than any other cytokine family, the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors is primarily associated with acute and chronic inflammation. The cytosolic segment of each IL-1 receptor family member contains the Toll-IL-1-receptor domain. This domain is also present in each Toll-like receptor, the receptors that respond to microbial products and viruses. Since Toll-IL-1-receptor domains are functional for both receptor families, responses to the IL-1 family are fundamental to innate immunity. Of the 11 members of the IL-1 family, IL-1β has emerged as a therapeutic target for an expanding number of systemic and local inflammatory conditions called autoinflammatory diseases. For these, neutralization of IL-1β results in a rapid and sustained reduction in disease severity. Treatment for autoimmune diseases often includes immunosuppressive drugs whereas neutralization of IL-1β is mostly anti-inflammatory. Although some autoinflammatory diseases are due to gain-of-function mutations for caspase-1 activity, common diseases such as gout, type 2 diabetes, heart failure, recurrent pericarditis, rheumatoid arthritis, and smoldering myeloma also are responsive to IL-1β neutralization. This review summarizes acute and chronic inflammatory diseases that are treated by reducing IL-1β activity and proposes that disease severity is affected by the anti-inflammatory members of the IL-1 family of ligands and receptors.
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“mitochondria are involved both in the recognition of pathogens and in many mechanisms of inflammatory response, inducing the subsequent recruitment of several proinflammatory cytokines [52].”
From Effects of Mangiferin on LPS-Induced Inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 Viral Adsorption in Human Lung Cells (2022) · cites this paper as [52]
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“IL-1β is produced in response to a wide range of physiological insults, and IL-1 signaling is closely linked to a wide variety of chronic inflammatory diseases, where it plays a critical role in the activation of inflammatory myelopoiesis (Ueda et al., 2009; Dinarello, 2011; Mirantes et al., 2014; Pietras, 2017).”
From PU.1 is required to restrain myelopoiesis during chronic inflammatory stress (2023) · cites this paper as Dinarello, 2011
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Immunological and inflammatory functions of the interleukin-1 family
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In silico transcriptomic analysis for biomarker discovery in TB and HIV co-infection
Aalam, J., & Parveen, R. (2026) · Computational Biology and Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.compbiolchem.2026.108954 · Cited by 3
Teixeira, C. S. S., Costa, J., Carriço-Sá, B., Villa, C., Mafra, I., Tavares, T. G., Faria, M., & Ferreira, I. M. P. L. V. O. (2026) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2026.150750 · Cited by 3
Xie, N., Zeng, L., Hu, X., Wu, Z., Lu, W., Luo, S., & Luo, J. (2026) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2026.113146 · Cited by 3
Therapeutic management of inflammatory heart diseases
Bonaventura, A., Buono, M. G. D., Golino, M., Potere, N., Vecchié, A., Malandrino, D., Tassell, B. W. V., Youngstein, T., Weber, B. N., & Abbate, A. (2026) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2026.108996 · Cited by 6
Lei, J., Lou, Z., Jiang, Y., Cui, Y., Li, S., Hu, J. J., Jing, Y., & Yang, J. (2025) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph18121827 · Cited by 3
“Interleukin-1 (IL-1), a key cytokine in innate immunity and inflammation, includes two main isoforms, IL-1 α and IL-1 β , which activate the IL-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1) to initiate NF-κ B and MAPK signaling pathways [1].”
Wang, F., Liu, J., Wen, J., Sun, Y., & He, M. (2025) · Annals of Medicine · doi:10.1080/07853890.2025.2600171 · Cited by 3
“Caspase-1 is an essential inflammatory caspase responsible for cleaving and activating pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-18 [56].”
Cholesterol-mediated inflammation activation in alveolar macrophages
Giambelluca, S., Ochs, M., & López-Rodríguez, E. (2025) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-025-02494-3 · Cited by 3
Qian, M., Ge, M., Liu, S., Wen, X., Liu, N., Wang, Q., Cao, J., Jiang, X., Zhang, Y., Yang, J., et al. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.168570 · Cited by 2
Kotlęga, D., Drozd, A., Zembroń-Łacny, A., Morawin, B., Ryterská, K., & Szczuko, M. (2025) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom15111537 · Cited by 3
“While these pathways provide biological plausibility for the observed associations and support exploration of IL-1-targeted strategies (e.g., anakinra) alongside metabolic interventions, our findings remain associative [2,48,53–56].”
Zheng, X., Li, L., Ma, H., Li, X., & Feng, X. (2025) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-025-03576-3 · Cited by 3
Yousry, C., Saber, M. M., Habib, M. H., Ibrahim, L. M., & Abouelatta, S. M. (2025) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107623 · Cited by 3
Bouafia, Z., Boudjelal, A., Bouaziz-Terrachet, S., Smeriglio, A., Bouhenna, M., Yıldız, I., Demirtaş, I., & Trombetta, D. (2025) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.70087 · Cited by 3
“After a careful phytochemical characterization by LC- ESI-MS/MS analysis, in silico molecular docking experiments aimed to investigate the interaction of the main phytoconstituents with the essential proteins involved in the wound healing process, such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)- 1β, IL-…”
InfluentialZhou, W., Wu, Y.-G., Yang, J.-H., Saini, Y. K., Fu, R., Chen, B., Cao, G.-D., & Zhang, J.-W. (2025) · Journal of Inflammation Research · doi:10.2147/jir.s544465 · Cited by 3
GDF-15 Levels in Gouty Arthritis and Correlations with Decreasing Renal Function: A Clinical Study
Cure, O., Yiğit, E., Yigit, M. H., & Uzun, H. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13071767 · Cited by 3
“This leads to a rapid increase in inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1 β [22].”
Shen, D., Wang, K., Guo, Z., Huang, K., Li, Y.-S., & Li, C.-M. (2025) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2025.105388 · Cited by 3
“IL-1 β is a key mediator of acute inflammation and is often linked to tissue injury and the amplification of immune responses (Dinarello, 2011), while TNF-α plays a central role in orchestrating NF-κ B activation and cell death.”
Liang, B., Zhou, S., Xue, L., Wang, Q., Li, Q.-Q., Zheng, Z., Ma, X., Li, J., Sun, L., Xing, K., et al. (2025) · Materials Today Bio · doi:10.1016/j.mtbio.2025.101833 · Cited by 3
Hidradenitis suppurativa in autoinflammatory syndromes
Mokoš, Z. B., Marinović, B., Jukić, I. L., Buzina, D. Š., Vlahinić, T., & Miše, J. (2025) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2025.05.003 · Cited by 3
Țimpău, A. S., Miftode, E.-G., Costache-Enache, I.-I., Petriş, A. O., Miftode, I.-L., Mitu, I., & Miftode, R.-Ş. (2025) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics15101211 · Cited by 4
“During the subacute phase of AMI, IL-1 β is known to exert deleterious effects on left ventricular dilatation and contractility, related to a reduction in β -adrenergic receptor responsiveness [44,45].”
Ganugula, R., Arora, M., Nuthalapati, N., Sridhar, P., & Kumar, M. R. (2025) · Materials Today · doi:10.1016/j.mattod.2025.05.001 · Cited by 3
Controversies and insights into cytokine regulation of neurogenesis and behavior in adult rodents
Sepúlveda-Cuéllar, R. D., Soria-Medina, D. A., Cañedo-Solares, I., Gómez‐Chávez, F., Molina-López, L. M., Cruz, Y., & Correa, D. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1550660 · Cited by 3
“…cells such as blood monocytes, tissue macrophages, skin dendritic cells and brain microglia and astrocytes, as well as endothelial cells in response to molecular patterns associated with pathogens (PAMPs), activated complement components and cytokines like TNF-a and IL-1 itself (107; Figure 2).”
The crosstalk of breast cancer and ischemic heart disease
Luo, Y., Liu, J., Qu, P., Han, S., Li, X., Wang, Y., Su, X., Zeng, J., Li, J., Deng, S., et al. (2025) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-025-02428-6 · Cited by 5
“It induces a robust in fl ammatory cascade by activating endothelial cells and upregulating the production of pro-in fl ammatory cytokines and chemokines [63].”
Du, D., Zhong, H., Huang, Z.-Y., Gao, M., Su, R., Xu, M.-Q., Shi, L., Hu, J., & Cao, H.-H. (2025) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2025.119817 · Cited by 3
Zhang, Y.-Y., Liu, J., Li, M., Dong, Y., Li, Z.-Y., Yi, D., Wu, T., Wang, L., Zhao, D., & Hou, Y.-Q. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12020115 · Cited by 3
“IL-1 β exhibits the activity of potent pro-inflammatory and promotes the secretion of various pro-inflammatory mediators, including chemokines and cytokines [60,61].”
Rad, M., Rafiei, A., Grunwell, J. R., & Kamaleswaran, R. (2025) · Int. J. Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2025.105809 · Cited by 3
Chen, J., Stefanovski, D., Haughan, J. E., Jiang, Z., Soma, L. R., & Robinson, M. A. (2024) · Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology · doi:10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110868 · Cited by 3
The role and mechanism of P2X7R in cirrhotic cardiomyopathy.
Shao, Z., Ding, X., Zhou, Y.-T., Zhou, J.-B., Luo, Y., Wu, D., Dai, Y.-F., Qian, L.-L., Wang, R.-X., & Yu, Z. (2024) · Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.molimm.2024.11.007 · Cited by 3
Yamileva, K., Parrotta, S., & Multia, E. (2024) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613464 · Cited by 3
“High levels of IL-1 increase the production of other pro-inflammatory mediators and enzymes, leading to increased inflammation and bone destruction [9,10] .”
BackgroundWu, Y., Pang, S., Guo, J., Yang, J., & Ou, R. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000037589 · Cited by 3
“[19] Furthermore, an alkaline environment might impact immune cells, particularly macrophages and neutrophils, which play a crucial role in urate crystal-induced inflammatory responses.”
BackgroundRetractedRodrigues, M. E. D. S., Bolen, M. L., Blackmer‐Raynolds, L., Schwartz, N., Chang, J., Tansey, M. G., & Sampson, T. R. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106511 · Cited by 9
“Our team and others have observed similar effects in prior work, both in the context of insulin dysregulation (Chen et al., 2021; Dinarello, 2011; Yuan et al., 2023).”
Wen, J.-R., Wang, L., Cheng, J., Ma, T.-F., Wen, Q., Li, C., Zou, Y.-H., Wan, X.-H., Wu, J., & Liu, J.-F. (2024) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.15946 · Cited by 3
“Accumulating evidence indicates that multiple inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α , IFN-γ , CCL20, IL1, and IL6 induce inflammation (Dinarello, 2011; Hanna et al., 2022; Jones & Jenkins, 2018; Karki et al., 2021).”
BackgroundDing, Y.-D., Shao, J., Liu, C., Li, Z.-T., Zhang, Y.-P., Jie, L.-G., Zhu, X., Liang, B., Yu, Q.-H., & Wu, J. (2024) · International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases · doi:10.1111/1756-185x.15020 · Cited by 3
Khan, J., Amin, K., Khan, H., Butt, S., Ahmad, J., Shah, Z. A., Hayat, S., Ahmad, A., Hassan, N., & Ullah, A. (2024) · Journal of King Saud University: Science · doi:10.1016/j.jksus.2024.103108 · Cited by 3
Winkler, M. S., Bahls, M., Böger, R., Ittermann, T., Dörr, M., Friedrich, N., & Schwedhelm, E. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13111612 · Cited by 3
“TLR2 is another well-known trigger of immune responses in the arterial wall, leading to the induction of the inflammasome including the release pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1 β [33].”
BackgroundNakahama-Matsushima, M., Kamijo, Y., Umemoto, Y., Hashizaki, T., Nishimura, Y., Furusawa, K., Furotani, Y., Tajima, F., & Kouda, K. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12227098 · Cited by 3
Benefit of Betaine in Isoniazid-Rifampicin-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats
John, P., Bhatia, N., Kale, P., & Doshi, G. (2023) · Iranian Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.61186/ijt.17.4.61 · Cited by 3
IL-1β knockout increases the intestinal abundancy of Akkermansia muciniphila
Bechberger, M., Eigenbrod, T., Boutin, S., Heeg, K. M., & Bode, K. A. (2023) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.1163/18762891-20220042 · Cited by 4
Expression and characterization of recombinant IL-1Ra in Aspergillus oryzae as a system
Azar, L. M., Karaman, E., Beyaz, B., Göktan, I., Eyüpoğlu, A. E., Kızılel, S., Erman, B., Gül, A., & Uysal, S. (2023) · BMC Biotechnology · doi:10.1186/s12896-023-00785-7 · Cited by 4
Increased expression of serum IL-18 and IL-18R in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus
Abhilasha, A., Mitra, P., Suri, S., Saxena, I., Shukla, R. K. G., Shukla, K. K., & Sharma, P. (2023) · Minerva Endocrinology · doi:10.23736/s2724-6507.20.03271-x · Cited by 6
Wang, X., Li, X., Ma, L., Chen, H., & You, C. (2023) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-023-06600-7 · Cited by 3
“This reaction can result in extensive neuronal destruction if maintained over a long period of time [10, 11].”
BackgroundDwivedi, A. K., Siegel, D. A., Thanh, C., Hoh, R., Hobbs, K. S., Pan, T., Gibson, E. A., Martin, J. N., Hecht, F. M., Pilcher, C. D., et al. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.01.10.523535 · Cited by 2
“Interleukin (IL)-1 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that regulates inflammation, 299 triggering a cascade of inflammatory mediators via the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain 300 containing 3 (NRLP3) inflammasome activation pathway [81, 82].”
BackgroundXiu, G., Li, X., Chen, J., Li, J., Chen, K., Liu, P., Ling, B., & Yang, Y. (2023) · Cell Transplantation · doi:10.1177/09636897231198175 · Cited by 3
Polonskiy, E. L., Zybina, N. N., Тихомирова, О. В., & Lomova, I. P. (2022) · Medical alphabet · doi:10.33667/2078-5631-2022-6-47-52 · Cited by 5
Sasaki, E., Momose, H., Furuhata, K., Mizukami, T., & Hamaguchi, I. (2021) · Journal of Immunotoxicology · doi:10.1080/1547691x.2021.1979699 · Cited by 3
“The IL-1 family of ligands and receptors are associated with both acute and chronic inflammation induced by bacteria and bacterial products (Ulich, Yin, Guo, del Castillo, et al. 1991; Ulich, Yin, Guo, Yi, et al. 1991; Dinarello 2011).”
BackgroundZhan, X., Liu, Y., Yu, C. Y., Wang, T., Zhang, J., Ni, D., & Huang, K. (2020) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-020-00827-5 · Cited by 3
Assmann, C. E., Stefanello, N., Bottari, N. B., Baldissarelli, J., Schetinger, M. R. C., Morsch, V. M., & Bagatini, M. D. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.92881 · Cited by 3
“Furthermore, IL-1β causes a marked increase in the expansion of naïve and memory CD4 T cells in response to antigens and particularly when used with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a costimulant [48, 49].”
BackgroundNKT Cells Join the Two Step for Inflammasome-Independent IL-1β Release
Bezbradica, J. S., & Joyce, S. (2020) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2020.03.045 · Cited by 3
“Step two processes pro-IL-1β precursor into the bioactive, secreted form, typically by the enzyme Caspase-1 (Dinarello, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialLiu, S., Liu, X., Hu, J., Chen, H., Yang, S., Feng, J., & Sui, Y. (2026) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-026-08574-4 · Cited by 2
“In rheumatoid arthritis, IL-1-targeted therapies such as anakinra can reduce disease activity, although treatment response is heterogeneous and appears to depend on inflammatory context [61, 62].”
Ganguly, A., Das, S., Pal, S., Kaibarta, R., Mahapatra, S., Ganguly, M., Sahu, M. C., Mitra, D., Giri, B. R., & Chattaraj, S. (2026) · Archives of Microbiology · doi:10.1007/s00203-026-04950-2 · Cited by 2
Role of aging-related cytokines in neurodegenerative disease (Review)
Dai, X.-K., Rao, X., Wang, Y.-D., & Zhao, W.-J. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2026.5817 · Cited by 2
“…targeting cytokines, such as IL‑1 β neutralizing antibodies and NLRP3 inhibitors in mouse autoinflamma‑ tory disease models and inflammatory arthritis models have demonstrated potential in delaying disease progression, their safety and efficacy in humans require further valida‑ tion (210,211).”
Zhao, Z., Tan, B., Chi, S., & Yang, Q.-H. (2026) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103352 · Cited by 2
Host Response Diagnostics in Pneumonia.
Pickens, C. I., & Cruz, C. D. (2026) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2025.12.009 · Cited by 2
Kim, Y., Park, N., Cheng, X., & Lee, Y. (2026) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2026.114872 · Cited by 3
Association between gout and cardiovascular disease: A register-based cohort study.
Pei, H., He, L., Wang, S., Mo, C.-B., Wang, J., Cui, X., Li, X., Zheng, J., & Liang, F. (2026) · Progress in cardiovascular diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2026.02.003 · Cited by 2
Zhang, L., Ma, J.-L., Yu, J.-Y., & Chu, Q. (2025) · Fish and Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2025.111076 · Cited by 2
Hu, Z., Engdahl, C., Pullerits, R., Mohammad, M., & Jin, T. (2025) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2025.1687243 · Cited by 4
“In addition, specific polymorphisms in the IL-1 β and TNF-α genes have been shown to correlate with disease severity and prognosis (El-Tahan et al., 2016; Dinarello, 2011).”
Niemiec-Górska, A., Labus, Ł., Mielcarska, S., Glück, J., Czuba, Z., Cyrnek, M., Branicka, O., Rymarczyk, B., & Gawlik, R. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262010075 · Cited by 2
“IL-1 β produced by macrophages and dendritic cells promotes inflammation by enhancing leukocyte recruitment and supports Th1 polarization in synergy with IL-12 [3].”
Li, B., Zhou, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhu, J. P., Liu, Q., Ma, J., Gong, Z., Xu, Z., Shen, J., Zhu, W., et al. (2025) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-025-05072-w · Cited by 2
“To better clarify the anti-inflammatory effects of WXD-EA and WXD-PE, we examined the expression of typical inflammatory biomarkers (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) at both gene and protein levels under different treatments and drug conditions [36–38].”
Duan, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, Y., Ma, Y., Li, M., Zhang, W., & Liu, S. (2025) · BMC Endocrine Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12902-025-02042-8 · Cited by 2
“Inflammation plays a key role in the development of many chronic diseases, including cardiovascular diseases (CVD), metabolic syndrome, and T2DM [7].”
Kotlęga, D., Drozd, A., Zembron-Lacny, A., Morawin, B., Ryterska, K., & Szczuko, M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26189088 · Cited by 2
Losa, M., Schwarzfischer, M., Emmenegger, M., Spalinger, M. R., Rogler, G., & Scharl, M. M. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26168042 · Cited by 2
“Given the key role of bioactive IL-1 in mediating inflammation downstream of inflammasome activation and proteolytic cleavage, blocking IL-1 signaling represents a viable therapeutic strategy [51,61,63,78].”
Rath, S., Girgis, M., Gupta, I., Chauhan, A., Din, Z. U., Hotchandani, H., Hasan, A., Ahmed, R., & Qureshi, R. (2025) · Life · doi:10.3390/life15071106 · Cited by 2
“The short-term survival benefit seen with anakinra may be due to its ability to reduce acute inflammation [41].”
Guo, Y., Zhong, J., Yang, X., Li, C. W., Wang, H., & Xiao, J. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000043038
Singh, S., Ahmed, F., Fatima, N., Nikhith, C. S., Bhuktar, H., Khan, R. A., Afroz, S., Battu, S., Reddy, K. K., Jagadeb, M., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.06.09.658245 · Cited by 2
“IL-1β IL-1β is a key mediator of various skin inflammatory conditions, including those triggered by infection, environmental factors, and autoimmune diseases 59,60 .”
Inflammation Perfect Storm: Cancer, Climate and Polarisation
da Silva, C. V. (2025) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/imm.70000 · Cited by 2
“…regulatory mechanisms designed to resolve inflammation fal-ter or are overwhelmed, the acute inflammatory response can insidiously transition into a chronic and systemic state, losing its protective nature and becoming a major pathological driver of a vast spectrum of human diseases [5, 6].”
Soha, A., Azina, I., Zolovs, M., Miskina, D., Murasko, V., Rozentale, B., Hartmane, I., & Rubins, A. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61061091 · Cited by 2
“It is well-established that IL-1 α and IL-33 function as “dual-function” cytokines, and IL-37 possesses strong anti-in fl ammatory and immuno-regulatory properties [37,38].”
Marsili, D. E. M. F., Carvalho, R. D. S., Nascimento, B. D. S., dos Santos, L. S., da Cunha, N. C., Xavier, S. K. C., da Fonseca, L. A., de Oliveira, L. L., & Balaro, M. F. A. (2025) · Small Ruminant Research · doi:10.1016/j.smallrumres.2025.107562 · Cited by 2
Zhang, T., Yu, Y., Chen, J., Zhao, Z., Qian, M., Zhang, Y., Ma, C.-L., & Chang, F. (2025) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s500838 · Cited by 2
Wijerathne, S. V. T., Pandit, R., Ezeuko, C. C., & Matthews, Q. L. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci12050477 · Cited by 2
Yuan, L., Ban, Z.-Q., Huang, K.-J., Ma, R.-R., Zhou, S.-M., Jiang, J.-H., Fei, C.-J., & Xie, J.-S. (2025) · Fishes · doi:10.3390/fishes10040167 · Cited by 2
Ohara, R., Dario, F. L., Emílio-Silva, M. T., Assunção, R., Rodrigues, V. P., Bueno, G. M., Raimundo, P. R., Justulin, L. A., da Rocha, L. R. M., & Hiruma-Lima, C. A. (2025) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2025.151565 · Cited by 2
Yerebakan, M., Tuter, G., Bagriacik, E., Oruklu, N., & Guldurur, T. (2025) · Odontology : official journal of The Society of the Nippon Dental University · doi:10.1007/s10266-024-01052-7 · Cited by 2
Khilwani, R., & Singh, S. (2024) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.4c00412 · Cited by 2
Salib, A.-M. N., Crane, M. J., Jamieson, A. M., & Lipscombe, D. (2024) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0311-24.2024 · Cited by 5
“However, prolonged, chronic neuroin fl ammation is maladaptive and associated with a range of conditions including painful diabetic neuropathy, arthritis, and neurodegeneration (Amor et al., 2010; Dinarello, 2011; Schaible, 2014; X. X. Fang et al., 2022; Caxaria et al., 2023; W. Zhang et al., 2023).”
Innovations in Hidradenitis Suppurativa.
Park, S. E., Hsiao, J. L., & Aleshin, M. (2024) · Dermatologia clinica · doi:10.1016/j.det.2024.08.003 · Cited by 2
Post-stroke osteoporosis: Mechanisms, treatments, and recent advances
Liu, Z., Liu, X., Wang, C., Sun, Q., Zhang, L., & Wang, J. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/jagr.0000000000000015 · Cited by 2
A Systematic Review on the Dual Role of Interleukin-1 in CAR T-Cell Therapy: Enhancer and Mitigator
Maali, A., Noei, A., Feghhi-Najafabadi, S., & Sharifzadeh, Z. (2024) · Iranian Biomedical Journal · doi:10.61186/ibj.4444 · Cited by 2
Orellano, L. A. A., Zeng, C., Zhu, J., Bogyo, M. S., Rock, K. L., & Lai, J. (2026) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-026-01590-x · Cited by 2
“In this pathway, serine proteases such as protease 3, cathepsin G, and neutrophil elastase are thought to cleave extracellular pro-IL-1 β to mature IL-1 β 38 .”
Li, C., Li, M., Jin, Y., An, Q., Dang, H., & Gong, W. (2024) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2024.112509 · Cited by 4
“IL-1 β belongs to a family of interleukins secreted by white blood cells, contributing significantly to inflammatory and immune responses (Dinarello, 2011).”
BackgroundJacques, C., Marchand, F., Chatelais, M., Albinet, V., Coustal, C., & Floris, I. (2024) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers16071421 · Cited by 3
Üçdal, M. T., Buruş, A., Çeltikçi, B., & Balaban, H. Y. (2023) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2023.111203 · Cited by 2
Chen, S., Suo, S.-Q., Xie, Z., He, J., Li, J.-Q., Duan, D., Qiao, G.-Y., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-023-04072-1 · Cited by 2
“In fact, IL-1β produces a wide range of pro-inflammatory mediators, including cytokines and chemokines [39, 40].”
BackgroundHuang, F., Xie, R., Li, R., Liu, L., Zhao, M., Wang, Q., Liu, W., Ye, P., Wang, W., & Wang, X. (2023) · Current Molecular Medicine · doi:10.2174/1566524023666230612143038 · Cited by 2
“Upon NLRP3 inflammasome activation, active caspase-1 is cleaved, and IL-1β and IL-18 are subsequently released, which play an important role in the host defense against infection [14, 15, 16] ( Fig.”
BackgroundAhmed, K., Ahmed, M., Elbelbesy, H. I., & Arisha, A. (2022) · Zagazig Veterinary Journal · doi:10.21608/zvjz.2022.167049.1190 · Cited by 2
“296 communication between white blood cells[38].”
Interleukin-1 is a Biological Marker in Heart Failure
Alieva, A. M., Kislyakov, V. A., Voronkova, K., Reznik, E. V., Arakelyan, R. A., Saryev, M. N., Valiev, R., Rakhaev, A. M., Hasanova, E., Kalova, M. R., et al. (2022) · The Russian Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.20514/2226-6704-2022-12-6-422-429 · Cited by 2
Acar, B., Demir, S., Özşin-Özler, C., Tan, Ç., Özbek, B., Yaz, I., Karabulut, E., Batu, E., Tezcan, I., Nohutcu, R., et al. (2022) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-022-04730-4 · Cited by 2
“Furthermore, IL-33, a member of the IL-1 family, is involved in proinflammatory and Th2 responses [13].”
BackgroundÖZKAN, F., & Sarı, S. (2022) · Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24320 · Cited by 2
“335 + 3 (13, 0) 8 (30, 8) 5 (23, 8) 16 (22, 9)”
InfluentialOptimizing the interaction between a new complex of platinum and copper with immunoproteins
Mosa, M. J., Alkazazz, F. F., & Al-Hassani, R. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences · doi:10.53730/ijhs.v6ns6.13111 · Cited by 2
Liquid Ventilation Reconditions Isolated Rat Lungs Following Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
Becerra, D. C., Linge, H., Jeffs, S. E., Roberts, S., Jane, O., & Ott, H. C. (2022) · Tissue Engineering Part A · doi:10.1089/ten.tea.2022.0084 · Cited by 2
“35 This cytokine has been identified as an important mediator of pulmonary IRI.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Dinarello, C. A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Dinarello, Charles A.
- Venue
- Blood
- Publisher
- American Society of Hematology
- Published
- 2011-04-07
- Volume
- 117
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 3720-3732
- ISSN
- 0006-4971 (ISSN-L)
- 1528-0020
- PMC
- PMC3083294
- OpenAlex
- W2150107812
- Cited by
- 2,248
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 138 · 2025: 173 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 150 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 160 · 2020: 159 · 2019: 164 · 2018: 151 · 2017: 145 · 2016: 123 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 139 · 2013: 124 · 2012: 110
- FWCI
- 12.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Blood (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (CA 046934, P30CA046934)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI‑15614, R56AI015614, R01AI015614)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Cytokine Signaling Pathways and Interactions
- Keywords
- interleukin-1, IL-1 receptor family, innate immunity, autoinflammatory disease, autoimmune disease, caspase-1, gout, type 2 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, recurrent pericarditis, smoldering multiple myeloma, heart failure, anti-inflammatory therapy
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Autoimmune Diseases, Disease, Multigene Family, Humans, Inflammation, Interleukin-1, Models, Biological, Receptors, Interleukin-1, Toll-Like Receptors, Molecular Targeted Therapy
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