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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.
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Terrazas-Salgado, L., Yáñez-Rivera, B., Llera-Herrera, R., García-Gasca, A., Alvarado-Cruz, I., & Betancourt-Lozano, M. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Science and Health. Part B - Pesticides, Food Contaminants, and Agricultural Wastes · doi:10.1080/03601234.2022.2115780 · Cited by 10
The Occurrence of Glyphosate and its Degradation Products in the Urban Stormwater: A Short Review
Feltracco, M., Rosso, B., Favarin, M., Sambo, F., Barbaro, E., Biondi, S., Toscano, G., Barbante, C., & Gambaro, A. (2022) · Water, Air and Soil Pollution · doi:10.1007/s11270-022-05973-3 · Cited by 7
“Glyphosate is currently the most widely used herbicide in the USA and throughout the world (Benbrook, 2016).”
BackgroundMovaghati, S., Delphi, L., Disfani, F., & Moosavi‐Movahedi, A. A. (2022) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.230 · Cited by 9
Mesnage, R., & Benbrook, C. (2023) · All Life · doi:10.1080/26895293.2023.2167872 · Cited by 9
Self-citationSasano, R., Ito, R., Kusumoto, M., Sekizawa, J., & Akiyama, H. (2023) · Analytical Sciences · doi:10.1007/s44211-023-00288-7 · Cited by 9
Meta-analysis of metal nanoparticles degrading pesticides: what parameters are relevant?
Herrera, W. A. T., Vera, J., Aponte, H., Hermosilla, E., Fincheira, P., Parada, J., Tortella, G., Seabra, A. B., Diez, M. C., & Rubilar, O. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-26756-1 · Cited by 9
“Thus, pesticides are essential for agricultural systems due to their protection crop role, and their use is estimated to increase over time (Benbrook 2016; Mohanta 2020).”
BackgroundHe, X., Wu, C., Tan, H., Deng, X., & Li, Y. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15118497 · Cited by 9
Enhancements Needed in GE Crop and Food Regulation in the U.S.
Benbrook, C. (2016) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00059 · Cited by 9
Self-citationViljoen, C. D., Koortzen, B. J., & Tantuan, S. S. (2021) · Food Additives and Contaminants Part B · doi:10.1080/19393210.2021.1872713 · Cited by 9
The Influence of Herbicides to Marine Organisms Aliivibrio fischeri and Artemia salina
Vurm, R., Tajnaiová, L., & Kofroňová, J. (2021) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics9110275 · Cited by 7
Bhardwaj, J. K., Kumar, V., Panchal, H., & Sachdeva, S. N. (2021) · Ultrastructural Pathology · doi:10.1080/01913123.2021.1993400 · Cited by 8
“…crops).16 Due to these GLY [N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine]resistant crops, the use of GLY herbicide has increased to 15-fold since 1996 as reported by Benbrook 2016,17 and it is currently the most frequently used herbicide worldwide.18 It is a postemergent, broad-spectrum, and non-selective…”
BackgroundBiandolino, F., Prato, E., Grattagliano, A., & Parlapiano, I. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12081595 · Cited by 9
“Among them, glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) is one of the most widely used globally, with an increase of more than 12 times to 826 million kg having occurred between 1995 and 2014 [28].”
BackgroundCapability of phytoremediation of glyphosate in environment by Vulpia myuros
Gao, W., Zhang, Y., Lin, M., Mao, J., Xing, B., Li, Y., & Hou, R. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115511 · Cited by 8
“Previous studies have shown that glyphosate can bind to organic matter in the soil and remain there for a long time (Mamy et al., 2005, 2016; Mateos-Naranjo et al., 2009; Simonsen et al., 2008).”
Yarkwan, B., Isaac, O. T., Okopi, A., & Izah, S. C. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-97-2428-4_11 · Cited by 8
Solomon, J., Reyes, C. D. G., Chávez‐Reyes, J., Onigbinde, S. B., Marichal‐Cancino, B. A., López-Lariz, C. H., Beck, M., & Mechref, Y. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1442772 · Cited by 8
“Glyphosate formulations have since grown to dominate the herbicide market (Benbrook, 2016; Duke, 2018; Kanissery et al., 2019), with a wide range of efficacy.”
BackgroundHormetic and transcriptomic responses of the toxic alga Prymnesium parvum to glyphosate
Montes, R. A. C., Mary, M. A., Rashel, R. H., Fokar, M., Herrera‐Estrella, L., López-Arredondo, D. L., & Patiño, R. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176451 · Cited by 9
Zhu, Y., Yang, Z., Chen, Y., Qian, L., Hao, C., Hao, L., Yang, B., & Duan, J. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.117559 · Cited by 8
Murawska, A., Berbeć, E., Latarowski, K., Roman, A., & Migdał, P. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309567 · Cited by 8
Occurrence and fate of glyphosate and AMPA in wastewater treatment plants in Australia.
Campbell, G., Tscharke, B. J., Prasad, P., Knight, E., Reeks, T., Jackson, A., Thomas, K., Mueller, J. F., & Kaserzon, S. (2025) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2025.178964 · Cited by 7
Hall, M., Ashley‐Martin, J., Till, C., Hu, J. M. Y., Lanphear, B. P., Curl, C. L., Arbuckle, T. E., Boivin, M., Booij, L., Muckle, G., et al. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109480 · Cited by 8
Hui, Y., Guo, H., Xue, R., Wang, M., Ma, Y., Zhuang, D., & Wu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2025.139137 · Cited by 8
Wu, B., Liu, H., Dong, R., Xu, H., Qi, J., Liang, H., Guo, C., Zeng, H., Zhao, J., Song, H., et al. (2025) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2025.127206 · Cited by 8
Controle químico de plantas daninhas em povoamentos de restauração florestal
dos Santos, F. A. M., Leles, P. S. D. S., Santana, J. E. D. S., do Nascimento, D. F., & Machado, A. F. L. (2018) · Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira · doi:10.4336/2018.pfb.38e201701524 · Cited by 8
“O glifosato é o herbicida mais utilizado mundialmente no controle de plantas daninhas, na agricultura e na silvicultura (Benbrook, 2016).”
BackgroundInterference of goethite in the effects of glyphosate and Roundup® on ZFL cell line
da Silva, N. D. G., Carneiro, C. E. A., Campos, E. V. R., de Oliveira, J. L., Risso, W. E., Fraceto, L. F., Zaia, D. A. M., & Martinez, C. B. D. R. (2019) · Toxicology in Vitro · doi:10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104755 · Cited by 9
Carreiro, M. M., Fuselier, L., & Waltman, M. (2020) · Natural Areas Journal · doi:10.3375/043.040.0204 · Cited by 8
“It is also the most commonly recommended and widely applied herbicide for controlling weeds in agriculture and forestry (Andrea et al. 2003; Miller et al. 2015; Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundPHYSIOLOGICAL AND MORPHOANATOMIC RESPONSES OF Bowdichia virgilioides KUNTH. (FABACEAE) TO GLYPHOSATE
de Oliveira, A. P. A., Filho, A. J. C., Santos, V. R. D. S., Costa, A. C., & Silva, K. L. F. (2021) · Revista Árvore · doi:10.1590/1806-908820210000028 · Cited by 8
Brede, M., Haange, S., Riede, S., Engelmann, B., Jehmlich, N., Rolle-Kampczyk, U. E., Röhn, K., von Soosten, D., von Bergen�, M., & Breves, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.873101 · Cited by 8
“Ruminants livestock are fed protein-rich feed components such as rapes and soybeans which are highly exposed to glyphosate (Benbrook, 2016; Antier et al., 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Benbrook, C. M.
- Corresponding author
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- ORCID
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- Venue
- Environmental Sciences Europe
- Published
- 2016-02-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-4707
- PMC
- PMC5044953
- OpenAlex
- W2255447065
- Cited by
- 1,890
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 71.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ceres Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application
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