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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.
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Feis, A., Gellini, C., Ricci, M., Tognaccini, L., Becucci, M., & Smulevich, G. (2020) · Vibrational Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2020.103061 · Cited by 22
Behavior of Glyphosate in Wastewater Treatment Plants
Poiger, T., Keller, M., Buerge, I. J., & Balmer, M. E. (2020) · CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry · doi:10.2533/chimia.2020.156 · Cited by 22
Cruz, J. M., & Murray, J. A. (2020) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128213 · Cited by 22
“All values reported in these studies were well below the glyphosate tolerance (maximum amount of a pesticide allowed to remain in a food) set by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) which is 30 mg/kg for oats (Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, 2019).”
BackgroundInfluentialRibeiro, V. H. V., Maia, L. G. S., Arneson, N. J., de Oliveira, M. C., Read, H. W., Ané, J., dos Santos, J. B., & Werle, R. (2021) · Crop Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105576 · Cited by 25
The contribution of land cover change to the decline of honey yields in the Northern Great Plains
Smith, D. J., Davis, A. Y., Hitaj, C., Hellerstein, D., Preslicka, A., Kogge, E., Mushet, D., & Lonsdorf, E. V. (2021) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abfde8 · Cited by 22
“[44] and the average use of glyphosate per acre is higher in soybeans than in corn [45], this may also serve to explain why we see a large decrease in honey yield when land cover transitions from grassland to soybean, but not to corn.”
BackgroundMetabolomic analysis of honey bee ( Apis mellifera L.) response to glyphosate exposure
Wang, B., Habermehl, C., & Jiang, L. (2022) · Molecular Omics · doi:10.1039/d2mo00046f · Cited by 22
Glyphosate and neurological outcomes: A systematic literature review of animal studies
MOSER, V. C., Morris‐Schaffer, K., Richardson, J. R., & Li, A. A. (2022) · Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B · doi:10.1080/10937404.2022.2083739 · Cited by 24
“The use of glyphosate products has steadily increased over the years, mostly due to the rising number of crops that are genetically modified to resist its herbicidal activity, as well as increasing weed resistance, which requires greater herbicide usage (Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundEffects of glyphosate on cladocera: A synthetic review
Lares, B. A., Vignatti, A. M., Echaniz, S. A., & Gutiérrez, M. F. (2022) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106232 · Cited by 22
Campanile, R., Elia, V. C., Minopoli, A., Babar, Z. U. D., Girolamo, R. D., Morone, A., Sakač, N., Velotta, R., Ventura, B. D., & Iannotti, V. (2022) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123937 · Cited by 22
Vázquez, D. E., Martínez, L. E. V., Medina, V., Latorre-Estivalis, J. M., Zavala, J. A., & Farina, W. M. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122200 · Cited by 22
Tao, X., Mao, Y., alam, S., Wang, A., Qi, X., Zheng, S., Jiang, C., Chen, S.-Y., & Lu, H. (2024) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2024.124226 · Cited by 22
Chang, V. C., Ospina, M., Xie, S., Andreotti, G., Parks, C. G., Liu, D., Madrigal, J. M., Ward, M. H., Rothman, N., Silverman, D. T., et al. (2024) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.108644 · Cited by 22
“Glyphosate, the active ingredient of a broad-spectrum herbicide formulation commercialized in 1974, is widely used to control weeds in agricultural and other settings (Benbrook, 2016).”
InfluentialZheng, M., Zhou, M., Deng, W., Wang, P., & An, Y. (2024) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2024.124327 · Cited by 22
Rampazzo, G., Gazzotti, T., Pagliuca, G., Nobile, M., Chiesa, L. M., Carpino, S., & Panseri, S. (2024) · LWT · doi:10.1016/j.lwt.2024.116159 · Cited by 22
Danne, M., Mußhoff, O., & Schulte, M. (2019) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.04.023 · Cited by 22
“The nonselective, systematic herbicide glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) is the main herbicide used worldwide (Woodburn, 2000; Duke and Powles, 2008; Steinmann et al., 2012; Benbrook, 2016).”
BackgroundFathi, M. A., Abdelghani, E., Shen, D., Ren, X., Dai, P., Li, Z., Tang, Q., Li, Y., & Li, C. (2019) · Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition · doi:10.1111/jpn.13181 · Cited by 22
Maderthaner, M., Weber, M., Takács, E., Mörtl, M., Leisch, F., Römbke, J., Querner, P., Walcher, R., Gruber, E., Székács, A., et al. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08213-5 · Cited by 22
“Herbicides represent the globally most widely used class of pesticides in conventional agriculture; among them, glyphosate with 8.26 108 kg year−1 is the most commonly used active ingredient (AI) (Benbrook 2016; Székács and Darvas 2012; Székács and Darvas 2018).”
BackgroundInfluentialFernandes, B., Soares, C., Braga, C., Rebotim, A., Ferreira, R., Ferreira, J. S. P. D. M., Fidalgo, F., Pereira, R., & Cachada, A. (2020) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app10155098 · Cited by 22
“Right after its discovery in the 1970s, GLY quickly became the most applied herbicide worldwide and, in 2014, the volume applied was sufficient to treat between 22% and 30% of globally cultivated cropland [8].”
BackgroundSen, K., Datta, J. K., & Mondal, N. K. (2020) · Applied Nanoscience · doi:10.1007/s13204-020-01612-7 · Cited by 22
“Every year, approximately 8.6 billion kilograms of GLY has been used worldwide (Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialPesticides in a case study on no-tillage farming systems and surrounding forest patches in Brazil
da Silva, K. A., Nicola, V. B., Dudas, R., Demetrio, W. C., Maia, L. D. S., Cunha, L. F. N., Bartz, M. L. C., Brown, G. G., Pasini, A., Kille, P., et al. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88779-3 · Cited by 22
Padilla-Alonso, D. J., Garza-Tapia, M., Chávez-Montes, A., González-Horta, A., de Torres, N. H. W., & Castro‐Ríos, R. (2017) · Journal of Liquid Chromatography & Related Technologies · doi:10.1080/10826076.2017.1295057 · Cited by 22
“Specifically, herbicides, which are a type of pesticide, are used to control weeds, and their agricultural use has increased in recent years.([2]) Glyphosate (Gly) is a nonselective herbicide that inhibits the 5-enolpyruvyl-shikimate-3phosphate synthase enzyme that is present in all plants.”
BackgroundMasci, M., Caproni, R., & Nevigato, T. (2024) · Methods and Protocols · doi:10.3390/mps7030038 · Cited by 21
Wang, P., Zheng, M., Zhou, M., Wang, Y., Shang, S., He, Q., & An, Y. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/j.molstruc.2025.141405 · Cited by 21
Global Evidence on Monitoring Human Pesticide Exposure
Fagundes, T. R., Coradi, C., Vacario, B. G. L., Valentim, J. M. B. D. M., & Panis, C. (2025) · Journal of Xenobiotics · doi:10.3390/jox15060187 · Cited by 21
“With the introduction of genetically modified crops resistant to glyphosate, its use has intensified [37].”
Chronic Kidney Disease in Agricultural Communities
Wilke, R. A., Qamar, M., Lupu, R. A., Gu, S., & Zhao, J. (2019) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.03.036 · Cited by 21
“The fast-rising use of glyphosate in the US and worldwide after the introduction of glyphosate-tolerant crops has triggered great attention in quantifying the impact of glyphosate on human health, and the first step is to accurately estimate the use of this chemical on crops in specific regions [19].”
BackgroundConstruction of a combined soil quality indicator to assess the effect of glyphosate application
Romano-Armada, N., Amoroso, M. J., & Rajal, V. B. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.079 · Cited by 21
Hardell, L., & Carlberg, M. (2021) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh-2020-0168 · Cited by 21
“Glyphosate has in recent years been the most widely used pesticide [52].”
BackgroundVu, C. T., Le, P. T., Chu, D. B., Bui, V. H., Phung, T. L. A., Le, H. Y. N., Labanowski, J., Mondamert, L., Herrmann, M. J., & Behra, P. (2021) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462188 · Cited by 21
“3-fold, from 43,0 0 0 t in 1994 to 747,0 0 0 t in 2014 in the world [4] .”
da Costa, N. B., Fugère, V., Hébert, M., Xu, C. C. Y., Barrett, R. D. H., Beisner, B. E., Bell, G., Yargeau, V., Fussmann, G. F., Gonzalez, A., et al. (2021) · Molecular Ecology · doi:10.1111/mec.16100 · Cited by 21
Li, Z., & Niu, S. (2021) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112894 · Cited by 21
Metadata
- Authors
- Benbrook, C. M.
- Corresponding author
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- ORCID
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- Venue
- Environmental Sciences Europe
- Published
- 2016-02-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-4707
- PMC
- PMC5044953
- OpenAlex
- W2255447065
- Cited by
- 1,890
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 71.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ceres Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application
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