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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.
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“Glyphosate has become the most widespread and intensively used herbicide in the United States, where agricultural use in 2014 totaled 113.4 million kg, enough to apply approximately 1 kg on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland (Benbrook, 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe rise of financial investment and common ownership in global agrifood firms
Clapp, J. (2019) · Review of International Political Economy · doi:10.1080/09692290.2019.1597755 · Cited by 131
“…firms relies on large-scale monoculture farming practices that have been associated with high fossil fuel use, climate change, biodiversity loss, water shortages, and chemical run off from the increased application of fertilizers and pesticides (Benbrook, 2016; Foley et al., 2011; Garnett, 2013).”
BackgroundChen, Q., Zheng, J., Yang, Q., Dang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2019) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.8b22386 · Cited by 131
Organic versus Conventional Cropping Sustainability: A Comparative System Analysis
Fess, T. L., & Benedito, V. A. (2018) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su10010272 · Cited by 140
“, the proportion of HT crop lands have increased from 10% for corn and cotton, and 17% for soybean in 1996 to 89% and 94% in 2014, respectively; on which 250 million pounds (113 million kg) of glyphosate were applied, 49% on soybean crops alone [68,70].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe rise and future of glyphosate and glyphosate‐resistant crops
Green, J. M. (2016) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.4462 · Cited by 129
“A cc ep te d A rti cl e dramatically reduced the price of selective herbicides but sales still declined.(3) In 2002 after six years of sales, the number of herbicides used on 10 percent of the U.”
Glyphosate decreases mycorrhizal colonization and affects plant-soil feedback
Helander, M. L., Saloniemi, I., Omacini, M., Druille, M., Salminen, J., & Saikkonen, K. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.377 · Cited by 129
Rerouting plant terpene biosynthesis enables momilactone pathway elucidation
Peña, R. D. L., & Sattely, E. S. (2020) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/s41589-020-00669-3 · Cited by 128
Glyphosate concentrations in global freshwaters: are aquatic organisms at risk?
Brovini, E. M., Cardoso, S. J., Quadra, G. R., Vilas–Boas, J. A., Paranaíba, J. R., Pereira, R. D. O., & Mendonça, R. F. (2021) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-021-14609-8 · Cited by 128
“Soybean is the primary culture in the USA, Brazil, and Argentina (responsible for 82% of world production), and it is often the crop that receives the most glyphosate addition (Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialShaheen, S. M., Antoniadis, V., Shahid, M. A. R., Yang, Y., Abdelrahman, H. M., Zhang, T., Hassan, N. E. E., Bibi, I., Niazi, N. K., Younis, S. A., et al. (2021) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2021.111791 · Cited by 133
Mahler, B., Metre, P. V. V., Burley, T. E., Loftin, K., Meyer, M. T., & Nowell, L. (2017) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.236 · Cited by 106
Behaviour of glyphosate in a reservoir and the surrounding agricultural soils
Maqueda, C., López, T. U., Capellán, J. V., & González, E. M. (2017) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.202 · Cited by 127
Facts and Fallacies in the Debate on Glyphosate Toxicity
Mesnage, R., & Antoniou, M. N. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00316 · Cited by 134
“Glyphosate sales and use has increased exponentially since 1996 after the introduction of novel glyphosate-tolerant “RoundupReady” crop varieties (namely, maize, soybean, canola, cotton, sugar beet, and alfalfa), which are genetically engineered to be sprayed with Roundup without dying (2).”
BackgroundResultAlmasri, H., Tavares, D. A., Pioz, M., Sené, D., Tchamitchian, S., Cousin, M., Brunet, J., & Belzunces, L. (2020) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111013 · Cited by 125
Glyphosate Use in the European Agricultural Sector and a Framework for Its Further Monitoring
Antier, C., Kudsk, P., Reboud, X., Ulber, L., Baret, P. V., & Messéan, A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12145682 · Cited by 122
“Some of the factors identified as drivers in the increase in glyphosate use by Benbrook [3] are also relevant in the EU context (e.g., a possible increase in the area treated with glyphosate; the growing adoption of no-tillage and conservation tillage systems relying on glyphosate), whereas other factors do not apply…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialLuo, D., Huang, X., Liu, B., Zou, W., & Wu, Y. (2021) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c08208 · Cited by 122
Glyphosate: environmental fate and impact
Duke, S. O. (2020) · Weed Science · doi:10.1017/wsc.2019.28 · Cited by 120
“In 2014, 88% of the glyphosate used in U.S. agriculture was used in GR crops (Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundBeckie, H. J., Flower, K. C., & Ashworth, M. B. (2020) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9010096 · Cited by 120
“Since the first introduction of GR crop cultivars in 1996, glyphosate use has risen 15-fold [17].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMao, Q., Manservisi, F., Panzacchi, S., Mandrioli, D., Menghetti, I., Vornoli, A., Bua, L., Falcioni, L., Lesseur, C., Chen, J., et al. (2018) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0394-x · Cited by 124
“4 million tons of GBHs have been sprayed, nearly half a pound of 100 glyphosate on every cultivated acre of land globally[2].”
BackgroundHerath, G. A. D., Poh, L. S., & Ng, W. J. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.078 · Cited by 119
Tarfeen, N., Nisa, K. U., Hamid, B., Bashir, Z., Yatoo, A. M., Dar, M. A., Mohiddin, F. A., Amin, Z., Ahmad, R. A., & Sayyed, R. Z. (2022) · Processes · doi:10.3390/pr10071358 · Cited by 118
“The most widely used pesticides worldwide mainly include atrazine, simazine, isoproturon, mecoprop and glyphosate [60,61].”
BackgroundGlyphosate impairs collective thermoregulation in bumblebees
Weidenmüller, A., Meltzer, A., Neupert, S., Schwarz, A., & Kleineidam, C. (2022) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abf7482 · Cited by 109
Lupi, L., Bedmar, F., Puricelli, M., Marino, D. J. G., Aparicio, V., Wunderlin, D. A., & Miglioranza, K. S. B. (2019) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.090 · Cited by 117
Transboundary impacts of pesticide use in food production
Tang, F. H. M., Wyckhuys, K. A. G., Li, Z., Maggi, F., & Silva, V. (2025) · Nature Reviews Earth & Environment · doi:10.1038/s43017-025-00673-y · Cited by 126
“Individual countries can use different criteria to define their MRLs, alter MRLs to counter emerging concerns or industry pressure, or lack the capacity for rigorous implementation 100,101 .”
Impacts of glyphosate-based herbicides on disease resistance and health of crops: a review
Martinez, D. A., Loening, U. E., & Graham, M. C. (2018) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-018-0131-7 · Cited by 114
Sex-dependent impact of Roundup on the rat gut microbiome
Lozano, V. L., Defarge, N., Rocque, L.-M., Mesnage, R., Hennequin, D., Cassier, R., de Vendômois, J. S., Panoff, J.-M., Séralini, G., & Amiel, C. (2017) · Toxicology Reports · doi:10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.12.005 · Cited by 116
“Glyphosate (G)-based herbicides (GBH) are the most used herbicides used worldwide [15].”
BackgroundExploring the half-life of glyphosate in human urine samples
Connolly, A., Jones, K., Basinas, I., Galea, K. S., Kenny, L., McGowan, P., & Coggins, M. A. (2018) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.09.004 · Cited by 113
“Glyphosate is a broad spectrum, post emerging, organophosphate herbicide and is currently the highest volume herbicide used globally (Benbrook, 2016; Guyton et al., 2014).”
BackgroundIs glyphosate toxic to bees? A meta-analytical review
Battisti, L., Potrich, M., Sampaio, A. R., Ghisi, N. D. C., Costa-Maia, F. M., Abati, R., Martinez, C. B. D. R., & Sofia, S. H. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145397 · Cited by 111
Okada, E., Allinson, M., Barral, M., Clarke, B., & Allinson, G. (2020) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2019.115139 · Cited by 101
Clean-up and matrix effect in LC-MS/MS analysis of food of plant origin for high polar herbicides
Kaczyński, P. (2017) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.03.091 · Cited by 106
The Herbicide Revolution in Developing Countries: Patterns, Causes, and Implications
Haggblade, S., Minten, B., Pray, C. E., Reardon, T., & Zilberman, D. (2017) · European Journal of Development Research · doi:10.1057/s41287-017-0090-7 · Cited by 117
Generic, growing, green?: The changing political economy of the global pesticide complex
Shattuck, A. (2021) · The Journal of Peasant Studies · doi:10.1080/03066150.2020.1839053 · Cited by 125
Woźniak, E., Sicińska, P., Michałowicz, J., Woźniak, K., Reszka, E., Huras, B., Zakrzewski, J., & Bukowska, B. (2018) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.035 · Cited by 115
Glyphosate: too much of a good thing?
Cuhra, M., Bøhn, T., & Cuhra, P. (2016) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2016.00028 · Cited by 106
“…role in industrialized farming practices, from various scientific disciplines and from a wealth of perspectives; agronomy (Duke and Powles, 2008; Benbrook, 2012, 2016; Bonny, 2011, 2014), socio-economy (Binimelis et al., 2009; Bonny, 2014), Ecology (Giesy et al., 2000; Samsel and Seneff, 2015b)…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Benbrook, C. M.
- Corresponding author
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- ORCID
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- Venue
- Environmental Sciences Europe
- Published
- 2016-02-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-4707
- PMC
- PMC5044953
- OpenAlex
- W2255447065
- Cited by
- 1,890
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 71.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ceres Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application
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