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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.
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“GBHs were first sold in 1974 and since then their use has increased 100-fold, with the vast majority (two-thirds) of the use having taken place in the last 10 years; that is, since the introduction of GBH-tolerant GM crops [6].”
BackgroundMencaroni, M., Longo, M., Cardinali, A., Lazzaro, B., Zanin, G., Ferro, N. D., & Morari, F. (2023) · Soil and Tillage Research · doi:10.1016/j.still.2023.105659 · Cited by 11
Removal of Glyphosate from water through adsorption onto Goethite Nanoparticles
Doyle, S., Garvey, M., & Fowley, C. (2023) · Environmental Nanotechnology Monitoring & Management · doi:10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100839 · Cited by 11
Phosphorus and Glyphosate Adsorption and Desorption Trends across Different Depths in Sandy Soil
Fenn, R. A., Kadyampakeni, D. M., Kanissery, R. G., Judy, J. D., & Bashyal, M. (2023) · Agrochemicals · doi:10.3390/agrochemicals2040028 · Cited by 11
“Over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate have been applied since 1974, with two thirds of that mass being applied in the last decade [14].”
InfluentialKaakinen, K., Ramula, S., Loukola, O., & Helander, M. L. (2024) · Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata · doi:10.1111/eea.13418 · Cited by 11
“Glyphosate is globally the most used active ingredient (a.i.) in herbicides (Benbrook, 2016) with more than 750 glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) commercial products (Guyton et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMa, C., Gu, G., Chen, S., Shi, X., Li, Z., Li‐Byarlay, H., & Bai, L. (2024) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2024.118509 · Cited by 11
Fuenzalida, F. B., Slepčíková, P., Repovska, M., Jutková, A., Cañamares, M. V., Miškovský, P., Jurašeková, Z., & Sánchez‐Cortés, S. (2024) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2024.124845 · Cited by 11
Changes in bumblebee queen gut microbiotas during and after overwintering diapause
Hotchkiss, M. Z., Forrest, J. R. K., & Poulain, A. J. (2024) · Insect Molecular Biology · doi:10.1111/imb.12957 · Cited by 12
Madrigal, J. M., Gunier, R. B., Jones, R. R., Flory, A., Metayer, C., Nuckols, J. R., & Ward, M. H. (2024) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2024.109024 · Cited by 11
“In the United States (US), herbicides account for nearly 60 % of these pesticides (Atwood and Paisley-Jones, 2017; Benbrook, 2016).”
Tao, X., alam, S., Zeng, Z., Mao, Y., Yao, W., Zheng, S., Jiang, C., Chen, S., & Lu, H. (2025) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2025.127996 · Cited by 11
Malalgoda, M., Ohm, J., Ransom, J. K., Green, A. J., Howatt, K., & Şimşek, Ş. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06456 · Cited by 11
Rodrigues, N. R., de Souza, A. P. F., Morais, P. P. P., Braga, D. P. V., Crivellari, A. C., Favoretto, L. R. G., & Berger, G. U. (2020) · Ciência Rural · doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20190244 · Cited by 12
Reversibility of glyphosate sorption in pampean loess-derived soil profiles of central Argentina
Graziano, M., Porfiri, C., Tufo, A. E., Montoya, J. C., & Afonso, M. D. S. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137143 · Cited by 11
Yan, Z., Wang, H., Wu, S., Peng, Z., Lai, J., & Qiu, P. (2022) · Chemical Papers · doi:10.1007/s11696-022-02621-2 · Cited by 11
Giusti, B., Hogue, R., Jeanne, T., & Lucotte, M. (2023) · Agrosystems, Geosciences & Environment · doi:10.1002/agg2.20349 · Cited by 11
Detection and differentiation of herbicide stresses in roses by Raman spectroscopy
Farber, C., Shires, M. K., Ueckert, J., Ong, K. L., & Kurouski, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2023.1121012 · Cited by 11
“In the US alone, between 1974 and 2014, the use of herbicides with glyphosate as their active ingredient, such as Roundup, increased almost 200-fold, from 635,000 kg to 125 billion kg (Benbrook, 2016).”
MethodChang, M.-H., Chu, P., Wang, C., & Lin, C. (2023) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-023-28905-y · Cited by 11
“Due to their high effectiveness in controlling weed growth, glyphosate and GBH have become the most widely used herbicides in the world (Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundStevens, D., Kramer, A. T., Coogan, M. A., & Sayes, C. M. (2024) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115886 · Cited by 11
Drechsel, V., Krais, S., Peschke, K., Ziegler, M., Köhler, H., & Triebskorn, R. A. (2024) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-024-00857-1 · Cited by 11
“plants [1], glyphosate quickly gained high importance in worldwide agriculture [2, 3] with dramatically increasing sales figures during the last decades [4, 5].”
BackgroundParimi, D. S., Kumar, J., Panneerselvam, R., Tupakula, S., & Suresh, A. K. (2024) · Materials Today Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.mtchem.2024.101985 · Cited by 11
Complex Outcomes from Insect and Weed Control with Transgenic Plants: Ecological Surprises?
Bøhn, T., & Löveï, G. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2017.00060 · Cited by 11
“The massive use of glyphosate, totaling 852 million kg globally by 2014 (Benbrook, 2016), which directly or indirectly will expose non-target biodiversity in terrestrial, soil and aquatic communities (Venter and Bøhn, 2016), represent a major source of environmental pollution.”
BackgroundRoundup®, but Not Roundup-Ready® Corn, Increases Mortality of Drosophila melanogaster
Talyn, B., Lemon, R., Badoella, M., Melchiorre, D., Villalobos, M., Elias, R., Muller, K., Santos, M., & Melchiorre, E. B. (2019) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics7030038 · Cited by 11
Use of Biochar in Sustainable Agriculture
Gogoi, N., Sarma, B., Mondal, S. C., Kataki, R., & Garg, A. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23169-9_16 · Cited by 13
Sharma, H., Saha, A., Mishra, A. K., Rai, M. K., & Deb, M. K. (2022) · Journal of the Indian Chemical Society · doi:10.1016/j.jics.2022.100483 · Cited by 11
Mathew, S. A., Fuchs, B., NISSINEN, R. M., Helander, M. L., Puigbò, P., Saikkonen, K., & Muola, A. (2023) · Journal of Applied Microbiology · doi:10.1093/jambio/lxad006 · Cited by 11
Soybean Tolerance to ultra-low doses of dicamba: Hormesis or not
Milošević, L., Osipitan, O. A., Scott, J. E., & Knežević, S. Z. (2023) · Crop Protection · doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2023.106356 · Cited by 11
Re: Glyphosate Use and Cancer Incidence in the Agricultural Health Study
Sheppard, L. A., & Shaffer, R. M. (2018) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djy200 · Cited by 11
El poder del cuidado : mujeres y agencia en la pampa sojera argentina
Kunin, J. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e2622b8bz4c1bz4e5azbfc0z808622474b65 · Cited by 11
Metadata
- Authors
- Benbrook, C. M.
- Corresponding author
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- ORCID
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- Venue
- Environmental Sciences Europe
- Published
- 2016-02-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-4707
- PMC
- PMC5044953
- OpenAlex
- W2255447065
- Cited by
- 1,890
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 71.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ceres Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application
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