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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.
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“…such as Roundup Ready soybean, became commercially available in 1996 for agricultural planting, the use of glyphosate has dramatically increased [5, 6] and now has been the most widely consumed herbicides in the global market [6]. plant pathogen and soil microbial community including rhizosphere…”
Presence of DDT and Lindane in a Karstic Groundwater Aquifer in Yucatan, Mexico
Giácoman‐Vallejos, G., Lizarraga-Castro, I., Ponce‐Caballero, C., González-Sánchez, A. A., & Hernández‐Núñez, E. (2018) · Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation · doi:10.1111/gwmr.12267 · Cited by 19
Bulk Phosphorus-Doped Graphitic Carbon
Billeter, E. R., McGlamery, D., Aebli, M., Piveteau, L., Kovalenko, M. V., & Stadie, N. P. (2018) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.8b00944 · Cited by 19
Junqueira, L. V., Mendes, K. F., de Sousa, R. N., Almeida, C. D. S., Alonso, F. G., & Tornisielo, V. L. (2019) · Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science · doi:10.1080/03650340.2019.1686139 · Cited by 20
Munhoz-Garcia, G. V., Takeshita, V., de Oliveira, J. L., Vecchia, B. D., Nalin, D., Pinácio, C. D. W., de Oliveira, A. L. C., Cardoso, B. C., Tornisielo, V. L., & Fraceto, L. F. (2025) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.4c08328 · Cited by 18
ZnO-nanostructured electrochemical sensor for efficient detection of glyphosate in water
Novaković, Z., Vasiljević, Z. Ž., Nikolić, M. V., Tadić, N. B., Đorđević, T., Radović, M., Gadjanski, I., Papović, S. M., Vlahović, F. Ž., Stanković, D. M., et al. (2025) · Talanta Open · doi:10.1016/j.talo.2025.100481 · Cited by 18
Jia, M., Ren, Y., Xiong, S., Li, S., Wang, P., & Zhao, C. (2025) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2025.126942 · Cited by 18
Zhu, J., Zhao, X., Li, H., Chen, H., & Wu, G. (2018) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2018.2809789 · Cited by 18
“After an exhaustive review, however, glyphosate was classified in 2015 as a ‘‘probable human carcinogen’’ by the International Agency for Research on Cancer [6], based on increased prevalence of rare liver and kidney tumors in chronic animal feeding studies, epidemiological studies which reported positive associations…”
BackgroundExamining German Media Coverage of the Re-Evaluation of Glyphosate
Villnow, V., Rombach, M., & Bitsch, V. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11071910 · Cited by 19
“In 2014, agriculture accounted for 90% of the global glyphosate use [7].”
BackgroundColorimetric detection of glyphosate: towards a handmade and portable analyzer
Hellinger, R., da Silva, V. B., & Orth, E. S. (2020) · Pure and Applied Chemistry · doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0818 · Cited by 18
Méndez, F., Betancourth, J. E. O., & Abrahams, N. (2021) · Exposure and Health · doi:10.1007/s12403-021-00442-4 · Cited by 18
“Additionally, since 1996, the use strategy has also included the development of genetically modified organisms resistant to this herbicide, which led to a 15-fold increase in use (Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNomura, H., Hamada, R., Wada, K., Saito, I., Nishihara, N., Kitahara, Y., Watanabe, S., Nakane, K., Nagata, C., Kondo, T., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113963 · Cited by 18
Pesticides in a warmer world: Effects of glyphosate and warming across insect life stages
Stahlschmidt, Z. R., Whitlock, J., Vo, C., Evalen, P. S., & Bui, D. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119508 · Cited by 18
“Glyphosate (GLY) is the most used herbicide worldwide, and its application has skyrocketed after being commercialized in the 1970s—globally, GLY use has increased 15-fold since the mid-1990s, and nearly 1 million tons of GLY are now used each year (Benbrook, 2016; Maggi et al., 2019, 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialWimmer, B., Langarica-Fuentes, A., Schwarz, E., Kleindienst, S., Hühn, C., & Pagel, H. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.1002/jeq2.20437 · Cited by 18
Tajai, P., Pruksakorn, D., Chattipakorn, S. C., Chattipakorn, N., & Shinlapawittayatorn, K. (2023) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2023.104252 · Cited by 19
Glyphosate uses, adverse effects and alternatives: focus on the current scenario in Brazil
de Araujo, L. D., Zordan, D., Celzard, A., & Fierro, V. (2023) · Environmental Geochemistry and Health · doi:10.1007/s10653-023-01763-w · Cited by 17
Glyphosate Use and Mosaic Loss of Chromosome Y among Male Farmers in the Agricultural Health Study
Chang, V. C., Zhou, W., Berndt, S. I., Andreotti, G., Yeager, M., Parks, C. G., Sandler, D. P., Rothman, N., Freeman, L. E. B., Machiela, M. J., et al. (2023) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp12834 · Cited by 18
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Feng, X., Wang, M., Wang, Y., Liang, R., & Yan, C. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-84694-5 · Cited by 20
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Environmental Subconcussive Injury, Axonal Injury, and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy
Morley, W. A. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00166 · Cited by 18
“Glyphosate, the most widely used herbicide is primarily used for two functions (15, 56).”
BackgroundInteractions among Glyphosate and Phosphate in Soils: Laboratory Retention and Transport Studies
Padilla, J. T., & Selim, H. M. (2018) · Journal of Environmental Quality · doi:10.2134/jeq2018.06.0252 · Cited by 18
Guo, H., Gao, Y., Guo, D., Liu, W., Wang, J., Zheng, J., Zhong, J. Q., & Zhao, Q. (2019) · SN Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s42452-019-0306-x · Cited by 18
Biotechnological Potential of LSD1, EDS1, and PAD4 in the Improvement of Crops and Industrial Plants
Bernacki, M. J., Czarnocka, W., Szechyńska‐Hebda, M., Mittler, R., & Karpiński, S. M. (2019) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants8080290 · Cited by 17
“Many GM crops have been engineered to resist certain herbicides, e.g., the majority of currently-cultivated GM plants are resistant to the herbicide Roundup (Monsanto/Bayer, Leverkeusen, Germany) [11,16].”
BackgroundLupwayi, N. Z., Fernandez, M. R., Kanashiro, D. A., & Petri, R. M. (2020) · Canadian Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1139/cjss-2020-0008 · Cited by 18
“Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine), a widespectrum herbicide, is the most widely used herbicide in the world due to widespread adoption of no-till management and use of glyphosate-resistant transgenic crops (Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundLi, Z. (2021) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112490 · Cited by 18
A Glyphosate-Based Formulation but Not Glyphosate Alone Alters Human Placental Integrity
Simasotchi, C., Chissey, A., Jungers, G., Fournier, T., Séralini, G., & Gil, S. (2021) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics9090220 · Cited by 18
“Glyphosate-based herbicidal formulations (GBH), such as the major one known as Roundup (R), are the most commonly used pesticides worldwide [1].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Benbrook, C. M.
- Corresponding author
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- ORCID
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- Venue
- Environmental Sciences Europe
- Published
- 2016-02-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-4707
- PMC
- PMC5044953
- OpenAlex
- W2255447065
- Cited by
- 1,890
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 71.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ceres Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application
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