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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.
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“8 74 Adolescents (12-to 19-y-olds) participating in the 2013 – 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) had a higher weighted detection frequency (87.2% >LOD) and wet weight geometric mean (GM = 0 : 48 l g = L) of urinary glyphosate concentrations than the 14-y-olds included…”
InfluentialPlant circadian rhythms regulate the effectiveness of a glyphosate-based herbicide
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“The observed adverse effects of glyphosate exposure on visual memory are concerning, as it was the most frequently used pesticide in our study population (i.e., 77% applicators reported applying glyphosate) and remains the most widely used herbicide in the world (Benbrook, 2016).”
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“71 Glyphosate (N-[phosphonomethyl] glycine) has become the most commonly used 72 herbicide worldwide (Benbrook 2016, Duke and Powles 2008) with about 600 to 750 73 thousand tonnes used annually in the world and an expected 740 to 920 thousand tonnes to be 74 used by 2025 (Maggi et al. 2020).”
BackgroundAddressing systemic problems with exposure assessments to protect the public’s health
Vandenberg, L. N., Rayasam, S. D. G., Axelrad, D. A., Bennett, D. H., Brown, P., Carignan, C. C., Chartres, N., Diamond, M. L., Joglekar, R., Shamasunder, B., et al. (2023) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-022-00917-0 · Cited by 82
“6 billion kilograms of glyphosate were applied in the US alone, and 66% of the total volume produced was applied between 2006 and 2016 (the last year evaluated) [90].”
MethodHerbicide free agriculture? A bio-economic modelling application to Swiss wheat production
Böcker, T., Möhring, N., & Finger, R. (2019) · Agricultural Systems · doi:10.1016/j.agsy.2019.03.001 · Cited by 76
Castelli, L., Balbuena, S., Branchiccela, B., Zunino, P., Liberti, J., Engel, P., & Antúnez, K. (2021) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms9040845 · Cited by 76
“Glyphosate is the most used pesticide in the world [13].”
BackgroundInfluentialHuntscha, S., Stravs, M. A., Bühlmann, A., Ahrens, C. H., Frey, J., Pomati, F., Hollender, J., Buerge, I., Balmer, M. E., & Poiger, T. (2018) · Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b00314 · Cited by 61
Current and future scenarios of glyphosate use in Europe: Are there alternatives?
Fogliatto, S., Ferrero, A., & Vidotto, F. (2020) · Advances in agronomy · doi:10.1016/bs.agron.2020.05.005 · Cited by 73
Linhart, C., Panzacchi, S., Belpoggi, F., Clausing, P., Zaller, J. G., & Hertoge, K. (2021) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-020-00446-y · Cited by 75
Bento, C. P. M., van der Hoeven, S., Yang, X., Riksen, M., Mol, H. G. J., Ritsema, C. J., & Geissen, V. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.10.046 · Cited by 75
Kumar, V., Obour, A. K., Jha, P., Liu, R., Manuchehri, M. R., Dille, J. A., Holman, J. D., & Stahlman, P. W. (2020) · Weed Science · doi:10.1017/wsc.2020.29 · Cited by 74
“From 1974 to 2014, >1.6 billion kg (about 19% of estimated global use) of glyphosate was applied in U.S. agriculture (Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialLesseur, C., Pirrotte, P., Pathak, K. V., Manservisi, F., Mandrioli, D., Belpoggi, F., Panzacchi, S., Li, Q., Barrett, E. S., Nguyen, R. H. N., et al. (2021) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117002 · Cited by 74
Terrestrial ecotoxicity of glyphosate, its formulations, and co-formulants: evidence from 2010–2023
Klátyik, S., Simon, G., Oláh, M., Mesnage, R., Antoniou, M. N., Zaller, J. G., & Székács, A. (2023) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-023-00758-9 · Cited by 75
“Therefore, many studies do not examine what happens to organisms and agroecosystems when a GBH is sprayed 2–3 times per year, every year, for many years, and now decades [6].”
BackgroundMonarch butterfly and milkweed declines substantially predate the use of genetically modified crops
Boyle, J. H., Dalgleish, H. J., & Puzey, J. R. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1811437116 · Cited by 73
“We gathered data on selected agricultural practices in the United States: namely, the number of farms and other agricultural operations, such as ranches and tree nurseries (45), the total area of farmland (46), the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers used (47, 48), and the amount of glyphosate herbicide used…”
BackgroundSystemic Analysis of Glyphosate Impact on Environment and Human Health
Singh, R., Shukla, A., Kaur, G., Girdhar, M., Malik, T., & Mohan, A. (2024) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c08080 · Cited by 78
Duke, S. O. (2020) · Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/398_2020_53 · Cited by 76
With or Without You?—A Critical Review on Pesticides in Food
Pašti, T. D. L., Milanković, V., Tasić, T., Petrović, S. Ž., & Leskovac, A. R. (2025) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods14071128 · Cited by 95
“For instance, the overuse of herbicides has led to the emergence of “superweeds”—weed species that have developed resistance to multiple herbicides, making them difficult to control [84].”
Simple, Effective, and Ecofriendly Strategy to Inhibit Droplet Bouncing on Hydrophobic Weed Leaves
Ma, Y., Gao, Y., Zhao, K., Zhang, H., Li, Z., Du, F., & Hu, J. (2020) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.0c13066 · Cited by 71
Graaf, L. D., Boulanger, M., Bureau, M., Bouvier, G., Meryet‐Figuière, M., Tual, S., Lebailly, P., & Baldi, I. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111822 · Cited by 71
Mahmoud, L. A. M., dos Reis, R. A., Chen, X., Ting, V. P., & Nayak, S. (2022) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c05978 · Cited by 75
Vázquez, D. E., Latorre-Estivalis, J. M., Ons, S., & Farina, W. M. (2020) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114148 · Cited by 72
Silver, M. K., Fernandez, J. A., Tang, J. E., McDade, A., Sabino, J., Rosario, Z., Vega, C. V., Alshawabkeh, A. N., Cordero, J. F., & Meeker, J. D. (2021) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp7295 · Cited by 71
“In the United States alone, over 1 : 6 billion kg of GLY have been applied in the last 40 y (Benbrook 2016).”
Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals in Tropical Soils an Overview
Sierra, B. E. G., Guerrero, J. M., & Sokolski, S. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13052574 · Cited by 80
“These were first commercialized in 1974 and quickly became the most widely used herbicides worldwide [71].”
BackgroundZambrano-Intriago, L. Á., Amorim, C. G., Rodríguez-Díaz, J. M., Araújo, A. N., & Montenegro, M. C. B. S. M. (2021) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148496 · Cited by 68
Milan, M., Rovere, G. D., Smits, M., Ferraresso, S., Pastore, P., Marin, M. G., Bogialli, S., Patarnello, T., Bargelloni, L., & Matozzo, V. (2018) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.049 · Cited by 74
The effects of glyphosate-based herbicide formulations on Lemna minor, a non-target species
Sikorski, Ł., Baciak, M., Bęś, A., & Adomas, B. (2019) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.021 · Cited by 69
Environmental impacts of genetically modified crops
Noack, F., Engist, D., Gantois, J., Gaur, V., Hyjazie, B. F., Larsen, A., M’Gonigle, L. K., Missirian, A., Qaim, M., Sargent, R. D., et al. (2024) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.ado9340 · Cited by 70
“Another indirect consequence of GM crop adoption is that a reduction in the diversity of crop types and herbicide-active ingredients has contributed to herbicide resistance development in weeds ( 67 ).”
Thompson, T. S., van den Heever, J. P., & Limanowka, R. E. (2019) · Food Additives & Contaminants Part A · doi:10.1080/19440049.2019.1577993 · Cited by 68
“Glyphosate is widely recognised as being the most heavily utilised herbicide in the world with an estimated global usage exceeding 800 million kilograms in 2014 (Benbrook 2016).”
BackgroundCommunity rescue in experimental phytoplankton communities facing severe herbicide pollution
Fugère, V., Hébert, M., da Costa, N. B., Xu, C. C. Y., Barrett, R. D. H., Beisner, B. E., Bell, G., Fussmann, G. F., Shapiro, B. J., Yargeau, V., et al. (2020) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1134-5 · Cited by 72
Li, X., Yang, P. F., Zhao, W., Guo, F., Jaisi, D. P., Mi, S., Ma, H., Lin, B., Feng, X., Tan, W., et al. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c04727 · Cited by 68
Reproductive toxicity due to herbicide exposure in freshwater organisms
Yang, C., Lim, W., & Song, G. (2021) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2021.109103 · Cited by 67
Urinary glyphosate concentration in pregnant women in relation to length of gestation
Lesseur, C., Pathak, K. V., Pirrotte, P., Martinez, M. N., Ferguson, K. K., Barrett, E. S., Nguyen, R. H. N., Sathyanarayana, S., Mandrioli, D., Swan, S. H., et al. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111811 · Cited by 67
Li, S., Pu, C., Cao, X., Zheng, M., Deng, W., Wang, P., & Wu, J. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174163 · Cited by 67
Wang, W., Liu, Q., Zhang, T., Chen, L., Li, S., & Xu, S. (2020) · Fish & Shellfish Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2020.03.047 · Cited by 66
Muñoz, M., Torres-Pagán, N., Peiró, R. M., Guijarro, R., Sánchez‐Moreiras, A. M., & Verdeguer, M. (2020) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy10060791 · Cited by 65
“bonariensis have developed resistance to glyphosate, which is the herbicide most commonly used around the world [13,17].”
BackgroundLi, Z., Ma, Y., Zhao, K., Zhang, C., Gao, Y., & Du, F. (2021) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.0c08883 · Cited by 65
Schlatter, D., Yin, C., Hulbert, S. H., Burke, I. C., & Paulitz, T. C. (2017) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01354-17 · Cited by 65
“1 billion kg applied in the last decade (1).”
BackgroundOkada, E., Coggan, T. L., Anumol, T., Clarke, B. O., & Allinson, G. (2018) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-018-1490-z · Cited by 65
Cytotoxic evaluation of glyphosate, using Allium cepa L. as bioindicator
Mercado, S. A. S., & Caleño, J. D. Q. (2019) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134452 · Cited by 69
Metadata
- Authors
- Benbrook, C. M.
- Corresponding author
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- ORCID
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- Venue
- Environmental Sciences Europe
- Published
- 2016-02-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-4707
- PMC
- PMC5044953
- OpenAlex
- W2255447065
- Cited by
- 1,890
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 71.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ceres Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application
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