Cited by 1,890Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental StudiesWeed Control and Herbicide ApplicationsPesticide Exposure and Toxicity

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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally

Open access

Benbrook, Charles M.·2016·Environmental Sciences Europe

DOI 10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0PMC PMC5044953

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.

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Fig. 1 Trends in U.S. soybean production and glyphosate useCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Use and impacts of glyphosate in corn and soybean productionCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Milestones in the history of glyphosate discovery, commercialization, and regulationCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 4 Milestones in glyphosate use and impactsCC BY · PubMed Central

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Draw me Science
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Background
Urinary glyphosate and AMPA levels in a cross-sectional study of postmenopausal women: Associations with organic eating behavior and dietary intake
Lucia, R. M., Liao, X., Huang, W., Forman, D., Kim, A., Ziogas, A., Norden‐Krichmar, T. M., Goodman, D., Alvarez, A., Masunaka, I. K., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114211 · Cited by 15
Deep Learning-Based Model for Detection of Brinjal Weed in the Era of Precision Agriculture
Patel, J. A., Ruparelia, A., Tanwar, S., Alqahtani, F. H., Tolba, A. K. R., Sharma, R., Raboacă, M. S., & Neagu, B.-C. (2023) · Computers, materials & continua/Computers, materials & continua (Print) · doi:10.32604/cmc.2023.038796 · Cited by 15
Statistical physics modelling and density functional theory calculations for glyphosate adsorption using zinc oxide-doped activated carbon
Sen, K., & Mondal, N. K. (2024) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2024.02.003 · Cited by 15
Subtle microbial community changes despite rapid glyphosate degradation in microcosms with four German agricultural soils
Langarica-Fuentes, A., Straub, D., Wimmer, B., Thompson, K. J., Nahnsen, S., Hühn, C., & Kleindienst, S. (2024) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2024.105381 · Cited by 18
Analysis of highly polar anionic pesticides in food of plant and animal origin by ion chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry with emphasis on addressing adverse effects caused by matrix co-extractives
Schäfer, A.-K., Vetter, W., & Anastassiades, M. (2024) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-024-05389-4 · Cited by 15
“Some of the very polar pesticides, i.e., the total herbicides glyphosate and glufosinate along with the fungicide phosphonic acid, are currently among the most commonly used pesticides in agriculture [4].”
Molecular Triggers of Non-celiac Wheat Sensitivity: A Scoping Review and Analysis
An, C., Yang, J., Pinto-Sánchez, M. I., Verdu, E. F., Lebwohl, B., Green, P. H., & Alaedini, A. (2025) · The American Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.14309/ajg.0000000000003318 · Cited by 16
“Similarly, in vitro and animal studies have linked WGA and glyphosate, an herbicide that has seen a rise in usage as a desiccant immediately before wheat harvest (37), to immune activation, gut microbial dysbiosis, or intestinal barrier dysfunction (38 – 41).”
Biological Limitations on Glyphosate Biodegradation
Villarreal-Chiu, J. F., Acosta-Cortés, A. G., Kumar, S., & Kaushik, G. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50654-8_8 · Cited by 16
First Case of Conyza canadensis from Hungary with Multiple Resistance to Glyphosate and Flazasulfuron
Palma‐Bautista, C., Tahmasebi, B. K., Fernández-Moreno, P. T., Rojano‐Delgado, A. M., la Cruz, R. A., & Prado, R. A. D. (2018) · Agronomy · doi:10.3390/agronomy8080157 · Cited by 15
“One of the most widely used herbicides over the last four decades has been glyphosate, which has a demonstrated high efﬁciency in weed control [3].”
Background
Impact of a G2-EPSPS & GAT Dual Transgenic Glyphosate-Resistant Soybean Line on the Soil Microbial Community under Field Conditions Affected by Glyphosate Application
Yang, M., Wen, Z., Fazal, A., Hua, X.-M., Xu, X., Yin, T., Qi, J., Yang, R., Lu, G., Hong, Z., et al. (2020) · Microbes and Environments · doi:10.1264/jsme2.me20056 · Cited by 17
“While GM crops bring significant benefits to humans, biosafety issues, including environmental and biological factors, need to be considered (Benbrook, 2016; ISAAA, 2017; 2018).”
Background
Positive Correlation between Pesticide Consumption and Longevity in Solitary Bees: Are We Overlooking Fitness Trade-Offs?
Strobl, V., Camenzind, D. W., Minnameyer, A., Walker, S., Eyer, M., Neumann, P., & Straub, L. (2020) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects11110819 · Cited by 15
“Neonicotinoid insecticides and glyphosate-based herbicides are among the most common and widely applied pesticides in current agricultural practices [12], and are very likely to be found in combination [13].”
Background
Excretion of Heavy Metals and Glyphosate in Urine and Hair Before and After Long-Term Fasting in Humans
Grundler, F., Séralini, G., Mesnage, R., Peynet, V., & de Toledo, F. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2021.708069 · Cited by 15
No evidence of effects or interaction between the widely used herbicide, glyphosate, and a common parasite in bumble bees
Straw, E. A., & Brown, M. J. F. (2021) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.12486 · Cited by 15
Effects of macrophyte species and biochar on the performance of treatment wetlands for the removal of glyphosate from agricultural runoff
Boucher-Carrier, O., Brisson, J., Abas, K., Duy, S. V., Sauvé, S., & Kõiv‐Vainik, M. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156061 · Cited by 15
Development of a nanocopper-decorated laser-scribed sensor for organophosphorus pesticide monitoring in aqueous samples
Bahamón-Pinzón, D., Moreira, G. A. M., Obare, S. O., & Vanegas, D. C. (2022) · Microchimica Acta · doi:10.1007/s00604-022-05355-w · Cited by 15
“For instance, glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine] is the most used herbicide in the world [1], with applications in monocultures of genetically modified crops [2].”
Background
Effects of Glyphosate-Based Herbicide on Primary Production and Physiological Fitness of the Macroalgae Ulva lactuca
de Carvalho, R. C., Feijão, E., Matos, A. R., Cabrita, M. T., Utkin, A. B., Novais, S. C., Lemos, M. F. L., Caçador, I., Marques, J. C., Reis‐Santos, P., et al. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10080430 · Cited by 15
“Over 20 years (1994–2014), glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) use increased from 56 million to more than 826 million kg globally, associated with agricultural and non-agricultural practices [16].”
Background
GLYPHOSATE AND AMINOMETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID IN POPULATION OF AGRICULTURAL FIELDS: HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW
Leyva-Soto, L., Balderrama-Carmona, A. P., Moran-Palacio, E., Díaz-Tenorio, L., & Gortáres-Moroyoqui, P. (2018) · Applied Ecology and Environmental Research · doi:10.15666/aeer/1604_51275140 · Cited by 11
“The following criterions were considered for the selection: (1) Housing of participants less than 50 m from an irrigation canal or drain; (2) Drains or canals with weed problems; (3) Herbicide applied at least twice a year; (4) Difficult access to drinking water; (5) Communities with private wells; (6) People working…”
BackgroundInfluential
A mixed-methods approach to determine how conservation management programs and techniques have affected herbicide use and distribution in the environment over time
Malone, M., & Foster, E. P. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.266 · Cited by 15
“…and concerns about the levels which are currently allowed and considered acceptable in regulatory literature (Battaglin et al., 2014; Benbrook, 2012; Benbrook, 2016; Grandjean and Landrigan, 2014; Porter, 2010; Kremer and Means, 2009; Mesnage et al., 2015, Myers et al., 2016 Relyea, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluential
Isolation of culturable mycota from Argentinean soils exposed or not-exposed to pesticides and determination of glyphosate tolerance of fungal species in media supplied with the herbicide
Aluffi, M. E., Carranza, C. S., Benito, N., Magnoli, K., Magnoli, C. E., & Barberis, C. L. (2020) · Revista Argentina de Microbiología · doi:10.1016/j.ram.2019.11.003 · Cited by 15
Highly Efficient and Low‐Cost Clay‐Based Adsorbent for Glyphosate Removal from Contaminated Water
Nargis, F., Duong, A., Rehl, E., Bradshaw, C., & Kazemian, H. (2021) · Chemical Engineering & Technology · doi:10.1002/ceat.202100437 · Cited by 15
Pesticides and autism
Bakian, A. V., & VanDerslice, J. A. (2019) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.l1149 · Cited by 15
Synthesis of MXene quantum dot-modified urchin-like NiCoP/NF nanostructures as high-performance peroxidase mimics for sensitive colorimetric detection of glyphosate.
Zhan, X., Ding, Z., Liu, F., Chu, K., & Guo, Y.-L. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.144966 · Cited by 13
Occurrence and distribution of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in surface water, drinking water, wastewater and other water types from New York State, USA
Li, Z., & Kannan, K. (2025) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2025.124232 · Cited by 14
Peroxymonosulfate activation by Ni0.98Fe0.02O-loaded γ-Al2O3/CeO2/α-MoO3 type-II heterojunction for photocatalytic glyphosate degradation and hydrogen generation
Noor, S., Farooq, U., Noor, H., Fatima, K., Khan, M. E., Ali, W., Ali, S. K., Imran, M., & Khamaj, A. (2025) · Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers · doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2025.106451 · Cited by 14
A comprehensive review on advanced zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks: Rational design, critical properties, and versatile adsorptive applications in wastewater remediation
Gul, S., Gomaa, H., Batool, M., Kong, D.-M., & Zhu, L. (2026) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2026.122352 · Cited by 16
In vitro toxicity of glyphosate in Atlantic salmon evaluated with a 3D hepatocyte-kidney co-culture model
Søfteland, L., & Olsvik, P. A. (2022) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2022.113012 · Cited by 14
In Vivo Estimation of the Biological Effects of Endocrine Disruptors in Rabbits after Combined and Long-Term Exposure: Study Protocol
Karzi, V., Tzatzarakis, M. N., Alegakis, A. K., Vakonaki, E., Fragkiadoulaki, I., Kaloudis, K., Chalkiadaki, C., Apalaki, P., Panagiotopoulou, M., Kalliantasi, A., et al. (2022) · Toxics · doi:10.3390/toxics10050246 · Cited by 14
“It was accidentally discovered by Henri Martin in 1950, however, it was in 1970 when Monsanto identified its herbicidal activity and formulated Roundup® which has been commercially available since 1974 [5].”
Background
Can calcite play a role in the adsorption of glyphosate? A comparative study with a new challenge
Ghavamifar, S., Naidu, R., Mozafari, V., & Li, Z. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136922 · Cited by 14
Alterations in cell viability, reactive oxygen species production, and modulation of gene expression involved in mitogen–activated protein kinase/extracellular regulating kinase signaling pathway by glyphosate and its commercial formulation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Mehtiyev, T., Karaman, E., & Ozden, S. (2023) · Toxicology and industrial health · doi:10.1177/07482337221149571 · Cited by 14
“Increasing demand for the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate has triggered the spread of tolerant and resistant weeds globally (Benbrook, 2016; Heap, 2014; Powles, 2008).”
Background
Toxicity of herbicide glyphosate to planarian Dugesia japonica and its potential molecular mechanisms
Zhang, H.-C., Shi, C.-Y., Zhao, W.-J., Chen, G., & Liu, D. (2023) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106425 · Cited by 14
Parasite and Pesticide Impacts on the Bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) Haemolymph Proteome
Askri, D., Straw, E. A., Arafah, K., Voisin, S. N., Bocquet, M., Brown, M. J. F., & Bulet, P. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24065384 · Cited by 14
“Finally, (iii) glyphosate, a herbicide that is the world’s most used pesticide [49,50].”
Background
Exposure to phenoxyacetic acids and glyphosate as risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma– pooled analysis of three Swedish case-control studies including the sub-type hairy cell leukemia
Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., Nordström, M., & Eriksson, M. (2023) · Leukemia & lymphoma/Leukemia and lymphoma · doi:10.1080/10428194.2023.2190434 · Cited by 14
“Glyphosate has in recent years been the most widely used pesticide [16].”
Background
Improved Chromatography and MS-Based Detection of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid Using iTrEnDi
Rosales, C. A., Shields, S. W. J., Aulenback, C. L. J., Elezi, G., Wasslen, K. V., Pallister, P. J., Faull, K. F., Manthorpe, J. M., & Smith, J. C. (2023) · Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1021/jasms.3c00026 · Cited by 14
Photodegradation of glyphosate in water and stimulation of by-products on algae growth.
An, J., Jiang, Y., Cao, H.-F., Yi, C., Li, S., Qu, M.-J., & Liu, G.-L. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115211 · Cited by 12
The effects of glyphosate-based herbicide on the hypothalamic-pituitary thyroid axis are tissue-specific and dependent on age exposure
Bender, J. M. D. O., Zenzeluk, J., Bargi‐Souza, P., Szawka, R. E., Romano, M. A., & Romano, R. M. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122216 · Cited by 14
Seasonal variations in the levels of glyphosate in soil, water and crops from three farm settlements in Oyo state, Nigeria
Ayoola, R. T., Olujimi, O. O., Bada, B. S., & Dedeke, G. A. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20324 · Cited by 14
“8 mgKg 1 for three times applications of glyphosate which is above the cRfD allowable dose, it was concluded that glyphosate and AMPA concentrations were higher when sprayings were done later in the growing season, close to time of blooming [83].”
Background
Glyphosate effect on biofilms formation, mutagenesis and stress response of E. сoli
Sazykin, I. S., Naumova, E., Azhogina, T. N., Klimova, M., Karchava, S., Khmelevtsova, L. E., Chernyshenko, E., Litsevich, A., Khammami, M., & Sazykina, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132574 · Cited by 14
Modifying effects of 2,4-D and Glyphosate exposures on gut-liver-adipose tissue axis of diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice
Romualdo, G. R., Valente, L. C., de Souza, J. L. H., Rodrigues, J., & Barbisan, L. F. (2023) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115688 · Cited by 14
Use of Genetically Modified Organism (GMO)-Containing Food Products in Children
Abrams, S. A., Albin, J. L., Landrigan, P. J., Corkins, M. R., Blanco, C. L., Fuchs, G. J., Godoy, P. S., Hannon, T. S., Lindsey, C. W., Rome, E. S., et al. (2023) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2023-064774 · Cited by 16
Occurrence of Glyphosate and Other Polar Pesticides in Honey from Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna Regions in Italy: Three-Year Monitoring Results
Butovskaya, E., Gasparini, M., Angelone, B., Cancemi, G., Tranquillo, V., Prestini, G., Bosi, F., & Menotta, S. (2023) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods12244448 · Cited by 14
“According to Benbrook et al., around 746,580 tons of GLY was applied globally in the agricultural sector in 2014 [11], while Antier et al. estimated that 49,427 tons of the herbicide was sold in Europe in 2017 [12].”
Background
Transcriptomic and behavioral analyses reveal unique target tissues and molecular pathways associated with embryonic exposure to low level glyphosate and metal mixtures in zebrafish
Babich, R., Merutka, I. R., Craig, E. A., Harichandara, A., Silva, P. M. C. S. D., Gunasekara, T. D. K. S. C., & Jayasundara, N. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169271 · Cited by 14
Analysis of the association between urinary glyphosate exposure and fatty liver index: a study for US adults
Han, K., Gao, L., Xu, H., Li, J., Han, L., Shen, J., Sun, W., & Gao, Y. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18189-3 · Cited by 15
“Glyphosate herbicides (GBHs) were marketed in 1974 and are among the most commonly used herbicides in the world, accounting for nearly 72% of global pesticide use [8].”
Background
Temporal trends of exposure to the herbicide glyphosate in the United States (2013–2018): Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Ospina, M., Schütze, A., Morales-Agudelo, P., Vidal, M., Wong, L.-Y., & Calafat, A. M. (2024) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142966 · Cited by 14
Landscape‐scale predictions of future grassland conversion to cropland or development
Barnes, K. W., Niemuth, N. D., & Iovanna, R. (2024) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14346 · Cited by 15

Authors: Benbrook, C. M.
Corresponding author: Benbrook, Charles M.
ORCID: Benbrook, Charles M.
Venue: Environmental Sciences Europe
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-02-02
Volume: 28
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-3
ISSN: 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
2190-4707
DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0
PMC: PMC5044953
OpenAlex: W2255447065
Cited by: 1,890
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
FWCI: 71.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Locations: Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ceres Trust
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords: glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application

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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally

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