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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.
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Wei, X., Pan, Y., Zhang, Z., Cui, J., Yin, R., Li, H., Qin, J., Li, A. J., & Qiu, R. (2023) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132814 · Cited by 49
Forner-Piquer, I., Faucherre, A., Byram, J., Blaquière, M., de Bock, F., Gamet‐Payrastre, L., Ellero‐Simatos, S., Audinat, É., Jopling, C., & Marchi, N. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128986 · Cited by 49
Freisthler, M. S., Robbins, C. R., Benbrook, C. M., Young, H. A., Haas, D. M., Winchester, P., & Perry, M. J. (2022) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-021-00815-x · Cited by 52
“In PUDS, conglomerate values for a given pesticide integrate multiple forms of an active ingredients into a single set of data (see Additional file 2).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationPesticide impacts on insect pollinators: Current knowledge and future research challenges
Basu, P., Ngo, H. T., Aizen, M. A., Garibaldi, L. A., Gemmill‐Herren, B., Imperatriz-Fonseca, V. L., Klein, A.-M., Potts, S. G., Seymour, C. L., & Vanbergen, A. J. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176656 · Cited by 61
Fauvelle, V., Montero, N., Mueller, J. F., Banks, A. P. W., Mazzella, N., & Kaserzon, S. (2017) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.013 · Cited by 48
“…glycine, i.e. PMG) is the active substance of more than 750 commercial formulation (i.e., glyphosate-based herbicides, GBHs) and the most widly used herbicide for agricultural and non-crop uses, both in Australia (15,000 tons y -1 ) and worldwide (826,000 tons y -1 ) (Benbrook, 2016).”
de Souza, J. S., Laureano‐Melo, R., Herai, R. H., da Conceição, R. R., Oliveira, K. C., da Silva, I. D. C. G., Dias-da-Silva, M. R., Romano, R. M., Romano, M. A., Maciel, R. M. B., et al. (2019) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2019.06.004 · Cited by 47
Bøhn, T., & Millstone, E. P. (2019) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods8120669 · Cited by 50
“Number of (#) glyphosate/glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) applications on GT soybeans in Brazil and Argentina 1996–2014, data from Benbrook [3].”
BackgroundElectrochemSENSE: A platform towards field deployable direct on-produce glyphosate detection
Dhamu, V. N., & Prasad, S. (2020) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2020.112609 · Cited by 48
Lanzarin, G. A. B., Venâncio, C. A. S., Félix, L. M., & Monteiro, S. M. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9121784 · Cited by 50
“The use of GBH intensified due to the emergence of herbicide-resistant weed species [1], and it is presently the most widely used herbicide in the world [2].”
BackgroundThe Use of Genetic and Gene Technologies in Shaping Modern Rapeseed Cultivars (Brassica napus L.)
Ton, L. B., Neik, T. X., & Batley, J. (2020) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes11101161 · Cited by 51
Bioremediation of the herbicide glyphosate in polluted soils by plant-associated microbes.
Masotti, F., Garavaglia, B. S., Gottig, N., & Ottado, J. (2023) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2023.102290 · Cited by 38
Toxic Algae in Inland Waters of the Conterminous United States—A Review and Synthesis
Patiño, R., Christensen, V. G., Graham, J. L., Rogosch, J., & Rosen, B. (2023) · Water · doi:10.3390/w15152808 · Cited by 35
Lorenz, V., Milesi, M. M., Schimpf, M. G., Luque, E. H., & Varayoud, J. (2018) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2018.10.022 · Cited by 49
Comont, D., Hicks, H. L., Crook, L., Hull, R. J., Cocciantelli, E., Hadfield, J. D., Childs, D. Z., Freckleton, R. P., & Neve, P. (2019) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/nph.15800 · Cited by 49
“In response to this global epidemic of herbicide resistance, the use of the herbicide glyphosate has increased (Benbrook, 2016).”
BackgroundApplications of the 12 Principles of Green Chemistry in the Crop Protection Industry
Whiteker, G. T. (2019) · Organic Process Research & Development · doi:10.1021/acs.oprd.9b00305 · Cited by 54
Muskus, A. M., Krauss, M. K. V., Miltner, A., Hamer, U., & Nowak, K. M. (2019) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113767 · Cited by 47
Ecotoxicology of glyphosate and recent advances in its mitigation by adsorption
Ighalo, J. O., Ajala, O. J., Adeniyi, A. G., Babatunde, E. O., & Ajala, M. A. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-11521-5 · Cited by 47
Zaller, J. G., Weber, M., Maderthaner, M., Gruber, E., Takács, E., Mörtl, M., Klátyik, S., Győri, J., Römbke, J., Leisch, F., et al. (2021) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-021-00492-0 · Cited by 47
“Several hundred GBHs are in use and it is estimated that about 825 million kilograms of the active ingredient (AI) glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl-glycine) is globally used per year [2, 4].”
BackgroundLiu, J., Yang, M., Wang, Y., Qu, L., & Zhong, G. (2019) · Journal of Hazardous Materials · doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.014 · Cited by 46
Herbicide residues in Australian grain cropping soils at sowing and their relevance to crop growth
Rose, M. T., Zhang, P., Rose, T. J., Scanlan, C. A., McGrath, G., & ZWIETEN, L. V. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155105 · Cited by 46
Baier, F., Jedinger, M., Gruber, E., & Zaller, J. G. (2016) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2016.00051 · Cited by 46
“Since its introduction in 1974 glyphosate use in the agricultural sector rose 300-fold in 40 years (Benbrook, 2016).”
BackgroundFelton, D. E., Ederer, M. M., Steffens, T. J., Hartzell, P. L., & Waynant, K. V. (2017) · Journal of Chemical Education · doi:10.1021/acs.jchemed.7b00440 · Cited by 46
Panzacchi, S., Mandrioli, D., Manservisi, F., Bua, L., Falcioni, L., Spinaci, M., Galeati, G., Dinelli, G., Miglio, R., Mantovani, A., et al. (2018) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-018-0393-y · Cited by 48
“methyl)glycine] is the most widely applied pesticide worldwide and it is an active ingredient of all glyphosate-based herbicides (GBHs), including in the formulation “Roundup” [1, 2].”
BackgroundEffects of glyphosate on germination, photosynthesis and chloroplast morphology in tomato
Khan, S. A., Zhou, J. L., Ren, L., & Mojiri, A. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127350 · Cited by 46
Metadata
- Authors
- Benbrook, C. M.
- Corresponding author
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- ORCID
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- Venue
- Environmental Sciences Europe
- Published
- 2016-02-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-4707
- PMC
- PMC5044953
- OpenAlex
- W2255447065
- Cited by
- 1,890
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 71.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ceres Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application
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