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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.
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Multicomponent design of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine systems
Elinson, M. N., Ryzhkova, Y. E., & Ryzhkov, F. V. (2020) · Russian Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1070/rcr4972 · Cited by 37
Bioconcentration of glyphosate in wetland biofilms
Beecraft, L., & Rooney, R. C. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143993 · Cited by 37
The key role of inter-row vegetation and ants on predation in Mediterranean organic vineyards
Blaise, C., Mazzia, C., Bischoff, A., Millon, A., Ponel, P., & Blight, O. (2021) · Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment · doi:10.1016/j.agee.2021.107327 · Cited by 37
Hyland, C., Bradshaw, P. T., Gunier, R. B., Mora, A. M., Kogut, K. R., Deardorff, J., Sagiv, S. K., Bradman, A., & Eskenazi, B. (2021) · Environmental Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/ee9.0000000000000150 · Cited by 35
Díaz-Martín, R. D., Ana, C.-P., Yáñez‐Rivera, B., & Betancourt‐Lozano, M. (2021) · Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.etap.2021.103700 · Cited by 37
Recent pesticide exposure affects sleep: A cross-sectional study among smallholder farmers in Uganda
Fuhrimann, S., van den Brenk, I., Atuhaire, A., Mubeezi, R., Staudacher, P., Huss, A., & Kromhout, H. (2021) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2021.106878 · Cited by 38
“This is concerning as the broad-spectrum herbicide glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide in Uganda and globally (Benbrook, 2016).”
BackgroundMuskus, A. M., Miltner, A., Hamer, U., & Nowak, K. M. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118790 · Cited by 37
Enzymatic Laser‐Induced Graphene Biosensor for Electrochemical Sensing of the Herbicide Glyphosate
Johnson, Z. T., Jared, N. M., Peterson, J. K., Li, J., Smith, E. A., Walper, S. A., Hooe, S. L., Breger, J. C., Medintz, I. L., Gomes, C. L., et al. (2022) · Global Challenges · doi:10.1002/gch2.202200057 · Cited by 37
Campbell, G., Mannetje, A. ’., Keer, S., Eaglesham, G. K., Wang, X., Lin, C.-Y., Hobson, P., Toms, L.-M. L., Douwes, J. E., Thomas, K. V., et al. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157585 · Cited by 36
Centner, T. J., Russell, L. A., & Mays, M. (2018) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.156 · Cited by 36
Gasparini, M., Angelone, B., & Ferretti, E. (2020) · Journal of Mass Spectrometry · doi:10.1002/jms.4624 · Cited by 36
Krause, J. L., Haange, S., Schäpe, S. S., Engelmann, B., Rolle-Kampczyk, U. E., Fritz‐Wallace, K., Wang, Z., Jehmlich, N., Türkowsky, D., Schubert, K. A., et al. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140932 · Cited by 38
Klingelhöfer, D., Braun, M., Brüggmann, D., & Groneberg, D. A. (2020) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144271 · Cited by 36
Cycling of reduced phosphorus compounds in soil and potential impacts of climate change
Kehler, A., Haygarth, P., Tamburini, F., & Blackwell, M. (2021) · European Journal of Soil Science · doi:10.1111/ejss.13121 · Cited by 28
Strategies and techniques to mitigate the negative impacts of pesticide exposure to honey bees
Zhang, G., Olsson, R. L., & Hopkins, B. K. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120915 · Cited by 37
Gauglitz, G., Wimmer, B., Melzer, T., & Hühn, C. (2017) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-017-0679-x · Cited by 35
On the degradation pathway of glyphosate and glycine
Catão, A. J. L., & López‐Castillo, A. (2018) · Environmental Science Processes & Impacts · doi:10.1039/c8em00119g · Cited by 35
Solid-Phase Extraction of Glyphosate in the Analyses of Environmental, Plant, and Food Samples
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Odemer, R., Alkassab, A. T., Bischoff, G., Frommberger, M., Wernecke, A., Wirtz, I., Pistorius, J., & Odemer, F. (2020) · Insects · doi:10.3390/insects11100664 · Cited by 35
“This development, its high efficiency, and the easy-to-apply practice have led to the increasing use of glyphosate-based herbicides (GBH) during the past three decades (reviewed in Benbrook 2016 and Richmond 2018).”
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Pesticide Impacts on the Environment and Humans
Zaller, J. G. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-50530-1_2 · Cited by 39
The EU endocrine disruptors’ regulation and the glyphosate controversy
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“It is included in herbicide such as ‘Roundup®’ and ‘RangerPro®’ that are widely used in farm fields and in house gardens [55].”
BackgroundGlyphosate: A Review on the Current Environmental Impacts from a Brazilian Perspective
Marques, J. G. D. C., Veríssimo, K. J. D. S., Fernandes, B. S., Ferreira, S. R. D. M., Montenegro, S. M. G. L., & Motteran, F. (2021) · Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s00128-021-03295-4 · Cited by 35
“2002; Benbrook 2016; Tarazona et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialJia, R., Hou, Y., Feng, W., Li, B. J., & Zhu, J. X. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133818 · Cited by 35
The mechanism of different cyanobacterial responses to glyphosate
Lin, W., Zhang, Z., Chen, Y., Zhang, Q., Ke, M., Lu, T., & Qian, H. (2022) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.039 · Cited by 35
Helander, M. L., Lehtonen, T. K., Saikkonen, K., Despains, L., Nyckees, D., Antinoja, A., Solvi, C., & Loukola, O. (2022) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159298 · Cited by 35
Weed Management for Healthy Crop Production
Peerzada, A. M., Bukhari, S. A. H., Dawood, M., Nawaz, A., Ahmad, S., & Adkins, S. W. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9783-8_13 · Cited by 34
Metadata
- Authors
- Benbrook, C. M.
- Corresponding author
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- ORCID
- Benbrook, Charles M.
- Venue
- Environmental Sciences Europe
- Published
- 2016-02-02
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 3-3
- ISSN
- 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
- 2190-4707
- PMC
- PMC5044953
- OpenAlex
- W2255447065
- Cited by
- 1,890
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 71.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ceres Trust
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Keywords
- glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application
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