Cited by 1,890Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental StudiesWeed Control and Herbicide ApplicationsPesticide Exposure and Toxicity

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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally

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Benbrook, Charles M.·2016·Environmental Sciences Europe

DOI 10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0PMC PMC5044953

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Accurate pesticide use data are essential when studying the environmental and public health impacts of pesticide use. Since the mid-1990s, significant changes have occurred in when and how glyphosate herbicides are applied, and there has been a dramatic increase in the total volume applied. METHODS: Data on glyphosate applications were collected from multiple sources and integrated into a dataset spanning agricultural, non-agricultural, and total glyphosate use from 1974-2014 in the United States, and from 1994-2014 globally. RESULTS: Since 1974 in the U.S., over 1.6 billion kilograms of glyphosate active ingredient have been applied, or 19 % of estimated global use of glyphosate (8.6 billion kilograms). Globally, glyphosate use has risen almost 15-fold since so-called "Roundup Ready," genetically engineered glyphosate-tolerant crops were introduced in 1996. Two-thirds of the total volume of glyphosate applied in the U.S. from 1974 to 2014 has been sprayed in just the last 10 years. The corresponding share globally is 72 %. In 2014, farmers sprayed enough glyphosate to apply ~1.0 kg/ha (0.8 pound/acre) on every hectare of U.S.-cultivated cropland and nearly 0.53 kg/ha (0.47 pounds/acre) on all cropland worldwide. CONCLUSIONS: Genetically engineered herbicide-tolerant crops now account for about 56 % of global glyphosate use. In the U.S., no pesticide has come remotely close to such intensive and widespread use. This is likely the case globally, but published global pesticide use data are sparse. Glyphosate will likely remain the most widely applied pesticide worldwide for years to come, and interest will grow in quantifying ecological and human health impacts. Accurate, accessible time-series data on glyphosate use will accelerate research progress.

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Fig. 1 Trends in U.S. soybean production and glyphosate useCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 2 Use and impacts of glyphosate in corn and soybean productionCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 3 Milestones in the history of glyphosate discovery, commercialization, and regulationCC BY · PubMed Central

Fig. 4 Milestones in glyphosate use and impactsCC BY · PubMed Central

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BackgroundInfluential
Adjuvant contributes Roundup's unexpected effects on A549 cells
Hao, Y., Zhang, Y., Cheng, J., Xu, W., Xu, Z., Gao, J., & Tao, L. (2020) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2020.109306 · Cited by 30
Detection of Glyamifop residues in rice and its environment by the QuEChERS method combined with HPLC–MS
Liu, L., Rao, L., Li, W., Zhou, W., Li, B., & Tang, L. (2020) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2020.105157 · Cited by 30
Toxicity assessment at different experimental scenarios with glyphosate, chlorpyrifos and antibiotics in Rhinella arenarum (Anura: Bufonidae) tadpoles
Boccioni, A. P. C., Lajmanovích, R. C., Peltzer, P. M., Attademo, A. M., & Martinuzzi, C. S. (2020) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128475 · Cited by 30
Glyphosate commercial formulation negatively affects the reproductive success of solitary wild bees in a Pampean agroecosystem
Graffigna, S., Marrero, H. J., & Torretta, J. P. (2020) · Apidologie · doi:10.1007/s13592-020-00816-8 · Cited by 30
Update on human exposure to glyphosate, with a complete review of exposure in children
Gillezeau, C. N., Lieberman‐Cribbin, W., & Taioli, E. (2020) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-020-00673-z · Cited by 30
“Despite its widespread use worldwide and because of the introduction of genetically modified seeds that are Round-Up resistant, and its adoption in the early 2000s as a mean to speed up crop desiccation [2], the amount of exposure in the general population and the potential effects of sustained exposure on human healt…”
Background
A Method for the Analysis of Glyphosate, Aminomethylphosphonic Acid, and Glufosinate in Human Urine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Li, Z., & Kannan, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19094966 · Cited by 30
“Glufosinate was not found in any of the samples, probably due to its rapid metabolism, and low usage (~200-fold lower than glyphosate) [1,2,17].”
Background
Single-cell transcriptome analysis reveals liver injury induced by glyphosate in mice
Wu, J., Sun, X., Wu, C., Hong, X., Xie, L., Shi, Z., Zhao, L., Du, Q., Xiao, W. L., Sun, J., et al. (2023) · Cellular & Molecular Biology Letters · doi:10.1186/s11658-023-00426-z · Cited by 31
“which has broad-spectrum activity for weed control in agriculture [1, 2].”
Background
Cantilever Functionalization Using Peroxidase Extract of Low Cost for Glyphosate Detection
Muenchen, D. K., Martinazzo, J., Brezolin, A. N., de Cezaro, A. M., Rigó, A., Mezarroba, M. N., Manzoli, A., Leite, F. L., Steffens, J., & Steffens, C. (2018) · Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s12010-018-2799-y · Cited by 32
Disruption of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver and small intestine in chicken embryos in ovo exposed to glyphosate
Fathi, M. A., Han, G., Kang, R., Shen, D., Shen, J., & Li, C. (2020) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-020-08269-3 · Cited by 33
“most developing and industrial countries (Benbrook 2016).”
Background
Integrated colorimetric and fluorometric sensor for the detection of Cu2+ and glyphosate in food samples and bioimaging
Qin, W., Zhu, J., Basit, A., Liu, Y., Xu, H., & Guo, J. (2025) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.144905 · Cited by 29
Interactions of glyphosate use with farm characteristics and cropping patterns in Central Europe
Wiese, A., Schulte, M., Theuvsen, L., & Steinmann, H. (2017) · Pest Management Science · doi:10.1002/ps.4542 · Cited by 27
Effect of glyphosate and a commercial formulation on soil functionality assessed by substrate induced respiration and enzyme activity
Nguyen, D. B., Rose, M. T., Rose, T. J., & ZWIETEN, L. V. (2018) · European Journal of Soil Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejsobi.2018.01.004 · Cited by 29
Wheat preharvest herbicide application, whole‐grain flour properties, yeast activity and the degradation of glyphosate in bread
Gélinas, P., Gagnon, F., & McKinnon, C. M. (2018) · International Journal of Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1111/ijfs.13741 · Cited by 29
Soil and crop management to save food and enhance food security
Gomiero, T. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815357-4.00002-x · Cited by 31
Occupational exposure to glyphosate and risk of lymphoma:results of an Italian multicenter case-control study
Meloni, F., Satta, G., Padoan, M., Montagna, A., Pilia, I., Argiolas, A., Piro, S., Magnani, C., Gambelunghe, A., Muzi, G., et al. (2021) · Environmental Health · doi:10.1186/s12940-021-00729-8 · Cited by 29
“Background Following its 1974 registration in 160 countries, glyphosate is currently the most widely used herbicide worldwide, with a 12-fold increase in production from 67,000 to 826,000 metric tons from 1995 to 2014, and a 25% share of the global herbicide market [1, 2].”
Background
Evaluating efficacy of preemergence soybean herbicides using field treated soil in greenhouse bioassays
Ribeiro, V. H. V., de Oliveira, M. C., Smith, D. H., dos Santos, J. B., & Werle, R. (2021) · Weed Technology · doi:10.1017/wet.2021.22 · Cited by 29
“Between 1996 and 2006, the soybean acreage in the United States planted with glyphosate-resistant (GR) varieties and the area treated with glyphosate increased by approximately 90% and 60%, respectively (Benbrook 2016; Duke and Powles 2009).”
Background
Endocrine, immune and renal toxicity in male largemouth bass after chronic exposure to glyphosate and Rodeo®
María, M. D., Kroll, K. J., Yu, F., Nouri, M., Silva-Sánchez, C., Pérez, J. G., Amador, D. A. M., Zhang, Y., Walsh, M. T., & Denslow, N. D. (2022) · Aquatic Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106142 · Cited by 29
Airborne polar pesticides in rural and mountain sites of North-Eastern Italy: An emerging air quality issue
Feltracco, M., Barbaro, E., Maule, F., Bortolini, M., Gabrieli, J., Blasi, F. D., Cairns, W. R. L., Dallo, F., Zangrando, R., Barbante, C., et al. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119657 · Cited by 29
Glyphosate used as desiccant contaminates plant pollen and nectar of non-target plant species
Zioga, E., White, B., & Stout, J. C. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12179 · Cited by 30
“AMPA accumulation in topsoil (Benbrook, 2016), considering that glyphosate and AMPA may persist in soil for long periods, under certain conditions (e.”
BackgroundInfluential
Glyphosate-based herbicide (GBH) causes damage in embryo-larval stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Ames, J., Severo, E. S., da Costa-Silva, D. G., Storck, T. R., do Amaral, A. M. B., Miragem, A. A., Rosemberg, D. B., & Loro, V. L. (2022) · Neurotoxicology and Teratology · doi:10.1016/j.ntt.2022.107147 · Cited by 31
A novel dual-signals peptide-based probe for highly selective detection of Cu(II) and glyphosate and its applications in smartphone-assisted test strips sensing system
Xiao, L., Wei, P., Yang, X., & Wang, P. (2023) · Microchemical Journal · doi:10.1016/j.microc.2023.109084 · Cited by 29
Chemodiversity of Cyanobacterial Toxins Driven by Future Scenarios of Climate Warming and Eutrophication
Yang, Y., Wang, H., Yan, S., Wang, T., Zhang, P., Zhang, H., Wang, H., Hansson, L., & Xu, J. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c02257 · Cited by 29
Decision-making in a storm of discontent
van Straalen, N. M., & Legler, J. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aat0567 · Cited by 29
Recent technologies for glyphosate removal from aqueous environment: A critical review
Yaah, V. B. K., Ahmadi, S., Quimbayo, J. S. M., Morales‐Torres, S., & Ojala, S. (2023) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2023.117477 · Cited by 32
A global assessment of glyphosate and AMPA inputs into rivers: Over half of the pollutants are from corn and soybean production
Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Kroeze, C., Xu, W., Gai, L., Vitsas, M., Ma, L., Zhang, F. S., & Strokal, M. (2024) · Water Research · doi:10.1016/j.watres.2024.121986 · Cited by 28
Glyphosate exposure exacerbates neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease-like pathology despite a 6-month recovery period in mice
Bartholomew, S. K., Winslow, W., Sharma, R., Pathak, K. V., Tallino, S., Judd, J. M., Leon, H., Turk, J., Pirrotte, P., & Velazquez, R. (2024) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-024-03290-6 · Cited by 28
“Glyphosate ( N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is the most heavily-applied herbicide in the US [7].”
Widespread occurrence of glyphosate in urine from pet dogs and cats in New York State, USA.
Karthikraj, R., & Kannan, K. (2019) · Science of the Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.454 · Cited by 23
Combined effect of glyphosphate, saccharin and sodium benzoate on rats
Lieshchova, M. A., Тішкіна, Н. М., Bohomaz, A. А., Гаврилін, П. М., & Brygadyrenko, V. V. (2018) · Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems · doi:10.15421/021888 · Cited by 28
Microbial Turnover of Glyphosate to Biomass: Utilization as Nutrient Source and Formation of AMPA and Biogenic NER in an OECD 308 Test
Brock, A. L., Rein, A., Polesel, F., Nowak, K. M., Kästner, M., & Trapp, S. (2019) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.9b01259 · Cited by 28
The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the necro-populationism of ‘climate-smart’ agriculture
Shaw, A., & Wilson, K. (2019) · Gender Place & Culture · doi:10.1080/0966369x.2019.1609426 · Cited by 32
“2016), massive fertiliser and pesticide inputs associated with GM corn and soy have been linked to displacement, infertility, birth defects, increased cancer rates and other health and environmental problems in Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil and the United States (Serrano 2018; Lapegna 2014; Otero and Lapegna 2016; Motta…”
BackgroundInfluential
Efficient removal of a glyphosate-based herbicide from water using ZnO nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs)
Páez, M. R., Ochoa-Muñoz, Y. H., & Páez, J. E. R. (2019) · Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101434 · Cited by 29
Glyphosate Residues in Soil and Air: An Integrated Review
Tzanetou, E. N., & Karasali, H. (2020) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.93066 · Cited by 28
“5 Mg applied in 2014, and it is currently the most widely used herbicide in the United States and throughout the world [4, 5].”
Background
Decreased bioavailability of aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in genetically modified corn with activated carbon or calcium montmorillonite clay inclusion in soil
Hearon, S. E., Wang, M., McDonald, T. J., & Phillips, T. D. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jes.2020.06.029 · Cited by 28
“One factor contributing to the dominant and increasing use of PMG is the availability of genetically modified (GM), PMG-resistant crops, which makes up 56% of global PMG application ( Benbrook, 2016 ).”
Background
Glyphosate Toxicity to Native Nontarget Macrophytes Following Three Different Routes of Incidental Exposure
Sesin, V., Davy, C. M., Stevens, K. J., Hamp, R., & Freeland, J. R. (2020) · Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management · doi:10.1002/ieam.4350 · Cited by 28
“Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide for controlling invasive plants in agricultural lands, urban environments, and wildlands including habitats such as forests, wetlands, rangelands, roadsides, and power line corridors (Kettenring and Adams 2011; Benbrook 2016).”
Influential
Analysis of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate from human urine by HRAM LC-MS
Franke, A., Li, X.-N., & Lai, J. F. (2020) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-020-02966-1 · Cited by 24
Seeking justice, eating toxics: overlooked contaminants in urban community gardens
Malone, M. (2021) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-021-10236-8 · Cited by 28
Comparative analysis of detection techniques for glyphosate in urine and in water
Vélot, C., Poitou, F., & de Vendômois, J. S. (2022) · Environmental Sciences Europe · doi:10.1186/s12302-022-00637-9 · Cited by 28
“GBHs’ usage keeps increasing with the emergence of tolerant weeds induced by the widespread application of these herbicides: the proliferation of such weeds requires more frequent spraying and at higher concentrations [1].”
Background
Direct determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate in food samples with ion chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Amberger, M. A., Schröder, M., Kuballa, J., & Jantzen, E. (2022) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463631 · Cited by 28
Adverse impacts of Roundup on soil bacteria, soil chemistry and mycorrhizal fungi during restoration of a Colorado grassland
de Mesquita, C. P. B., Solon, A. J., Barfield, A., Mastrangelo, C. F., Tubman, A. J., Vincent, K., Porazinska, D. L., Hufft, R. A., Shackelford, N., Suding, K. N., et al. (2022) · Applied Soil Ecology · doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2022.104778 · Cited by 28
Sparked ZnO nanoparticles-based electrochemical sensor for onsite determination of glyphosate residues
Traiwatcharanon, P., Velmurugan, S., Zacharias, M., & Wongchoosuk, C. (2023) · Nanotechnology · doi:10.1088/1361-6528/ace3cc · Cited by 28
“In addition, the commercial herbicide formulations of Gly also improved the efficacy for application in different ways by adding adjuvant additives included in the formulated such as polyoxyethylene amine, POEA, propylene glycol, glycerin, sodium sulfite, sodium benzoate, ascorbic acid, sodium salt of o-phenylphenol,…”
Glyphosate-based herbicide induces hyperplastic ducts in the mammary gland of aging Wistar rats
Zanardi, M., Schimpf, M. G., Gastiazoro, M. P., Milesi, M. M., Muñoz‐de‐Toro, M., Varayoud, J., & Durando, M. (2019) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2019.110658 · Cited by 29
Development of a rapid aptamer-chemiluminescence sensor for detecting glyphosate pesticide residue in soybeans
Weng, R.-C., Tsou, M.-C., Lee, J., Tseng, C., Huang, Y., Xiao, Y.-L., Lu, Y.-P., Chou, W., Chang, R., & Chuang, C. (2024) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125741 · Cited by 28
Glyphosate Exposure Induces Cytotoxicity, Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Activation of ERα and ERβ Estrogen Receptors in Human Prostate PNT1A Cells
Chianese, T., Trinchese, G., Leandri, R., Falco, M. D., Mollica, M. P., Scudiero, R., & Rosati, L. (2024) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms25137039 · Cited by 27
“Glyphosate [Gly, N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine] is widely used in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and other fields, given the ever-increasing demand for food closely related to the population increase that we are experiencing [1].”
Background
Spatial glyphosate and AMPA redistribution on the soil surface driven by sediment transport processes – A flume experiment
Bento, C. P. M., Commelin, M. C., Baartman, J. E. M., Yang, X., Peters, P., Mol, H. G. J., Ritsema, C. J., & Geissen, V. (2017) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2017.12.003 · Cited by 27
“Large areas of loess soils are used to grow glyphosate-resistant crops, where huge amounts of glyphosatebased herbicides are applied every year (Aparicio et al., 2013; Clive, 2014; Benbrook, 2016; Bento et al., 2016).”
Background
Pot‐, Atom‐ and Step‐Economic (PASE) Multicomponent Approach to the 5‐(Dialkylphosphonate)‐Substituted 2,4‐Diamino‐5H‐chromeno[2,3‐b]pyridine Scaffold
Elinson, M. N., Vereshchagin, A. N., Anisina, Y. E., Fakhrutdinov, A. N., Goloveshkin, A. S., & Egorov, M. P. (2019) · European Journal of Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/ejoc.201900240 · Cited by 27

Authors: Benbrook, C. M.
Corresponding author: Benbrook, Charles M.
ORCID: Benbrook, Charles M.
Venue: Environmental Sciences Europe
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2016-02-02
Volume: 28
Issue: 1
Pages: 3-3
ISSN: 2190-4715 (ISSN-L)
2190-4707
DOI: 10.1186/s12302-016-0070-0
PMC: PMC5044953
OpenAlex: W2255447065
Cited by: 1,890
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 163 · 2025: 177 · 2024: 191 · 2023: 264 · 2022: 234 · 2021: 235 · 2020: 227 · 2019: 166 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 77 · 2016: 26
FWCI: 71.97
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (unspecified)
Locations: Environmental Sciences Europe (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ceres Trust
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pesticide and Herbicide Environmental Studies
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Weed Control and Herbicide Applications
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
Keywords: glyphosate, Roundup Ready crops, herbicide-tolerant crops, genetically modified crops, agricultural pesticide application

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Trends in glyphosate herbicide use in the United States and globally

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