Exosomes in the tumor microenvironment as mediators of cancer therapy resistance
Open accessAbstract
Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that contain genetic material, proteins, and lipids. They function as potent signaling molecules between cancer cells and the surrounding cells that comprise the tumor microenvironment (TME). Exosomes derived from both tumor and stromal cells have been implicated in all stages of cancer progression and play an important role in therapy resistance. Moreover, due to their nature as mediators of cell-cell communication, they are integral to TME-dependent therapy resistance. In this review, we discuss current exosome isolation and profiling techniques and their role in TME interactions and therapy resistance. We also explore emerging clinical applications of both exosomes as biomarkers, direct therapeutic targets, and engineered nanocarriers. In order to fully understand the TME, careful interrogation of exosomes and their cargo is critical. This understanding is a promising avenue for the development of effective clinical applications.
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Exosomes rich in genetic material, proteins, and lipids may carry effective communication information for donor and target cells, which may build up the tumor microenvironment.
“Exosomes rich in genetic material, proteins, and lipids may carry effective communication information for donor cells and target cells, which may build up the tumor microenvironment (TME) [40].”
From The Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Significance of Exosomes as Carriers of Drug Delivery System (2022) · cites this paper as [40]
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Mass spectrometry of extracellular vesicles
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Harnessing Tumor Evolution to Circumvent Resistance
McNamara, K. L., & Curtis, C. N. (2018) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2018.05.007 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Soekmadji, C., Hill, A. F., Wauben, M. H. M., et al. (2018) · Journal of Extracellular Vesicles · doi:10.1080/20013078.2018.1535745 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bioinformatics Tools for Extracellular Vesicles Research
Keerthikumar, S., Gangoda, L., Gho, Y. S., et al. (2016) · Methods in molecular biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-6728-5_13 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Exosomes: key players in cancer and potential therapeutic strategy
Dai, J., Su, Y., Zhong, S., Cong, L., Liu, B., Yang, J., Tao, Y., He, Z., Chen, C., & Jiang, Y. (2020) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00261-0 · Cited by 1,186 · see citing works
Role of Glutathione in Cancer: From Mechanisms to Therapies
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Lin, Z., Wu, Y., Xu, Y., Li, G., Li, Z., & Liu, T. (2022) · Molecular Cancer · doi:10.1186/s12943-022-01650-5 · Cited by 297 · see citing works
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles to the Rescue of Renal Injury
Birtwistle, L., Chen, X.-M., & Pollock, C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22126596 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
The Therapeutic Potential and Clinical Significance of Exosomes as Carriers of Drug Delivery System
Li, T., Li, X., Han, G., Liang, M., Yang, Z., Zhang, C., Huang, S., Tai, S., & Yu, S. (2022) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15010021 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer hallmarks and targeted therapy (Review)
Naser, R., Fakhoury, I., El‑Fouani, A., Abi‑Habib, R., & El‑Sibai, M. (2022) · International Journal of Oncology · doi:10.3892/ijo.2022.5471 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Modular Hydrogel Vaccine for Programmable and Coordinate Elicitation of Cancer Immunotherapy
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Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Tumor Microenvironment in Bladder Cancer: The Missing Link
Nie, Z., Chen, M., Wen, X., Gao, Y., Huang, D., Cao, H., Peng, Y., Guo, N., Ni, J., & Zhang, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2021.683940 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
- Authors
- Li, I., & Nabet, B. Y.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nabet, Barzin Y.
- Venue
- Molecular Cancer
- Published
- 2019-03-01
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 32-32
- ISSN
- 1476-4598 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6397467
- OpenAlex
- W2923990740
- Cited by
- 416
- References
- 91
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 4.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Molecular Cancer (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (5R25CA180993)
- National Science Foundation (GRFP)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Cells and Metastasis
- Keywords
- exosomes, tumor microenvironment, cancer therapy resistance, extracellular vesicles, intercellular communication, exosome cargo, biomarkers, stromal cells
- MeSH terms
- Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts, Cell Communication, Drug Carriers, Humans, Immunotherapy, Killer Cells, Natural, Neoplasms, Biomarkers, Tumor, Stromal Cells, Disease Progression, Drug Resistance, Neoplasm, Endothelial Cells, Exosomes, Antibodies, Neutralizing, Tumor Microenvironment, B7-H1 Antigen, CTLA-4 Antigen
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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